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Sachan N, Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Notch signalling: multifaceted role in development and disease. FEBS J 2024; 291:3030-3059. [PMID: 37166442 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signalling system that operates to influence an astonishing array of cell fate decisions in different developmental contexts. Notch signalling plays important roles in many developmental processes, making it difficult to name a tissue or a developing organ that does not depend on Notch function at one stage or another. Thus, dysregulation of Notch signalling is associated with many developmental defects and various pathological conditions, including cancer. Although many recent advances have been made to reveal different aspects of the Notch signalling mechanism and its intricate regulation, there are still many unanswered questions related to how the Notch signalling pathway functions in so many developmental events. The same pathway can be deployed in numerous cellular contexts to play varied and critical roles in an organism's development and this is only possible because of the complex regulatory mechanisms of the pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanism and regulation of the Notch signalling pathway along with its multifaceted functions in different aspects of development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalani Sachan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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2
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Yi JM, Kang T, Han YK, Park HY, Yang JH, Bae J, Suh J, Kim T, Kim J, Cui Y, Suzuki H, Kumegawa K, Kim SJ, Zhao Y, Park IJ, Hong S, Chung J, Lee S. Human Neuralized is a novel tumour suppressor targeting Wnt/β-catenin signalling in colon cancer. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56335. [PMID: 37341560 PMCID: PMC10398657 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While there is growing evidence that many epigenetically silenced genes in cancer are tumour suppressor candidates, their significance in cancer biology remains unclear. Here, we identify human Neuralized (NEURL), which acts as a novel tumour suppressor targeting oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signalling in human cancers. The expression of NEURL is epigenetically regulated and markedly suppressed in human colorectal cancer. We, therefore, considered NEURL to be a bona fide tumour suppressor in colorectal cancer and demonstrate that this tumour suppressive function depends on NEURL-mediated oncogenic β-catenin degradation. We find that NEURL acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacting directly with oncogenic β-catenin, and reducing its cytoplasmic levels in a GSK3β- and β-TrCP-independent manner, indicating that NEURL-β-catenin interactions can lead to a disruption of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study suggests that NEURL is a therapeutic target against human cancers and that it acts by regulating oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineInje UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Tae‐Hong Kang
- Department of Biological ScienceDong‐A UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineInje UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineInje UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health SciencesGyeongsang National University Medical SchoolJinjuSouth Korea
| | - Jin‐Han Bae
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural SciencesPusan National UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural SciencesPusan National UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Tae‐Jin Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural SciencesPusan National UniversityBusanSouth Korea
| | - Joong‐Gook Kim
- Research CenterDongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical SciencesBusanSouth Korea
| | - Yan‐Hong Cui
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural SciencesHanyang UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Section of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular BiologySapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Kohei Kumegawa
- Cancer Cell Diversity Project, NEXT‐Ganken ProgramJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at GangdongKyung Hee University School of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yi Zhao
- Institute for Translation Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - In Ja Park
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung‐Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Joon‐Yong Chung
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Su‐Jae Lee
- Fibrosis & Cancer Targeting BiotechnologySeoulSouth Korea
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3
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Seib E, Klein T. The role of ligand endocytosis in notch signalling. Biol Cell 2021; 113:401-418. [PMID: 34038572 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signalling receptor is a mechanoreceptor that is activated by force. This force elicits a conformational change in Notch that results in the release of its intracellular domain into the cytosol by two consecutive proteolytic cleavages. In most cases, the force is generated by pulling of the ligands on the receptor upon their endocytosis. In this review, we summarise recent work that shed a more detailed light on the role of endocytosis during ligand-dependent Notch activation and discuss the role of ubiquitylation of the ligands during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Seib
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
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4
