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Davletshin AI, Matveeva AA, Poletaeva II, Evgen'ev MB, Garbuz DG. The role of molecular chaperones in the mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:599-619. [PMID: 37755620 PMCID: PMC10746656 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological diseases which requires significant economic costs for the treatment and care of patients. The central point of epileptogenesis stems from the failure of synaptic signal transmission mechanisms, leading to excessive synchronous excitation of neurons and characteristic epileptic electroencephalogram activity, in typical cases being manifested as seizures and loss of consciousness. The causes of epilepsy are extremely diverse, which is one of the reasons for the complexity of selecting a treatment regimen for each individual case and the high frequency of pharmacoresistant cases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and methods of epilepsy treatment requires an advanced study of the molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis. In this regard, the investigation of molecular chaperones as potential mediators of epileptogenesis seems promising because the chaperones are involved in the processing and regulation of the activity of many key proteins directly responsible for the generation of abnormal neuronal excitation in epilepsy. In this review, we try to systematize current data on the role of molecular chaperones in epileptogenesis and discuss the prospects for the use of chemical modulators of various chaperone groups' activity as promising antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna A Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Inga I Poletaeva
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Wei X, Ding Y, Wang L, Zhang Q, Wang C, Chen C, You S, Wu M, Kuang F. TLR4-MyD88 signaling is involved in the spinal neurons during the full length of recovery from transection of the motor branch of the femoral nerve in mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:655-663. [PMID: 37506317 PMCID: PMC10399940 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to see the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and downstream molecules including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) in the spinal cord as peripheral nerve injury recovered in mice. We established a model of femoral nerve injury (FNI) in C57BL/6 mice by transection of the motor branch of the femoral nerve, followed by retrograde labeling to show the according motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord pars lumbar. We observed the motor function recovery of the injured hind limbs using behavioral tests. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and IL-1β was examined by immunofluorescent staining and western blot. According to the behavior test, the FNI animals fully recovered within 6-8 weeks. TLR4, MyD88, and IL-1β were expressed in the ventral horn of the spinal cord both at 72 h till 6 weeks after the femoral nerve transection surgery, and these proteins were mostly co-localized with neurons. IL-1β also tended to rise in the same surgery groups, but more intimate with microglia surrounding nearby retrograde labeled neurons. And western blot results were consistent with histological findings. The results indicate that peripheral nerve injury may induce innate immune reactions of the central neurons and critical signaling like TLR4/MyD88 in the spinal cord may reflect the recovery of the injury. These findings suggest that peripheral nerve injury triggered the TLR4/MyD88 signal in the soma of spinal neurons may be involved in function and nerve restoration through neuron-glia crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an
| | - Yumeng Ding
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Lichao Wang
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qixingmao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Chunhuai Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Siwei You
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Mingmei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University
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3
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I. Advances in targeting the extracellular matrix for glaucoma therapy: current updates. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1217-1229. [PMID: 38069479 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2293748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-recognized risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Ocular hypertension is associated with excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in trabecular meshwork (TM) resulting in increased aqueous outflow resistance and elevated IOP. Hence, therapeutic options targeting ECM remodeling in TM to lower IOP in glaucomatous eyes are of considerable importance. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses the complex process of ECM regulation in TM and explores promising therapeutic targets. The role of Transforming Growth Factor-β as a central player in ECM deposition in TM is discussed. We elaborate the key regulatory processes involved in its activation, release, signaling, and cross talk with other signaling pathways including Rho GTPase, Wnt, integrin, cytokines, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Further, we summarize the therapeutic agents that have been explored to target ECM dysregulation in TM. EXPERT OPINION Targeting molecular pathways to reduce ECM deposition and/or enhance its degradation are of considerable significance for IOP lowering. Challenges lie in pinpointing specific targets and designing drug delivery systems to precisely interact with pathologically active/inactive signaling. Recent advances in monoclonal antibodies, fusion molecules, and vectored nanotechnology offer potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Maddali P, Ambesi A, McKeown-Longo PJ. Induction of pro-inflammatory genes by fibronectin DAMPs in three fibroblast cell lines: Role of TAK1 and MAP kinases. