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Vercellini MC, Rearte R, di Cesare L, Ayala MA, Montes MM. Eugenol as anesthetic for Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae). Lab Anim 2024; 58:44-51. [PMID: 37712766 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231192020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Anesthetics are commonly used in fish for surgery and to facilitate capture, handling and transport in aquaculture and experimental procedures. In research, the selection of the anesthetic depends on its properties and on the recovery time. Eugenol has been pointed out as an effective anesthetic for fish, alternative to traditional drugs. Although Cnesterodon decemmaculatus is widely used as a model in ecological bioassays, no anesthetic protocol has been reported for this species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the induction time (i.e. time to reach anesthetic stage VI) and recovery time in individuals of C. decemmaculatus subjected to eugenol at a fixed concentration, according to sex and pregnancy status. Forty-one fish were divided into three groups: males, pregnant females and non-pregnant females. They were measured for total length, standard length and weight, and the condition factor (K) was calculated. No significant differences in induction and recovery times were found for sex, pregnancy status and K between groups. Results are a contribution toward the development protocol of a standard anesthetic protocol for C. decemmaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Vercellini
- CONICET La Plata Ringgold standard institution - CEPAVE CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Rearte
- CONICET La Plata Ringgold standard institution - CEPAVE CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luca di Cesare
- CONICET La Plata Ringgold standard institution - CEPAVE CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Ayala
- CONICET La Plata Ringgold standard institution - CEPAVE CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin M Montes
- CONICET La Plata Ringgold standard institution - CEPAVE CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111133. [PMID: 34827125 PMCID: PMC8614824 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although zebrafish are used in vast numbers in laboratories all over the world, no consensus has been reached in the scientific community on a humane, consistent, and effective method for euthanasia of this species. Here, we screened commonly used anaesthetic drugs to see if an overdose could induce loss of reflexes of adult zebrafish in a rapid and reliable manner, and without causing distress. The tested anaesthetics were isoeugenol, clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, tricaine, benzocaine, lidocaine hydrochloride, and etomidate. We found that lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered with sodium bicarbonate and ethanol to increase its efficacy, induces loss of reflexes in a fast, predictable, and relatively peaceful manner. We recommend its use for adult zebrafish euthanasia. Abstract Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult Danio rerio, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during induction of anaesthetic overdose by either tricaine (0.5 g/L or 1 g/L), benzocaine (1 g/L), 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), clove oil (0.1%), isoeugenol (540 mg/L), lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L), or etomidate (50 mg/L). Initial screening demonstrated that benzocaine and buffered lidocaine hydrochloride achieved the fastest loss of reflexes. The rapid induction times were confirmed when retesting using larger batches of fish. The fastest induction was obtained with 1 g/L lidocaine hydrochloride buffered with 2 g/L NaHCO3, in which all adult zebrafish lost reflexes in less than 2 min. Next, we monitored signs of distress during benzocaine or buffered lidocaine hydrochloride overdose induction. The results indicated that buffered lidocaine hydrochloride caused significantly less aversive behaviors than benzocaine. Finally, we tested several buffers to refine the lidocaine hydrochloride immersion. The most efficient buffer for euthanasia induction using 1g/L lidocaine hydrochloride was 2 g/L NaHCO3 with 50 mL/L 96% ethanol, inducing immobility in less than 10 s and with only 2% of adult zebrafish displaying aversive behaviors during treatment.
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3
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Behavioral and histological features of zebrafish following sedation with eugenol or propofol. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang Y, Pasparakis C, Grosell M. Role of the cardiovascular system in ammonia excretion in early life stages of zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R377-R384. [PMID: 34318705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00284.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate if the cardiovascular system is important for ammonia excretion in the early life stages of zebrafish. Morpholino knockdowns of cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) or vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) provided morphants with nonfunctional circulation. At the embryonic stage [30-36 h postfertilization (hpf)], ammonia excretion was not constrained by a lack of cardiovascular function. At 2 days postfertilization (dpf) and 4 dpf, morpholino knockdowns of TNNT2 or VEGFA significantly reduced ammonia excretion in all morphants. Expression of rhag, rhbg, and rhcgb showed no significant changes but the mRNA levels of the urea transporter (ut) were upregulated in the 4 dpf morphants. Taken together, rhag, rhbg, rhcgb, and ut gene expression and an unchanged tissue ammonia concentration but an increased tissue urea concentration, suggest that impaired ammonia excretion led to increased urea synthesis. However, in larvae anesthetized with tricaine or clove oil, ammonia excretion was not reduced in the 4 dpf morphants compared with controls. Furthermore, oxygen consumption was reduced in morphants regardless of anesthesia. These results suggest that cardiovascular function is not directly involved in ammonia excretion, but rather reduced activity and external convection may explain reduced ammonia excretion and compensatory urea accumulation in morphants with reduced cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - C Pasparakis
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - M Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Ellman DG, Slaiman IM, Mathiesen SB, Andersen KS, Hofmeister W, Ober EA, Andersen DC. Apex Resection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model of Heart Regeneration: A Video-Assisted Guide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5865. [PMID: 34070781 PMCID: PMC8199168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. A major hindrance to resolving this challenge lies in the mammalian hearts inability to regenerate after injury. In contrast, zebrafish retain a regenerative capacity of the heart throughout their lifetimes. Apex resection (AR) is a popular zebrafish model for studying heart regeneration, and entails resecting 10-20% of the heart in the apex region, whereafter the regeneration process is monitored until the heart is fully regenerated within 60 days. Despite this popularity, video tutorials describing this technique in detail are lacking. In this paper we visualize and describe the entire AR procedure including anaesthesia, surgery, and recovery. In addition, we show that the concentration and duration of anaesthesia are important parameters to consider, to balance sufficient levels of sedation and minimizing mortality. Moreover, we provide examples of how zebrafish heart regeneration can be assessed both in 2D (immunohistochemistry of heart sections) and 3D (analyses of whole, tissue cleared hearts using multiphoton imaging). In summary, this paper aims to aid beginners in establishing and conducting the AR model in their laboratory, but also to spur further interest in improving the model and its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Gry Ellman