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Taal K, Tuvikene J, Rullinkov G, Piirsoo M, Sepp M, Neuman T, Tamme R, Timmusk T. Neuralized family member NEURL1 is a ubiquitin ligase for the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 9A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7104. [PMID: 31068605 PMCID: PMC6506465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuralized functions as a positive regulator of the Notch pathway by promoting ubiquitination of Notch ligands via its E3 ligase activity, resulting in their efficient endocytosis and signaling. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified a cGMP-hydrolysing phosphodiesterase, PDE9A, as a novel interactor and substrate of Neuralized E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (NEURL1). We confirmed this interaction with co-immunoprecipitation experiments and show that both Neuralized Homology Repeat domains of NEURL1 can interact with PDE9A. We also demonstrate that NEURL1 can promote polyubiquitination of PDE9A that leads to its proteasome-mediated degradation mainly via lysine residue K27 of ubiquitin. Our results suggest that NEURL1 acts as a novel regulator of protein levels of PDE9A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Taal
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Tuvikene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Grete Rullinkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marko Piirsoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Sepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.,Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Richard Tamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
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5
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Berndt N, Seib E, Kim S, Troost T, Lyga M, Langenbach J, Haensch S, Kalodimou K, Delidakis C, Klein T. Ubiquitylation-independent activation of Notch signalling by Delta. eLife 2017; 6:27346. [PMID: 28960177 PMCID: PMC5675594 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation (ubi) by the E3-ligases Mindbomb1 (Mib1) and Neuralized (Neur) is required for activation of the DSL ligands Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser) to activate Notch signalling. These ligases transfer ubiquitin to lysines of the ligands' intracellular domains (ICDs), which sends them into an Epsin-dependent endocytic pathway. Here, we have tested the requirement of ubi of Dl for signalling. We found that Dl requires ubi for its full function, but can also signal in two ubi-independent modes, one dependent and one independent of Neur. We identified two neural lateral specification processes where Dl signals in an ubi-independent manner. Neur, which is needed for these processes, was shown to be able to activate Dl in an ubi-independent manner. Our analysis suggests that one important role of DSL protein ubi by Mib1 is their release from cis-inhibitory interactions with Notch, enabling them to trans-activate Notch on adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Seib
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Soya Kim
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Molekulare Zellbiologie, Institut I für Anatomie, Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Tobias Troost
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marvin Lyga
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica Langenbach
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haensch
- Center of Advanced Imaging, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Konstantina Kalodimou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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6
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Perez-Mockus G, Schweisguth F. Cell Polarity and Notch Signaling: Linked by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Neuralized? Bioessays 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gantas Perez-Mockus
- Institut Pasteur,; Dept of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; F-75015 Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3738; F-75015 Paris France
- Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie; Cellule Pasteur UPMC; rue du Dr Roux 75015 Paris France
| | - Francois Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur,; Dept of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; F-75015 Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3738; F-75015 Paris France
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7
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Perez-Mockus G, Roca V, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Neuralized regulates Crumbs endocytosis and epithelium morphogenesis via specific Stardust isoforms. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1405-1420. [PMID: 28400441 PMCID: PMC5412571 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized is shown to interact with a subset of the Stardust isoforms to regulate the endocytosis of the apical protein Crumbs and thereby promote epithelial remodeling during Drosophila development. Crumbs (Crb) is a conserved determinant of apical membrane identity that regulates epithelial morphogenesis in many developmental contexts. In this study, we identify the Crb complex protein Stardust (Sdt) as a target of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized (Neur) in Drosophila melanogaster. Neur interacts with and down-regulates specific Sdt isoforms containing a Neur binding motif (NBM). Using a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-induced deletion of the NBM-encoding exon, we found that Sdt is a key Neur target and that Neur acts via Sdt to down-regulate Crb. We further show that Neur promotes the endocytosis of Crb via the NBM-containing isoforms of Sdt. Although the regulation of Crb by Neur is not strictly essential, it contributes to epithelium remodeling in the posterior midgut and thereby facilitates the trans-epithelial migration of the primordial germ cells in early embryos. Thus, our study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism for the developmental control of Crb-mediated morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantas Perez-Mockus