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286390. [PMID: 37228128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the organization and structure of the fibronectin matrix are believed to contribute to dysregulated wound healing and subsequent tissue inflammation and tissue fibrosis. These changes include an increase in the EDA isoform of fibronectin as well as the mechanical unfolding of fibronectin type III domains. In previous studies using embryonic foreskin fibroblasts, we have shown that fibronectin's EDA domain (FnEDA) and the partially unfolded first Type III domain (FnIII-1c) function as Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecules to stimulate the induction of inflammatory cytokines by serving as agonists for Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4). However, the role of signaling molecules downstream of TLR-4 such as TGF-β Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1) and Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) in regulating the expression of fibronectin DAMP induced inflammatory genes in specific cell types is not known. In the current study, we evaluate the molecular steps regulating the fibronectin driven induction of inflammatory genes in three human fibroblast cell lines: embryonic foreskin, adult dermal, and adult kidney. The fibronectin derived DAMPs each induce the phosphorylation and activation of TAK1 which results in the activation of two downstream signaling arms, IKK/NF-κB and MAPK. Using the specific inhibitor 5Z-(7)-Oxozeanol as well as siRNA, we show TAK1 to be a crucial signaling mediator in the release of cytokines in response to fibronectin DAMPs in all three cell types. Finally, we show that FnEDA and FnIII-1c induce several pro-inflammatory cytokines whose expression is dependent on both TAK1 and JNK MAPK and highlight cell-type specific differences in the gene-expression profiles of the fibroblast cell-lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Maddali
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony Ambesi
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Paula J McKeown-Longo
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
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5
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Dufour-Gaume F, Frescaline N, Cardona V, Prat NJ. Danger signals in traumatic hemorrhagic shock and new lines for clinical applications. Front Physiol 2023; 13:999011. [PMID: 36726379 PMCID: PMC9884701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.999011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of death in severe trauma injuries. When organs or tissues are subjected to prolonged hypoxia, danger signals-known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)-are released into the intercellular environment. The endothelium is both the target and a major provider of damage-associated molecular patterns, which are directly involved in immuno-inflammatory dysregulation and the associated tissue suffering. Although damage-associated molecular patterns release begins very early after trauma, this release and its consequences continue beyond the initial treatment. Here we review a few examples of damage-associated molecular patterns to illustrate their pathophysiological roles, with emphasis on emerging therapeutic interventions in the context of severe trauma. Therapeutic intervention administered at precise points during damage-associated molecular patterns release may have beneficial effects by calming the inflammatory storm triggered by traumatic hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dufour-Gaume
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France,*Correspondence: Frédérique Dufour-Gaume,
| | | | - Venetia Cardona
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France
| | - Nicolas J. Prat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Bretigny surOrge, France
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Guryanova SV, Kataeva A. Inflammation Regulation by Bacterial Molecular Patterns. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010183. [PMID: 36672691 PMCID: PMC9855958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity by bacterial molecular patterns can induce an enhanced cellular immune response to pathogens that are associated with innate immune memory shaped by epigenetic changes. Immunological memory can be expressed in the acceleration/intensification of inflammation, as well as in the exact opposite-to maintain tolerance and non-response to a repeated stimulus. Tolerance is one of the central concepts of immunity and is ensured by the consistency of all parts of the immune response. The severe consequences of inflammation force researchers to study in detail all stages of the downstream pathways that are activated after exposure to a stimulus, while the formation of non-response to a pro-inflammatory stimulus has not yet received a detailed description. Elucidation of the mechanism of tolerance is an urgent task for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this investigation was to study the dynamic changes in the gene expression of A20 and ATF3, the inflammation suppressors, against the background of the expression of the genes of the innate immunity receptors TLR4 and NOD2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α under the influence of TLR4 and NOD2 agonists, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP). The mechanism of inflammation regulation by bioregulators of bacterial origin-LPS and GMDP-was evaluated in vitro in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in vivo after i.p. administration of LPS and GMDP to mice. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Innate immune receptors and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were found to develop early in response to LPS and GMDP, both in vitro and in vivo. Genes of cytosolic proteins controlling inflammation (A20 and ATF3) were expressed later. Prior exposure of the innate immune system to LPS and muramyl peptides may modulate host defense against acute inflammation. As a result of the study, new data were obtained on dynamic changes in deubiquitinase A20 and the transcription factor ATF3, which are involved in the limitation and suppression of inflammatory reactions caused by fragments of bacterial cell walls-LPS and GMDP. Thus, bioregulators of bacterial origin LPS and GMDP, along with pro-inflammatory factors, activate the expression of genes that suppress inflammation, which should be considered when analyzing data from studies of the pro-inflammatory properties of LPS and GMDP and when developing drugs based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9153150073
