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Amorim KDJ, Costa GWWF, Motta-Neto CC, Soares RX, Borges AT, Benetti DD, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Tanomtong A, Molina WF. Karyotypic changes and diversification time in Epinephelidae groupers (Perciformes). Implications on reproductive isolation. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20221011. [PMID: 38597487 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420221011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Groupers (Epinephelidae and Serranidae) have attracted special attention to fish farming, and their species offer good opportunities for successful hybridizations. Cytogenetic data allow a better understanding of the role of karyotypic diversification in the acquisition of post-zygotic reproductive isolation (RI). Thus, chromosomal analyses were performed on E. striatus (Caribbean Sea), E. coioides and E. tauvina (Indo-Pacific Region), using standard procedures and mapping of six repetitive DNA classes by the in situ hybridization. The three species have 2n=48 chromosomes. The karyotypes of E. coioides and E. striatus are composed only of acrocentric chromosomes (FN=48), while E. tauvina has 8 submetacentric chromosomes (FN=56). Heterochromatin has a preferential centromeric distribution, and the microsatellite repeats are dispersed throughout the chromosomes of all species. The 18S and 5S rDNA sites are unique but show a colocalization arrangement in E. tauvina and E. striatus. The chromosomal organization suggests that the three species still maintain a significant amount of syntenic regions. The range of the karyotype divergence and the RI levels showed low, but goes turn proportionally greater in relation to the divergence time between the parental species. The slow acquisition of postzygotic RI is consistent with the high karyotype homogeneity presented by Epinephelidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlla Danielle J Amorim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Gideão W W F Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Clóvis C Motta-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo X Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amanda T Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Marcelo B Cioffi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, 40002,Thailand
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wagner F Molina
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, s/n, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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Amorim KDJ, da Costa GWWF, Cioffi MDB, Tanomtong A, Bertollo LAC, Molina WF. A new view on the scenario of karyotypic stasis in Epinephelidae fish: Cytogenetic, historical, and biogeographic approaches. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210122. [PMID: 34807969 PMCID: PMC8608104 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epinephelidae (groupers) is an astonishingly diverse group of carnivorous fish widely distributed in reef environments around the world, with growing economic importance. The first chromosomal inferences suggested a conservative scenario for the family. However, to date, this has not been validated using biogeographic and phylogenetic approaches. Thus, to estimate karyotype diversification among groupers, eight species from the Atlantic and Indian oceans were investigated using conventional cytogenetic protocols and fluorescence in situ hybridization of repetitive sequences (rDNA, microsatellites, transposable elements). Despite the remarkable persistence of some symplesiomorphic karyotype patterns, such as all species sharing 2n=48 and most preserve a basal karyotype (2n=48 acrocentrics), the chromosomal diversification in the family revealed an unsuspected evolutionary dynamic, where about 40% of the species escape from the ancestral karyotype pattern. These karyotype changes showed a relation with the historical biogeography, likely as a byproduct of the progressive occupancy of new areas (huge diversity of adaptive and speciation conditions). In this context, oceanic regions harboring more recent clades such as those of the Indo-Pacific, exhibited a higher karyotype diversity. Therefore, the karyotype evolution of Epinephelidae fits well with the expansion and geographic contingencies of its clades, providing a more complex and diverse scenario than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlla Danielle Jorge Amorim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Khon Kaen University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University, Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Franco Molina
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Borges AT, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Soares RX, Costa GWWF, Molina WF. Paracentric Inversions Differentiate the Conservative Karyotypes in Two Centropomus Species (Teleostei: Centropomidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 157:239-248. [PMID: 30991393 DOI: 10.1159/000499748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centropomus is the sole genus of the Centropomidae family (Teleostei), comprising 12 species widely distributed throughout the Western Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, with 6 of them occurring in the Western Atlantic in extensive sympatry. Their life history and phylogenetic relationships are well characterized; however, aspects of chromosomal evolution are still unknown. Here, cytogenetic analyses of 2 Centropomus species of great economic value (C. undecimalis and C. mexicanus) were performed using conventional (Giemsa, Ag-NOR, and fluorochrome staining, C- and replication banding) and molecular (chromosomal mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA, H2A-H2B and H3 hisDNA, and (TTAGGG)n repeats) approaches. The karyotypes of both species were composed of 48 solely acrocentric chromosomes (2n = 48; FN = 48), but the single ribosomal site was located in varying positions in the long arms of the second largest chromosome pair. Replication bands were generally similar, although conspicuous differences were observed in some chromosome regions. In both species, the histone H3 genes were located on 3 apparently homeologous chromosome pairs, but the exact position of these clusters differed slightly. Interspecific hisDNA and rDNA site displacements can indicate the occurrence of multiple paracentric inversions during the evolutionary diversification of the Centropomus genomes. Although the karyotypes remained similar in both species, our data demonstrate an unsuspected microstructural reorganization between them, driven most likely by a series of paracentric inversions.