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France.,Cellule Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Roca
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France .,Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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8
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Liu S, Boulianne GL. The NHR domains of Neuralized and related proteins: Beyond Notch signalling. Cell Signal 2017; 29:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Imai Y, Kobayashi Y, Inoshita T, Meng H, Arano T, Uemura K, Asano T, Yoshimi K, Zhang CL, Matsumoto G, Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Nukina N, Hattori N, Takahashi R. The Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein Kinase LRRK2 Modulates Notch Signaling through the Endosomal Pathway. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005503. [PMID: 26355680 PMCID: PMC4565672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of familial and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). We have identified two novel LRRK2-associated proteins, a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase, HERC2, and an adaptor-like protein with six repeated Neuralized domains, NEURL4. LRRK2 binds to NEURL4 and HERC2 via the LRRK2 Ras of complex proteins (ROC) domain and NEURL4, respectively. HERC2 and NEURL4 link LRRK2 to the cellular vesicle transport pathway and Notch signaling, through which the LRRK2 complex promotes the recycling of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1)/Delta (Dl) through the modulation of endosomal trafficking. This process negatively regulates Notch signaling through cis-inhibition by stabilizing Dll1/Dl, which accelerates neural stem cell differentiation and modulates the function and survival of differentiated dopaminergic neurons. These effects are strengthened by the R1441G ROC domain-mutant of LRRK2. These findings suggest that the alteration of Notch signaling in mature neurons is a component of PD etiology linked to LRRK2. LRRK2 is linked to autosomal dominant late-onset Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that LRRK2 gain-of-function mutations lead to age-dependent degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we describe two novel LRRK2-associated proteins HERC2 and NEURL4, which are a ubiquitin ligase and an adaptor-like protein, respectively. HERC2 and NEURL4 direct LRRK2 to Notch signaling pathway, in which the LRRK2-NEURL4-HERC2 complex promotes the recycling of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1)/Delta (Dl) through the modulation of endosomal trafficking. As a result, the amounts of Dll1/D1 on the plasma membrane are increased, which affects negatively Notch signaling through cis-inhibition. The effect is enhanced by a Parkinson’s-disease associated mutation of LRRK2. Inhibition of Notch signaling in adult dopaminergic neurons impairs its functions and survival. These findings indicate a possible link between Notch pathway and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
| | - Yoshito Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoshita
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongrui Meng
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Arano
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chang-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Matsumoto
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (YI); (NH); (RT)
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10
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Neural precursor-specific expression of multiple Drosophila genes is driven by dual enhancer modules with overlapping function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17194-9. [PMID: 25404315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415308111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), or enhancers, are responsible for directing gene expression in specific territories and cell types during development. In some instances, the same gene may be served by two or more enhancers with similar specificities. Here we show that the utilization of dual, or "shadow", enhancers is a common feature of genes that are active specifically in neural precursor (NP) cells in Drosophila. By genome-wide computational discovery of statistically significant clusters of binding motifs for both proneural activator (P) proteins and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) repressor (R) factors (a "P+R" regulatory code), we have identified NP-specific enhancer modules associated with multiple genes expressed in this cell type. These CRMs are distinct from those previously identified for the corresponding gene, establishing the existence of a dual-enhancer arrangement in which both modules reside close to the gene they serve. Using wild-type and mutant reporter gene constructs in vivo, we show that P sites in these modules mediate activation by proneural factors in "proneural cluster" territories, whereas R sites mediate repression by bHLH repressors, which serves to restrict expression specifically to NP cells. To our knowledge, our results identify the first direct targets of these bHLH repressors. Finally, using genomic rescue constructs for neuralized (neur), we demonstrate that each of the gene's two NP-specific enhancers is sufficient to rescue neur function in the lateral inhibition process by which adult sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells are specified, but that deletion of both enhancers results in failure of this event.