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Luo J, Darai A, Pongkulapa T, Conley B, Yang L, Han I, Lee KB. Injectable bioorthogonal hydrogel (BIOGEL) accelerates tissue regeneration in degenerated intervertebral discs. Bioact Mater 2022; 23:551-562. [PMID: 36582500 PMCID: PMC9764133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a leading cause of back pain and precursor to more severe conditions, including disc herniation and spinal stenosis. While traditional growth factor therapies (e.g., TGFβ) are effective at transiently reversing degenerated disc by stimulation of matrix synthesis, it is increasingly accepted that bioscaffolds are required for sustained, complete IVD regeneration. Current scaffolds (e.g., metal/polymer composites, non-mammalian biopolymers) can be improved in one or more IVD regeneration demands: biodegradability, noninvasive injection, recapitulated healthy IVD biomechanics, predictable crosslinking, and matrix repair induction. To meet these demands, tetrazine-norbornene bioorthogonal ligation was combined with gelatin to create an injectable bioorthogonal hydrogel (BIOGEL). The liquid hydrogel precursors remain free-flowing across a wide range of temperatures and crosslink into a robust hydrogel after 5-10 min, allowing a human operator to easily inject the therapeutic constructs into degenerated IVD. Moreover, BIOGEL encapsulation of TGFβ potentiated histological repair (e.g., tissue architecture and matrix synthesis) and functional recovery (e.g., high water retention by promoting the matrix synthesis and reduced pain) in an in vivo rat IVD degeneration/nucleotomy model. This BIOGEL procedure readily integrates into existing nucleotomy procedures, indicating that clinical adoption should proceed with minimal difficulty. Since bioorthogonal crosslinking is essentially non-reactive towards biomolecules, our developed material platform can be extended to other payloads and degenerative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anjani Darai
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yaptap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanapat Pongkulapa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59 Yaptap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. https://sites.google.com/view/inbolab/home
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,Corresponding author. https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
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8
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Liang H, Lykins WR, Seydoux E, Guderian JA, Phan T, Fox CB, Orr MT. Formulated Phospholipids as Non-Canonical TLR4 Agonists. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2557. [PMID: 36559051 PMCID: PMC9788208 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic agents known as adjuvants play a critical role in many vaccine formulations. Adjuvants often signal through Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, including formulations in licensed vaccines that target TLR4. While TLR4 is predominantly known for responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial membranes, it has been shown to be a receptor for a number of molecular structures, including phospholipids. Therefore, phospholipid-based pharmaceutical formulations might have off-target effects by signaling through TLR4, confounding interpretation of pharmaceutical bioactivity. In this study we examined the individual components of a clinical stage oil-in-water vaccine adjuvant emulsion (referred to as a stable emulsion or SE) and their ability to signal through murine and human TLR4s. We found that the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) activated TLR4 and elicited many of the same immune phenotypes as canonical TLR4 agonists. This pathway was dependent on the saturation, size, and headgroup of the phospholipid. Interestingly, DMPC effects on human cells were evident but overall appeared less impactful than emulsion oil composition. Considering the prevalence of DMPC and other phospholipids used across the pharmaceutical space, these findings may contextualize off-target innate immune responses that could impact preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - William R. Lykins
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Emilie Seydoux
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Guderian
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Tony Phan
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark T. Orr
- Access to Advanced Health Institute (AAHI), 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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9
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Sawai M, Miyauchi Y, Ishida T, Takechi S. Dihydropyrazine suppresses TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses by blocking MAPK signaling in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:381-387. [PMID: 36047112 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazines (DHPs), including 3-hydro-2,2,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (DHP-3), are glycation products generated through non-enzymatic reactions in vivo and in food. They are recognized as compounds that are toxic to organisms as they produce radicals. However, our previous study indicated that DHP-3 suppressed Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HepG2 cells. TLR4 signaling is involved in the onset of various inflammatory diseases, and NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) play important roles in TLR4 signaling. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the effects of DHP-3 on MAPK signaling and in turn on the activated TLR4 signaling pathway. In LPS-stimulated HepG2 cells, DHP-3 reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38. The expression of c-jun, a subunit of activator protein-1, was decreased by DHP-3 treatment. Furthermore, DHP-3-induced suppression of MAPK signaling resulted in a decrease in various inflammatory regulators, such as interleukin-6, CC-chemokine ligand 2, and cyclooxygenase-2. These results suggest that DHP-3 exerts an inhibitory effect on TLR4-dependent inflammatory response by suppressing MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Sawai
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Takumi Ishida
- School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