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Barby FF, Bertollo LAC, de Oliveira EA, Yano CF, Hatanaka T, Ráb P, Sember A, Ezaz T, Artoni RF, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi ABH, Trifonov V, de Oliveira EHC, Molina WF, Jegede OI, Tanomtong A, de Bello Cioffi M. Emerging patterns of genome organization in Notopteridae species (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes) as revealed by Zoo-FISH and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH). Sci Rep 2019; 9:1112. [PMID: 30718776 PMCID: PMC6361938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Notopteridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes) represents an old fish lineage with ten currently recognized species distributed in African and Southeastern Asian rivers. Their karyotype structures and diploid numbers remained conserved over long evolutionary periods, since African and Asian lineages diverged approximately 120 Mya. However, a significant genetic diversity was already identified for these species using molecular data. Thus, why the evolutionary relationships within Notopteridae are so diverse at the genomic level but so conserved in terms of their karyotypes? In an attempt to develop a more comprehensive picture of the karyotype and genome evolution in Notopteridae, we performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and cross-species (Zoo-FISH) whole chromosome painting experiments to explore chromosome-scale intergenomic divergence among seven notopterid species, collected in different African and Southeast Asian river basins. CGH demonstrated an advanced stage of sequence divergence among the species and Zoo-FISH experiments showed diffuse and limited homology on inter-generic level, showing a temporal reduction of evolutionarily conserved syntenic regions. The sharing of a conserved chromosomal region revealed by Zoo-FISH in these species provides perspectives that several other homologous syntenic regions have remained conserved among their genomes despite long temporal isolation. In summary, Notopteridae is an interesting model for tracking the chromosome evolution as it is (i) ancestral vertebrate group with Gondwanan distribution and (ii) an example of animal group exhibiting karyotype stasis. The present study brings new insights into degree of genome divergence vs. conservation at chromosomal and sub-chromosomal level in representative sampling of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Faix Barby
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, 277 21, Czech Republic
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | | | - Vladimir Trifonov
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Edivaldo H C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogenética, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
| | - Wagner Franco Molina
- Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Oladele Ilesanmi Jegede
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, KhonKaen University, Muang, KhonKaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz Km. 235, C.P. 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Motta-Neto CC, Marques A, Costa GW, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LA, Soares RX, Scortecci KC, Artoni RF, Molina WF. Differential hypomethylation of the repetitive Tol2/Alu-rich sequences in the genome of Bodianus species (Labriformes, Labridae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:145-162. [PMID: 29675141 PMCID: PMC5904366 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Representatives of the order Labriformes show karyotypes of extreme conservatism together with others with high chromosomal diversification. However, the cytological characterization of epigenetic modifications remains unknown for the majority of the species. In the family Labridae, the most abundant fishes on tropical reefs, the genomes of the genus Bodianus Bloch, 1790 have been characterized by the occurrence of a peculiar chromosomal region, here denominated BOD. This region is exceptionally decondensed, heterochromatic, argentophilic, GC-neutral and, in contrast to classical secondary constrictions, shows no signals of hybridization with 18S rDNA probes. In order to characterize the BOD region, the methylation pattern, the distribution of Alu and Tol2 retrotransposons and of 18S and 5S rDNA sites, respectively, were analyzed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) on metaphase chromosomes of two Bodianus species, B. insularis Gomon & Lubbock, 1980 and B. pulchellus (Poey, 1860). Immunolocalization of the 5-methylcytosine revealed hypermethylated chromosomal regions, dispersed along the entire length of the chromosomes of both species, while the BOD regions exhibited a hypomethylated pattern. Hypomethylation of the BOD region is associated with the precise co-location of Tol2 and Alu elements, suggesting their active participation in the regulatory epigenetic process. This evidence underscores a probable differential methylation action during the cell cycle, as well as the role of Tol2/Alu elements in functional processes of fish genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis C. Motta-Neto
- Center of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - André Marques
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gideão W.W.F. Costa
- Center of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. Cioffi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A.C. Bertollo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo X. Soares
- Center of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kátia C. Scortecci