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11
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Zacharioudaki E, Bray SJ. Tools and methods for studying Notch signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods 2014; 68:173-82. [PMID: 24704358 PMCID: PMC4059942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling involves a highly conserved pathway that mediates communication between neighboring cells. Activation of Notch by its ligands, results in the release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which enters the nucleus and regulates transcription. This pathway has been implicated in many developmental decisions and diseases (including cancers) over the past decades. The simplicity of the Notch pathway in Drosophila melanogaster, in combination with the availability of powerful genetics, make this an attractive model for studying fundamental principles of Notch regulation and function. In this article we present some of the established and emerging tools that are available to monitor and manipulate the Notch pathway in Drosophila and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Zacharioudaki
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sarah J Bray
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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12
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van de Hoef DL, Bonner JM, Boulianne GL. FKBP14 is an essential gene that regulates Presenilin protein levels and Notch signaling in Drosophila. Development 2013; 140:810-9. [PMID: 23318643 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins were identified as causative factors in familial Alzheimer's disease and also play an essential role in Notch signaling during development. We previously identified FKBP14, a member of the family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), as a modifier of Presenilin in Drosophila. FKBPs are highly conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases that play integral roles in protein folding, assembly and trafficking. Although FKBPs have been implicated in a broad range of biological processes, they are non-essential in yeast and their role in the development of multicellular organisms remains unclear. We show that FKBP14 is an essential gene in Drosophila and that loss of FKBP14 gives rise to specific defects in eye, bristle and wing development. FKBP14 mutants genetically interact with components of the Notch pathway, indicating that these phenotypes are associated, at least in part, with dysregulation of Notch signaling. We show that whereas Notch trafficking to the membrane is unaffected in FKBP14 mutants, levels of Notch target genes are reduced, suggesting that FKBP14 acts downstream of Notch activation at the membrane. Consistent with this model, we find that Presenilin protein levels and γ-secretase activity are reduced in FKBP14 null mutants. Altogether, our data demonstrate that FKBP14 plays an essential role in development, one aspect of which includes regulating members of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L van de Hoef
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, MaRS Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-305, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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13
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Functional analysis of the NHR2 domain indicates that oligomerization of Neuralized regulates ubiquitination and endocytosis of Delta during Notch signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4933-45. [PMID: 23045391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00711-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway plays an integral role in development by regulating cell fate in a wide variety of multicellular organisms. A critical step in the activation of Notch signaling is the endocytosis of the Notch ligands Delta and Serrate. Ligand endocytosis is regulated by one of two E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) or Mind bomb. Neur is comprised of a C-terminal RING domain, which is required for Delta ubiquitination, and two Neur homology repeat (NHR) domains. We have previously shown that the NHR1 domain is required for Delta trafficking. Here we show that the NHR1 domain also affects the binding and internalization of Serrate. Furthermore, we show that the NHR2 domain is required for Neur function and that a point mutation in the NHR2 domain (Gly430) abolishes Neur ubiquitination activity and affects ligand internalization. Finally, we provide evidence that Neur can form oligomers in both cultured cells and fly tissues, which regulate Neur activity and, by extension, ligand internalization.
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14
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Martínez-Noël G, Galligan JT, Sowa ME, Arndt V, Overton TM, Harper JW, Howley PM. Identification and proteomic analysis of distinct UBE3A/E6AP protein complexes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3095-106. [PMID: 22645313 PMCID: PMC3434508 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00201-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The E6AP ubiquitin ligase catalyzes the high-risk human papillomaviruses' E6-mediated ubiquitylation of p53, contributing to the neoplastic progression of cells infected by these viruses. Defects in the activity and the dosage of E6AP are linked to Angelman syndrome and to autism spectrum disorders, respectively, highlighting the need for precise control of the enzyme. With the exception of HERC2, which modulates the ubiquitin ligase activity of E6AP, little is known about the regulation or function of E6AP normally. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified and validated several new E6AP-interacting proteins, including HIF1AN, NEURL4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6). E6AP exists as part of several different protein complexes, including the proteasome and an independent high-molecular-weight complex containing HERC2, NEURL4, and MAPK6. In examining the functional consequence of its interaction with the proteasome, we found that UBE3C (another proteasome-associated ubiquitin ligase), but not E6AP, contributes to proteasomal processivity in mammalian cells. We also found that E6 associates with the HERC2-containing high-molecular-weight complex through its binding to E6AP. These proteomic studies reveal a level of complexity for E6AP that has not been previously appreciated and identify a number of new cellular proteins through which E6AP may be regulated or functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martínez-Noël
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Galligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathew E. Sowa
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Verena Arndt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas M. Overton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter M. Howley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Shah DK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Notch receptor-ligand interactions during T cell development, a ligand endocytosis-driven mechanism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:19-46. [PMID: 22581027 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays an important role during the development of different cell types and tissues. The role of Notch signaling in lymphocyte development, in particular in the development and commitment to the T cell lineage, has been the focus of research for many years. Notch signaling is absolutely required during the commitment and early stages of T cell development. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway is initiated by ligand-receptor interactions and appears to require active endocytosis of Notch ligands. Studies addressing the mechanism underlying endocytosis of Notch ligands have helped to identify the main players important and necessary for this process. Here, we review the Notch ligands, and the proposed models of Notch activation by Notch ligand endocytosis, highlighting key molecules involved. In particular, we discuss recent studies on Notch ligands involved in T cell development, current studies aimed at elucidating the relevance of Notch ligand endocytosis during T cell development and the identification of key players necessary for ligand endocytosis in the thymus and during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Shah
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4 N 3M5, Canada.