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El-Salamouni NS, Gowayed MA, Younis SE, Abdel-Bary A, Kamel MA, Labib GS. Pentoxifylline/Valsartan co-delivery in liposomal gel alters the inflammatory HMGB-1/ TLR pathway and promotes faster healing in burn wounds: A promising repurposed approach. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122129. [PMID: 36007851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Burn wounds are one of the most severe complex forms of trauma. Hence, new treatment strategies that facilitate the healing process; reduce the severity and the healing time is the main concern of the health care systems. In this work, pentoxifylline-valsartan, (PTX- VAL), loaded liposomes integrated into gel were designed for the first time as a novel co-delivery carrier for the treatment of burn wounds. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of the nano-based liposomal system to co-entrap two repurposed drugs; hydrophilic pentoxifylline and lipophilic valsartan for topical treatment of burn wounds. The impact of increasing the phospholipid amount to enhance the co-entrapment of PTX and VAL was investigated and in-vitro evaluation of the prepared formulations was conducted to choose the optimum composition with the highest entrapment of both drugs adopting a simple, reliable derivative spectrophotometric method. Structure elucidation was also performed using a transmission electron microscope. In addition, A simple selected derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for the assay of PTX-VAL novel combination. The proven selectivity, precision and accuracy assured the reliability of this analytical method. Being economic and fast makes routine application of the developed analytical method is recommended in pharmaceutical industry. The selected liposomal formulation integrated into gel matrix (PTX-VAL-LG) showed; nanometric size, acceptable entrapment efficiency of both PTX and VAL as well as sustained release profiles and thus, enhanced action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S El-Salamouni
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sameh E Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Bary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Andrology and Dermatopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Gihan S Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Mzyk P, Hernandez H, Le T, Ramirez JR, McDowell CM. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Trabecular Meshwork. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:936115. [PMID: 35912101 PMCID: PMC9335276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.936115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. With limited therapeutics targeting the pathogenesis at the trabecular meshwork (TM), there is a great need for identifying potential new targets. Recent evidence has implicated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and it is signaling pathway in augmenting the effects of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFβ2) and downstream extracellular matrix production. In this review, we examine the role of TLR4 signaling in the trabecular meshwork and the interplay between endogenous activators of TLR4 (damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)), extracellular matrix (ECM), and the effect on intraocular pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mzyk
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Thanh Le
- University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, United States
| | | | - Colleen M. McDowell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Colleen M. McDowell,
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Fibronectin Functions as a Selective Agonist for Distinct Toll-like Receptors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132074. [PMID: 35805158 PMCID: PMC9265717 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of tumors is characterized by structural changes in the fibronectin matrix, which include increased deposition of the EDA isoform of fibronectin and the unfolding of the fibronectin Type III domains. The impact of these structural changes on tumor progression is not well understood. The fibronectin EDA (FnEDA) domain and the partially unfolded first Type III domain of fibronectin (FnIII-1c) have been identified as endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which induce innate immune responses by serving as agonists for Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Using two triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231, we show that FnEDA and FnIII-1c induce the pro-tumorigenic cytokine, IL-8, by serving as agonists for TLR5 and TLR2, the canonical receptors for bacterial flagellin and lipoprotein, respectively. We also find that FnIII-1c is not recognized by MDA-MB-468 cells but is recognized by MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting a cell type rather than ligand specific utilization of TLRs. As IL-8 plays a major role in the progression of TNBC, these studies suggest that tumor-induced structural changes in the fibronectin matrix promote an inflammatory microenvironment conducive to metastatic progression.
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13
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Kong Y, Liu Z, Xiao Q, Wu F, Hu L, Deng X, Chen T. Protective Effects of Engineered Lactobacillus crispatus on Intrauterine Adhesions in Mice via Delivering CXCL12. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905876. [PMID: 35734171 PMCID: PMC9207254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial injury is the main cause of intrauterine adhesions (IUA), and there is currently no effective prevention and treatment. Immune cells play an important role in damage repair by sensing the change in the microenvironment. Exogenous CXCL12 can promote tissue regeneration and repair by recruiting immune cells, but its effect and possible mechanism on endometrial regeneration and repair have not been reported. In the present study, we constructed an engineered a Lactobacillus crispatus strain by transforming a pMG36e plasmid carrying a CXCL12 gene into the bacterium, and developed two animal models, the intrauterine adhesion mice with or without diabetes to evaluate the positive effects of this strain on the prevention of IUA after accepting intrauterine surgery in normal and diabetic mice. The results showed that vaginal application of L. crispatus-pMG36e-mCXCL12 strains significantly diminished the levels of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum and uterine tissues of IUA mice, and resulted in the inhibition of the inflammatory (toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κb, TLR4/NF-κB) and fibrotic (transforming growth factor-β1/smads, TGF-β1/Smads) signalling pathways in the uterine tissues. The high-throughput sequencing results further indicated that treatment with L. crispatus-pMG36e-mCXCL12 strains greatly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced that of the pathogenic Klebsiella spp. in IUA mice. Furthermore, among intrauterine adhesion mice with diabetes, we obtained similar results to non-diabetic mice, that is, L.crispatus-pMG36e-mCXCL12 significantly improved fibrosis and inflammation in the uterine cavity of diabetic mice, and restored the vaginal microbiota balance in diabetic mice. Therefore, we speculated that vaginal administration of L. crispatus-pMG36e-mCXCL12 strains can effectively alleviate intrauterine adhesions by restoring the microbial balance and reducing inflammation and fibrosis caused by surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tingtao Chen, ; Zhaoxia Liu,