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Mohamad Slaiman
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Bech Mathiesen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Skriver Andersen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Hofmeister
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DanStem (Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology), Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København H, Denmark;
| | - Elke Annette Ober
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DanStem (Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology), Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København H, Denmark;
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Venincasa MJ, Randlett O, Sumathipala SH, Bindernagel R, Stark MJ, Yan Q, Sloan SA, Buglo E, Meng QC, Engert F, Züchner S, Kelz MB, Syed S, Dallman JE. Elevated preoptic brain activity in zebrafish glial glycine transporter mutants is linked to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from anesthesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3148. [PMID: 33542258 PMCID: PMC7862283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed emergence from anesthesia was previously reported in a case study of a child with Glycine Encephalopathy. To investigate the neural basis of this delayed emergence, we developed a zebrafish glial glycine transporter (glyt1 - / -) mutant model. We compared locomotor behaviors; dose-response curves for tricaine, ketamine, and 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol); time to emergence from these anesthetics; and time to emergence from propofol after craniotomy in glyt1-/- mutants and their siblings. To identify differentially active brain regions in glyt1-/- mutants, we used pERK immunohistochemistry as a proxy for brain-wide neuronal activity. We show that glyt1-/- mutants initiated normal bouts of movement less frequently indicating lethargy-like behaviors. Despite similar anesthesia dose-response curves, glyt1-/- mutants took over twice as long as their siblings to emerge from ketamine or propofol, mimicking findings from the human case study. Reducing glycine levels rescued timely emergence in glyt1-/- mutants, pointing to a causal role for elevated glycine. Brain-wide pERK staining showed elevated activity in hypnotic brain regions in glyt1-/- mutants under baseline conditions and a delay in sensorimotor integration during emergence from anesthesia. Our study links elevated activity in preoptic brain regions and reduced sensorimotor integration to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from propofol in glyt1-/- mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Venincasa
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Owen Randlett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Sureni H Sumathipala
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Richard Bindernagel
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Matthew J Stark
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elena Buglo
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Qing Cheng Meng
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33101, USA
- Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Max B Kelz
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sheyum Syed
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Julia E Dallman
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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7
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Musk GC, Ezzy BJ, Kenchington LM, Hopper WA, Callahan LM. A Comparison of Buffered Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) and Isoeugenol Anesthesia for Caudal Fin Clipping in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:732-736. [PMID: 32928342 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of buffered tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and isoeugenol for the anesthesia of zebrafish undergoing caudal fin clipping. Eighty 9 mo Danio rerio (AB strain) zebrafish were allocated to one of 2 equal groups: buffered MS-222 (168 mg/L, n = 40) or isoeugenol (20 mg/L, n = 40). The time to induction of anesthesia was significantly shorter in the isoeugenol group (141 ± 70 s) than in the MS-222 group (207 ± 103 s). The time to recovery from anesthesia was also shorter in the MS-222 group (373 ± 125 s) than in the isoeugenol group (491 ± 176 s). No obvious displays of distress or aversion to anesthesia were observed in either group. No difference was detected in the proportion of zebrafish that became anesthetized with either drug. One male zebrafish in the buffered MS-222 group was found dead at the 1-h post-procedural monitoring time point, but there was no difference between groups in the proportion of fish that survived anesthesia to the end of experiment. In conclusion, the safety and efficacy of buffered MS-222 (168 mg/L) and isoeugenol (20 mg/L) was similar for zebrafish undergoing anesthesia for caudal fin clipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;,
| | - Ben J Ezzy
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kenchington
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy A Hopper
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren M Callahan
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Charlie-Silva I, Feitosa NM, Gomes JMM, Hoyos DCDM, Mattioli CC, Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Belo MADA, Silva JDO, de Barros ALB, Corrêa Junior JD, de Menezes GB, Fukushima HCS, Castro TFD, Borra RC, Pierezan F, de Melo NFS, Fraceto LF. Potential of mucoadhesive nanocapsules in drug release and toxicology in zebrafish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238823. [PMID: 32970684 PMCID: PMC7514080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoadhesive polymeric nanocapsules have attracted interest of researchers from different fields from natural sciences because of their ability to interact with the mucosa and increase drug permeation. Anesthesia by immersion causes absorption through the skin and gills of fish, so it is important to evaluate the exposure of these organs to drug nanosystems. Benzocaine (BENZ) is one of the most popular anesthetic agents used in fish anesthesia, but it has drawbacks because of its low bioavailability, resulting in weak absorption after immersion. Here we describe method developed for preparing and characterizing chitosan-coated PLGA mucoadhesive nanoparticles containing BENZ (NPMAs) for zebrafish immersion anesthesia. We determined the lowest effective concentration, characterized the interaction of the mucoadhesive system with fish, measured the anesthetic efficacy, and evaluated possible toxic effects in embryos and adults exposed to the nanoformulations. This study opens perspectives for using nanoformulations prepared with BENZ in aquaculture, allowing reduction of dosage as well as promoting more effective anesthesia and improved interaction with the mucoadhesive system of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology at University of São Paulo-ICB/USP, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais (LIBT), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)- Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silas Fernandes Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences—PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antonio de Andrade Belo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brasil University, Descalvado/SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy-UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, UFMG, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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