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16
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Abstract
In the first volume of Developmental Cell, it was reported that the classic Drosophila neurogenic gene neuralized encodes a ubiquitin ligase that monoubiquitylates the Notch ligand Delta, thus promoting Delta endocytosis. A requirement for ligand internalization by the signal-sending cell, although counterintuitive, remains to date a feature unique to Notch signaling. Ten years and many ubiquitin ligases later, we discuss sequels to these three papers with an eye toward reviewing the development of ideas for how ligand ubiquitylation and endocytosis propel Notch signaling.
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Shilo BZ, Schejter ED. Regulation of developmental intercellular signalling by intracellular trafficking. EMBO J 2011; 30:3516-26. [PMID: 21878993 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal trafficking components within the cell can be recruited to coordinate and regulate the developmental signalling cascades. We will present ways in which the intracellular trafficking machinery is used to affect and modulate the outcome of signal transduction in developmental contexts, thus regulating multicellular development. Each of the signalling components must reach its proper intracellular destination, in a form that is properly folded and modified. In many instances, the ability to bring components together or segregate them into distinct compartments within the cell actually provides the switch mechanism to turn developmental signalling pathways on or off. The review will begin with a focus on the signal-sending cells, and the ways in which ligand trafficking can impinge on the signalling outcome, via processing, endocytosis and recycling. We will then turn to the signal-receiving cell, and discuss mechanisms by which endocytosis can affect the spatial features of the signal, and the compartmentalization of components downstream to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Le Bras S, Loyer N, Le Borgne R. The multiple facets of ubiquitination in the regulation of notch signaling pathway. Traffic 2010; 12:149-61. [PMID: 21029288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates numerous aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Deregulation or loss of Notch signaling is associated with a wide range of human disorders from developmental syndromes to cancer. Notch receptors and their ligands are widely expressed throughout development, yet Notch activation is robustly controlled in a spatio-temporal manner. Within the past decades, genetic screens and biochemical approaches led to the identification of more than 10 E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes implicated in the regulation of the Notch pathway. In this review, we highlight the recent studies in Notch signaling that reveal how ubiquitination of components of the Notch pathway, ranging from degradation to regulation of membrane trafficking, impacts on the developmental control of the signaling activities of both Notch receptors and their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Le Bras
- CNRS UMR 6061-Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, 2 av du Pr. Bernard, 35000 Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, France
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19
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Teider N, Scott DK, Neiss A, Weeraratne SD, Amani VM, Wang Y, Marquez VE, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL. Neuralized1 causes apoptosis and downregulates Notch target genes in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:1244-56. [PMID: 20847082 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuralized (Neurl) is a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, which in Drosophila acts upon Notch ligands to regulate Notch pathway signaling. Human Neuralized1 (NEURL1) was investigated as a potential tumor suppressor in medulloblastoma (MB). The gene is located at 10q25.1, a region demonstrating frequent loss of heterozygosity in tumors. In addition, prior publications have shown that the Notch pathway is functional in a proportion of MB tumors and that Neurl1 is only expressed in differentiated cells in the developing cerebellum. In this study, NEURL1 expression was downregulated in MB compared with normal cerebellar tissue, with the lowest levels of expression in