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaorong Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Tingtao Chen, ; Zhaoxia Liu,
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14
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Liu C, Zhou S, Bai W, Shi L, Li X. Protective effect of food derived nutrients on cisplatin nephrotoxicity and its mechanism. Food Funct 2022; 13:4839-4860. [PMID: 35416186 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based metal complexes, especially cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP), possess strong anticancer properties and a broad anticancer spectrum. However, the clinical application of CDDP has been limited by its side effects including nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of current clinical protocols are imperfect. Accordingly, it is essential to identify key targets and effective clinical protocols to restrict CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Herein, we first analyzed the relevant molecular mechanisms during the process of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Evidence from current studies was collected and potential targets and clinical protocols are summarized. The evidence indicates an efficacious role of nutrition-based substances in CDDP-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Liu
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Sajin Zhou
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Weibin Bai
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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15
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Li L, Ge J. Exosome‑derived lncRNA‑Ankrd26 promotes dental pulp restoration by regulating miR‑150‑TLR4 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:152. [PMID: 35244185 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, retaining the biological function of dental pulp is an urgent requirement in the treatment of pulp disease; it has been recognized that application of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in regenerating dental pulp and dentin complexes is expected to become a safe and effective treatment of pulp disease; meanwhile the role of DPSC‑derived exosomes in dental pulp regeneration and repair is gaining attention. However, the underlying mechanism of DPSCs in dental pulp regeneration and repair is still unclear. In the present study, a variety of in vitro biological experiments and an animal model, as well as next‑generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, demonstrated that DPSCs promoted migration and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via exosomes; this was induced by DPSC‑derived exosomal long non‑coding (lnc)RNA‑ankyrin repeat domain (Ankrd)26. Mechanistically, the effect of exosomal lncRNA‑Ankrd26 on migration and osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs was dependent on microRNA (miR)‑150/Toll‑like receptor (TLR)4 signaling; this was regulated by lncRNA‑Ankrd26. The present study demonstrated that exosomes‑derived lncRNA‑Ankrd26 from DPSCs promoted dental pulp restoration via regulating miR‑150‑TLR4 signaling in MSCs; these findings help to understand the mechanism of dental pulp repair, identify therapeutic targets in the development of pulpitis and develop clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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17
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Hanson HE, Zimmer C, Koussayer B, Schrey AW, Maddox JD, Martin LB. Epigenetic potential affects immune gene expression in house sparrows. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/6/jeb238451. [PMID: 33775934 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms may play a central role in mediating phenotypic plasticity, especially during range expansions, when populations face a suite of novel environmental conditions. Individuals may differ in their epigenetic potential (EP; their capacity for epigenetic modifications of gene expression), which may affect their ability to colonize new areas. One form of EP, the number of CpG sites, is higher in introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) than in native birds in the promoter region of a microbial surveillance gene, Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), which may allow invading birds to fine-tune their immune responses to unfamiliar parasites. Here, we compared TLR4 gene expression from whole blood, liver and spleen in house sparrows with different EP, first challenging some birds with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to increase gene expression by simulating a natural infection. We expected that high EP would predict high inducibility and reversibility of TLR4 expression in the blood of birds treated with LPS, but we did not make directional predictions regarding organs, as we could not repeatedly sample these tissues. We found that EP was predictive of TLR4 expression in all tissues. Birds with high EP expressed more TLR4 in the blood than individuals with low EP, regardless of treatment with LPS. Only females with high EP exhibited reversibility in gene expression. Further, the effect of EP varied between sexes and among tissues. Together, these data support EP as one regulator of TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Hanson
- University of South Florida, Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cedric Zimmer
- University of South Florida, Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bilal Koussayer
- University of South Florida, Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Aaron W Schrey
- Georgia Southern University Armstrong Campus, Department of Biology, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - J Dylan Maddox