- Center of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Roberto F. Artoni
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Wagner F. Molina
- Center of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Getlekha N, Cioffi MDB, Yano CF, Maneechot N, Bertollo LAC, Supiwong W, Tanomtong A, Molina WF. Chromosome mapping of repetitive DNAs in sergeant major fishes (Abudefdufinae, Pomacentridae): a general view on the chromosomal conservatism of the genus. Genetica 2016; 144:567-576. [PMID: 27660254 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Species of the Abudefduf genus (sergeant-majors) are widely distributed in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans, with large schools inhabiting rocky coastal regions and coral reefs. This genus consists of twenty recognized species are of generalist habit, showing typical characteristics of colonizers. Some populations maintain gene flow between large oceanic areas, a condition that may influence their cytogenetic features. A number of species have been shown to be invaders and able to hybridize with local species. However, cytogenetic data in this genus are restricted to few species. In this way, the present study includes the chromosomal investigation, using conventional (Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR and C-banding) and molecular (in situ mapping of six different repetitive DNA classes) approaches in four Abudefduf species from different oceanic regions (A. bengalensis and A. sexfasciatus from the Indo-Pacific, A. vaigiensis from the Indian and A. saxatilis from the Atlantic oceans, respectively), to investigate the evolutionary events associated with the chromosomal diversification in this group. All species share a similar karyotype (2n = 48; NF = 52), except A. sexfasciatus (2n = 48; NF = 50), which possesses a characteristic pericentric inversion in the NOR-bearing chromosomal pair. Mapping of repetitive sequences suggests a chromosomal conservatism in this genus. The high karyotypic similarity between allopatric species of Abudefduf may be related to the success of natural viable hybrids among species with recent secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntaporn Getlekha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nuntiya Maneechot
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Weerayuth Supiwong
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Nong Khai Campus, Muang, Nong Khai, Thailand
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Toxic Substances in Livestock and Aquatic Animals Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wagner Franco Molina
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Costa GWWFD, Cioffi MDB, Bertollo LAC, Molina WF. The Evolutionary Dynamics of Ribosomal Genes, Histone H3, and Transposable Rex Elements in the Genome of Atlantic Snappers. J Hered 2016; 107:173-80. [PMID: 26792596 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutjanidae is a family of primarily marine and carnivorous fishes distributed in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, with enormous economic and ecological importance. In order to better clarify the conservative chromosomal evolution of Lutjanidae, we analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of 5 repetitive DNA classes in 5 Lutjanus and in 1 Ocyurus species from the Western Atlantic. The ribosomal 18S sites were generally located in a single chromosome pair, except for L. jocu and L. alexandrei where they are found in 2 pairs. In turn, the 5S rDNA sites are unique, terminal and nonsyntenic with the 18S rDNA sites. In 3 species analyzed, H3 hisDNA genes were found in 1 chromosomal pair. However, while L. jocu presented 2 H3 sites, O. chrysurus showed a noteworthy dispersion of this gene in almost all chromosomes of the karyotype. Retrotransposons Rex1 and Rex3 do not exhibit any association with the explosive distribution of H3 sequences in O. chrysurus. The low compartmentalization of Rex elements, in addition to the general nondynamic distribution of ribosomal and H3 genes, corroborate the karyotype conservatism in Lutjanidae species, also at the microstructural level. However, some "disturbing evolutionary waves" can break down this conservative scenario, as evidenced by the massive random dispersion of H3 hisDNA in the genome of O. chrysurus. The implication of the genomic expansion of H3 histone genes and their functionality remain unknown, although suggesting that they have higher evolutionary dynamics than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideão Wagner Werneck Félix da Costa
- From the Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970 Natal, RN, Brasil (Costa and Molina); Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil (Cioffi and Bertollo)
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- From the Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970 Natal, RN, Brasil (Costa and Molina); Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil (Cioffi and Bertollo)
| | - Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo
- From the Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970 Natal, RN, Brasil (Costa and Molina); Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil (Cioffi and Bertollo)
| | - Wagner Franco Molina
- From the Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59.078-970 Natal, RN, Brasil (Costa and Molina); Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 13.565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil (Cioffi and Bertollo).
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