hedgehog-activated tumors. Control of gene expression by histone modification was implicated mechanistically; loss of 10q, sequence mutation, and promoter hypermethylation did not play major roles. NEURL1-transfected MB cell lines demonstrated decreased population growth, colony-forming ability, tumor sphere formation, and xenograft growth compared with controls, and a significant increase in apoptosis was seen on cell cycle and cell death analysis. Notch pathway inhibition occurred on the exogenous expression of NEURL1, as shown by decreased expression of the Notch ligand, Jagged1, and the target genes, HES1 and HEY1. From these studies, we conclude that NEURL1 is a candidate tumor suppressor in MB, at least in part through its effects on the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Teider
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Benhra N, Vignaux F, Dussert A, Schweisguth F, Le Borgne R. Neuralized promotes basal to apical transcytosis of delta in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2078-86. [PMID: 20410139 PMCID: PMC2883951 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-11-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, it is shown that a pool of Delta localizes at the basolateral membrane of sensory organ precursor cells of Drosophila and of polarized MDCK cells and that Delta is endocytosed in a Neuralized-dependent manner from this basolateral membrane to allow for relocalization to the apical domain where it can bind and activate Notch. Notch receptors mediate short-range signaling controlling many developmental decisions in metazoans. Activation of Notch requires the ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis of its ligand Delta. How ligand endocytosis in signal-sending cells regulates receptor activation in juxtaposed signal-receiving cells remains largely unknown. We show here that a pool of Delta localizes at the basolateral membrane of signal-sending sensory organ precursor cells in the dorsal thorax neuroepithelium of Drosophila and that Delta is endocytosed in a Neuralized-dependent manner from this basolateral membrane. This basolateral pool of Delta is segregated from Notch that accumulates apically. Using a compartimentalized antibody uptake assay, we show that murine Delta-like 1 is similarly internalized by mNeuralized2 from the basolateral membrane of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and that internalized ligands are transcytosed to the apical plasma membrane where mNotch1 accumulates. Thus, endocytosis of Delta by Neuralized relocalizes Delta from the basolateral to the apical membrane domain. We speculate that this Neuralized-dependent transcytosis regulates the signaling activity of Delta by relocalizing Delta from a membrane domain where it cannot interact with Notch to another membrane domain where it can bind and activate Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najate Benhra
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6061, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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21
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Abstract
Notch signaling occurs through direct interaction between Notch, the receptor, and its ligands, presented on the surface of neighboring cells. Endocytosis has been shown to be essential for Notch signal activation in both signal-sending and signal-receiving cells, and numerous genes involved in vesicle trafficking have recently been shown to act as key regulators of the pathway. Defects in vesicle trafficking can lead to gain- or loss-of-function defects in a context-dependent manner. Here, we discuss how endocytosis and vesicle trafficking regulate Notch signaling in both signal-sending and signal-receiving cells. We will introduce the key players in different trafficking steps, and further illustrate how they impact the signal outcome. Some of these players act as general factors and modulate Notch signaling in all contexts, whereas others modulate signaling in a context-specific fashion. We also discuss Notch signaling during mechanosensory organ development in the fly to exemplify how endocytosis and vesicle trafficking are effectively used to determine correct cell fates. In summary, endocytosis plays an essential role in Notch signaling, whereas intracellular vesicle trafficking often plays a context-dependent or regulatory role, leading to divergent outcomes in different developmental contexts.