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.,American Public University System, Environmental Sciences, Charles Town, WV 25414, USA.,Universidad Científica del Perú, Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Iquitos 16007, Perú
| | - Lynn B Martin
- University of South Florida, Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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18
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McKeown-Longo PJ, Higgins PJ. Hyaluronan, Transforming Growth Factor β, and Extra Domain A-Fibronectin: A Fibrotic Triad. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2021; 10:137-152. [PMID: 32667849 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation is a critical aspect of injury repair. Nonresolving inflammation, however, is perpetuated by the local generation of extracellular matrix-derived damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), such as the extra domain A (EDA) isoform of fibronectin and hyaluronic acid (HA) that promote the eventual acquisition of a fibrotic response. DAMPs contribute to the inflammatory environment by engaging Toll-like, integrin, and CD44 receptors while stimulating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling to activate a fibroinflammatory genomic program leading to the development of chronic disease. Recent Advances: Signaling through TLR4, CD44, and the TGF-β pathways impact the amplitude and duration of the innate immune response to endogenous DAMPs synthesized in the context of tissue injury. New evidence indicates that crosstalk among these three networks regulates phase transitions as well as the repertoire of expressed genes in the wound healing program determining, thereby, repair outcomes. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms underlying pathway integration is necessary for the development of novel therapeutics to address the spectrum of fibroproliferative diseases that result from maladaptive tissue repair. Critical Issues: There is an increasing appreciation for the role of DAMPs as causative factors in human fibroinflammatory disease regardless of organ site. Defining the involved intermediates essential for the development of targeted therapies is a daunting effort, however, since various classes of DAMPs activate different direct and indirect signaling pathways. Cooperation between two matrix-derived DAMPs, HA, and the EDA isoform of fibronectin, is discussed in this review as is their synergy with the TGF-β network. This information may identify nodes of signal intersection amenable to therapeutic intervention. Future Directions: Clarifying mechanisms underlying the DAMP/growth factor signaling nexus may provide opportunities to engineer the fibroinflammatory response to injury and, thereby, wound healing outcomes. The identification of shared and unique DAMP/growth factor-activated pathways is critical to the design of optimized tissue repair therapies while preserving the host response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. McKeown-Longo
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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19
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Čepcová D, Kema IP, Sandovici M, Deelman LE, Šišková K, Klimas J, Vavrinec P, Vavrincová-Yaghi D. The protective effect of 1-methyltryptophan isomers in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is not exclusively dependent on indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111180. [PMID: 33433354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyses the metabolism of tryptophan, may play a detrimental role in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IDO can be inhibited by 1-methyl-tryptophan, which exists in a D (D-MT) or L (L-MT) isomer. These forms show different pharmacological effects besides IDO inhibition. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether these isomers can play a protective role in renal IRI, either IDO-dependent or independent. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the effect of both isomers in a rat renal IRI model with a focus on IDO-dependent and independent effects. KEY RESULTS Both MT isomers reduced creatinine and BUN levels, with D-MT having a faster onset of action but shorter duration and L-MT a slower onset but longer duration (24 h and 48 h vs 48 h and 96 h reperfusion time). Interestingly, this effect was not exclusively dependent on IDO inhibition, but rather from decreased TLR4 signalling, mimicking changes in renal function. Additionally, L-MT increased the overall survival of rats. Moreover, both MT isomers interfered with TGF-β signalling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In order to study the effect of isomers in all mechanisms involved in IRI, a series of in vitro experiments was performed. The isomers affected signalling pathways in NK cells and tubular epithelial cells, as well as in dendritic cells and T cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study shows that both MT isomers have a renoprotective effect after ischemia-reperfusion injury, mostly independent of IDO inhibition, involving mutually different mechanisms. We bring novel findings in the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of MT isomers, which could become a novel therapeutic target of renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Čepcová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria Sandovici
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Leo E Deelman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Katarína Šišková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ján Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Vavrinec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Diana Vavrincová-Yaghi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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20