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22
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Gazave E, Lapébie P, Richards GS, Brunet F, Ereskovsky AV, Degnan BM, Borchiellini C, Vervoort M, Renard E. Origin and evolution of the Notch signalling pathway: an overview from eukaryotic genomes. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:249. [PMID: 19825158 PMCID: PMC2770060 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Of the 20 or so signal transduction pathways that orchestrate cell-cell interactions in metazoans, seven are involved during development. One of these is the Notch signalling pathway which regulates cellular identity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis via the developmental processes of lateral inhibition and boundary induction. In light of this essential role played in metazoan development, we surveyed a wide range of eukaryotic genomes to determine the origin and evolution of the components and auxiliary factors that compose and modulate this pathway. Results We searched for 22 components of the Notch pathway in 35 different species that represent 8 major clades of eukaryotes, performed phylogenetic analyses and compared the domain compositions of the two fundamental molecules: the receptor Notch and its ligands Delta/Jagged. We confirm that a Notch pathway, with true receptors and ligands is specific to the Metazoa. This study also sheds light on the deep ancestry of a number of genes involved in this pathway, while other members are revealed to have a more recent origin. The origin of several components can be accounted for by the shuffling of pre-existing protein domains, or via lateral gene transfer. In addition, certain domains have appeared de novo more recently, and can be considered metazoan synapomorphies. Conclusion The Notch signalling pathway emerged in Metazoa via a diversity of molecular mechanisms, incorporating both novel and ancient protein domains during eukaryote evolution. Thus, a functional Notch signalling pathway was probably present in Urmetazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Gazave
- Aix-Marseille Universités, Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Station marine d'Endoume - CNRS UMR 6540-DIMAR, rue de Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
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23
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He F, Saito K, Kobayashi N, Harada T, Watanabe S, Kigawa T, Güntert P, Ohara O, Tanaka A, Unzai S, Muto Y, Yokoyama S. Structural and Functional Characterization of the NHR1 Domain of the Drosophila Neuralized E3 Ligase in the Notch Signaling Pathway. J Mol Biol 2009; 393:478-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Rullinkov G, Tamme R, Sarapuu A, Laurén J, Sepp M, Palm K, Timmusk T. Neuralized-2: expression in human and rodents and interaction with Delta-like ligands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:420-5. [PMID: 19723503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Delta-Notch signaling is a universal cell-cell communication pathway crucial for numerous developmental and physiological processes. Several proteins interact with and regulate the Notch pathway, including the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized (Neur) that influences the stability and activity of Notch ligands. In mammals there are two homologs of Neur, Neur1 and Neur2, that both can interact with Notch ligands Delta-like1 and Jagged1. Here, we show that Neur2, in contrast to Neur1, is highly expressed during embryonic development of the brain and several non-neural tissues and its mRNA levels subside postnatally. In the hippocampal neurons of the adult brain Neur2 transcripts, in contrast to Neur1, are excluded from the dendrites. Neur2 protein has a predominantly cytoplasmic localization. We also show that in addition to Delta-like1, Neur1 and Neur2 interact with another Notch ligand, Delta-like4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Rullinkov
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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25
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McGill MA, Dho SE, Weinmaster G, McGlade CJ. Numb regulates post-endocytic trafficking and degradation of Notch1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26427-38. [PMID: 19567869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch is a transmembrane receptor that controls cell fate decisions during development and tissue homeostasis. Both activation and attenuation of the Notch signal are tightly regulated by endocytosis. The adaptor protein Numb acts as an inhibitor of Notch and is known to function within the intracellular trafficking pathways. However, a role for Numb in regulating Notch trafficking has not been defined. Here we show that mammalian Notch1 is constitutively internalized and trafficked to both recycling and late endosomal compartments, and we demonstrate that changes in Numb expression alter the dynamics of Notch1 trafficking. Overexpression of Numb promotes sorting of Notch1 through late endosomes for degradation, whereas depletion of Numb facilitates Notch1 recycling. Numb mutants that do not interact with the ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase, Itch, or that lack motifs important for interaction with endocytic proteins fail to promote Notch1 degradation. Our data suggest that Numb inhibits Notch1 activity by regulating post-endocytic sorting events that lead to Notch1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A McGill
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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26