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Aboudounya MM, Heads RJ. COVID-19 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 May Bind and Activate TLR4 to Increase ACE2 Expression, Facilitating Entry and Causing Hyperinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:8874339. [PMID: 33505220 PMCID: PMC7811571 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8874339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Causes of mortality from COVID-19 include respiratory failure, heart failure, and sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4 is an innate immune receptor on the cell surface that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including viral proteins and triggers the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines to combat infection. It is expressed on both immune cells and tissue-resident cells. ACE2, the reported entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is only present on ~1-2% of the cells in the lungs or has a low pulmonary expression, and recently, the spike protein has been proposed to have the strongest protein-protein interaction with TLR4. Here, we review and connect evidence for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 having direct and indirect binding to TLR4, together with other viral precedents, which when combined shed light on the COVID-19 pathophysiological puzzle. We propose a model in which the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein binds TLR4 and activates TLR4 signalling to increase cell surface expression of ACE2 facilitating entry. SARS-CoV-2 also destroys the type II alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactants, which normally decrease the air/tissue surface tension and block TLR4 in the lungs thus promoting ARDS and inflammation. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2-induced myocarditis and multiple-organ injury may be due to TLR4 activation, aberrant TLR4 signalling, and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, TLR4 contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, and its overactivation causes a prolonged or excessive innate immune response. TLR4 appears to be a promising therapeutic target in COVID-19, and since TLR4 antagonists have been previously trialled in sepsis and in other antiviral contexts, we propose the clinical trial testing of TLR4 antagonists in the treatment of severe COVID-19. Also, ongoing clinical trials of pulmonary surfactants in COVID-19 hold promise since they also block TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Aboudounya
- Department of Cardiology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Richard J. Heads
- Department of Cardiology, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, UK
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21
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Giblin SP, Schwenzer A, Midwood KS. Alternative splicing controls cell lineage-specific responses to endogenous innate immune triggers within the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:95-114. [PMID: 32599145 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of barely more than 20,000 human genes was amongst the most surprising outcomes of the human genome project. Alternative splicing provides an essential means of expanding the proteome, enabling a single gene to encode multiple, distinct isoforms by selective inclusion or exclusion of exons from mature mRNA. However, mis-regulation of this process is associated with most human diseases. Here, we examine the impact of post-transcriptional processing on extracellular matrix function, focusing on the complex alternative splicing patterns of tenascin-C, a molecule that can exist in as many as 500 different isoforms. We demonstrate that the pro-inflammatory activity of this endogenous innate immune trigger is controlled by inclusion or exclusion of a novel immunomodulatory site located within domains AD2AD1, identifying this as a mechanism that prevents unnecessary inflammation in healthy tissues but enables rapid immune cell mobilization and activation upon tissue damage, and defining how this goes awry in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Giblin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Schwenzer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim S Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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22
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Rahmani-Kukia N, Abbasi A, Abtahi Froushani SM, Shahgaldi S, Mokarram P. The effects of 17 Beta-Estradiol primed mesenchymal stem cells on the biology of co-cultured neutrophil. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106602. [PMID: 32417655 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can influence immune effector cells. It is proved that MSCs respond to various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, which could ultimately result in changes in their immunomodulatory effects. Neutrophils play an essential role in the first line defense system and their function can be regulated by MSCs. Estrogen is a female hormone that contributes to sex differences in several immune-related diseases. With regard to the stated facts, this research aims to elucidate the effects of estrogen treatment on the ability of TLR4-primed MSCs to regulate neutrophil functions. METHODS Following isolation and characterization, MSCs were stimulated with LPS as a TLR4 ligand and subsequently incubated with different concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 40 nM) of estrogen for 48 hrs. Then, MSCs were co-cultured with neutrophils to investigate the vitality and function of the co-cultured neutrophils. RESULTS Our results indicated that TLR4-primed MSCs could decrease the viability and neutral red uptake potential of co-cultured neutrophils. Furthermore, neutrophils co-cultured with TLR4-primed MSCs exhibited a decrease in the respiratory burst intensity after being challenged with opsonized yeast. Interestingly, treating TLR4-primed MSCs with estrogen reversed the observed alterations in neutrophil functions. CONCLUSION It appears that estrogen can alter the interaction between MSCs and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Kiripolsky J, Romano RA, Kasperek EM, Yu G, Kramer JM. Activation of Myd88-Dependent TLRs Mediates Local and Systemic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2963. [PMID: 31993047 PMCID: PMC6964703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important mediators of chronic inflammation in numerous autoimmune diseases, although the role of these receptors in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains incompletely understood. Previous studies in our laboratory established Myd88 as a crucial mediator of pSS, although the disease-relevant ligands and the upstream signaling events that culminate in Myd88 activation have yet to be established. The objective of this study was to identify specific Myd88-dependent TLR-related pathways that are dysregulated both locally and systemically in a mouse model of pSS [NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.B10)]. We performed RNA-sequencing on spleens derived from NOD.B10 mice. We then harvested salivary tissue and spleens from Myd88-sufficient and deficient C57BL/10 (BL/10) and NOD.B10 mice and performed flow cytometry to determine expression of Myd88-dependent TLRs. We cultured splenocytes with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists and measured production of inflammatory mediators by ELISA. Next, we evaluated spontaneous and TLR4-mediated inflammatory cytokine secretion in NOD.B10 salivary tissue. Finally, we assessed spontaneous Myd88-dependent cytokine secretion by NOD.B10 salivary cells. We identified dysregulation of numerous TLR-related networks in pSS splenocytes, particularly those employed by TLR2 and TLR4. We found upregulation of TLRs in both the splenic and salivary tissue from pSS mice. In NOD.B10 splenic tissue, robust expression of B cell TLR1 and TLR2 required Myd88. Splenocytes from NOD.B10 mice were hyper-responsive to TLR2 ligation and the endogenous molecule decorin modulated inflammation via TLR4. Finally, we observed spontaneous secretion of numerous inflammatory cytokines and this was enhanced following TLR4 ligation in female NOD.B10 salivary tissue as compared to males. The spontaneous production of salivary IL-6, MCP-1 and TNFα required Myd88 in pSS salivary tissue. Thus, our data demonstrate that Myd88-dependent TLR pathways contribute to the inflammatory landscape in pSS, and inhibition of such will likely have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eileen M Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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24
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Papathanasiou I, Balis C, Trachana V, Mourmoura E, Tsezou A. The synergistic function of miR-140-5p and miR-146a on TLR4-mediated cytokine secretion in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:783-791. [PMID: 31791577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ΜiR-140-5p and miR-146a regulate inflammatory pathways including TLR4/NF-κB signaling and have been found to be involved in OA pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of the synergistic function of miR-140-5p and miR-146a on inflammation mediated by TLR4 in ΟΑ chondrocytes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TLR4 was the only common OA-related target gene of miR-140-5p and miR-146a, located in the sub-network with the highest MCODE score; it also showed that the target genes of miR-140-5p and miR-146a which located in MCODE sub-networks were enriched in OA-related biological processes and pathways. Overexpression of miR-140-5p or miR-146a and combined miR-140-5p/miR-146a overexpression in OA chondrocytes demonstrated that combined treatment had the strongest negative effect on TLR4 expression. Moreover, simultaneous overexpression of miR-140-5p and miR-146a resulted in the highest reduction of NF-κΒ phosphorylation levels, as well as IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFa expression levels in OA chondrocytes as compared to the reductions observed when either miR-140-5p or miR-146a was overexpressed. Our results, therefore, demonstrate for the first time, that the synergistic function of miR-140-5p and miR-146a have a strong protective effect against inflammatory mediators' production in OA chondrocytes through targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Papathanasiou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Charalambos Balis
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evanthia Mourmoura
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
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25
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Davis FM, Kimball A, denDekker A, Joshi AD, Boniakowski AE, Nysz D, Allen RM, Obi A, Singer K, Henke PK, Moore BB, Kunkel SL, Gallagher KA. Histone Methylation Directs Myeloid TLR4 Expression and Regulates Wound Healing following Cutaneous Tissue Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1777-1785. [PMID: 30710046 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are critical for orchestrating regulated inflammation during wound healing. TLRs, particularly TLR4, and its downstream-signaling MyD88 pathway play an important role in regulating myeloid-mediated inflammation. Because an initial inflammatory phase is vital for tissue repair, we investigated the role of TLR4-regulated, myeloid-mediated inflammation in wound healing. In a cutaneous tissue injury murine model, we found that TLR4 expression is dynamic in wound myeloid cells during the course of normal wound healing. We identified that changes in myeloid TLR4 during tissue repair correlated with increased expression of the histone methyltransferase, mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), which specifically trimethylates the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) position of the TLR4 promoter. Furthermore, we used a myeloid-specific Mll1 knockout (Mll1f/fLyz2Cre+ ) to determine MLL1 drives Tlr4 expression during wound healing. To understand the critical role of myeloid-specific TLR4 signaling, we used mice deficient in Tlr4 (Tlr4-/- ), Myd88 (Myd88 -/-), and myeloid-specific Tlr4 (Tlr4f/fLyz2Cre+) to demonstrate delayed wound healing at early time points postinjury. Furthermore, in vivo wound myeloid cells isolated from Tlr4-/- and Myd88 -/- wounds demonstrated decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Importantly, adoptive transfer of monocyte/macrophages from wild-type mice trafficked to wounds with restoration of normal healing and myeloid cell function in Tlr4-deficient mice. These results define a role for myeloid-specific, MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling in the inflammatory response following cutaneous tissue injury and suggest that MLL1 regulates TLR4 expression in wound myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Davis
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew Kimball
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Aaron denDekker
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amrita D Joshi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anna E Boniakowski
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Dylan Nysz
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ronald M Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrea Obi
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Peter K Henke
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Katherine A Gallagher
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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