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Intracellular trafficking of Notch receptors and ligands. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Kuang Z, Yao S, Xu Y, Lewis RS, Low A, Masters SL, Willson TA, Kolesnik TB, Nicholson SE, Garrett TJP, Norton RS. SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2: crystal structure and residues critical for protein binding. J Mol Biol 2009; 386:662-74. [PMID: 19154741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The four mammalian SPRY (a sequence repeat in dual-specificity kinase splA and ryanodine receptors) domain-containing suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box proteins (SSB-1 to -4) are characterised by a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SPRY domain. The latter is a protein interaction module found in over 1600 proteins, with more than 70 encoded in the human genome. Here we report the crystal structure of the SPRY domain of murine SSB-2 and compare it with the SSB-2 solution structure and crystal structures of other B30.2/SPRY domain-containing family proteins. The structure is a bent beta-sandwich, consisting of two seven-stranded beta-sheets wrapped around a long loop that extends from the centre strands of the inner or concave beta-sheet; it closely matches those of GUSTAVUS and SSB-4. The structure is also similar to those of two recently determined Neuralized homology repeat (NHR) domains (also known as NEUZ domains), with detailed comparisons, suggesting that the NEUZ/NHR domains form a subclass of SPRY domains. The binding site on SSB-2 for the prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) protein has been mapped in finer detail using mutational analyses. Moreover, SSB-1 was shown to have a Par-4 binding surface similar to that identified for SSB-2. Structural perturbations of SSB-2 induced by mutations affecting its interaction with Par-4 and/or c-Met have been characterised by NMR. These comparisons, in conjunction with previously published dynamics data from NMR relaxation studies and coarse-grained dynamics simulation using normal mode analysis, further refine our understanding of the structural basis for protein recognition of SPRY domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Kuang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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28
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Commisso C, Boulianne GL. The neuralized homology repeat 1 domain of Drosophila neuralized mediates nuclear envelope association and delta-dependent inhibition of nuclear import. J Mol Biol 2008; 375:1125-40. [PMID: 18076903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the Notch (N) pathway is critical for many developmental processes and requires complex trafficking of both the N receptor and its transmembrane ligands, Delta (Dl) and Serrate. neuralized encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for N ligand internalization. Neuralized (Neur) is conserved from worms to humans and comprises two Neur homology repeat (NHR) domains, NHR1 and NHR2, and a carboxyl-terminal RING domain. We have previously shown that the RING domain is required for ubiquitin ligase activity and that NHR1 mediates binding to Dl, a ubiquitination target. In Drosophila, Neur associates with the plasma membrane and hepatocyte responsive serum phosphoprotein-positive endosomes. Here we demonstrate that Neur also exhibits nuclear envelope localization. We have determined that Neur subcellular localization is regulated by nuclear trafficking and that inhibition of chromosome region maintenance 1, a nuclear export receptor, interferes with Neur nuclear export, trapping Neur in the nucleus. Moreover, we demonstrate that nuclear envelope localization is mediated by the Neur NHR1 domain. Interestingly, Dl expression in Schneider cells is sufficient to inhibit Neur nuclear import and inhibition occurs in an NHR1-dependent manner, suggesting that Neur nuclear localization occurs in contexts where Dl expression is either low or absent. Consistent with this, we found that Neur exhibits nuclear trafficking and associates with the nuclear envelope in the secretory cells of the larval salivary gland and that overexpression of Dl can reduce Neur localization to the nucleus. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Neur localizes to the nuclear envelope and that this localization can be negatively regulated by Dl, suggesting a possible nuclear function for Neur in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Commisso
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Neuralized contains a phosphoinositide-binding motif required downstream of ubiquitination for delta endocytosis and notch signaling. Dev Cell 2008; 13:783-95. [PMID: 18061562 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in cell-fate decisions throughout development, is regulated by endocytosis of both the ligand and receptor. Endocytosis of the Drosophila ligands, Delta and Serrate, is required in the signaling cell for signal initiation and requires one of two ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized or Mind bomb. Through in vitro binding assays we have identified an interaction between Neuralized and phosphoinositides, modified membrane lipids that mediate membrane trafficking and signaling. We show that interactions between phosphoinositides and Neuralized contribute to the membrane localization of Neuralized in the absence of Delta, and that the phosphoinositide-binding motif is required for Neuralized to endocytose Delta downstream of Delta ubiquitination. Lastly, we provide evidence that this interaction may also be important for vertebrate Neuralized function. These results demonstrate that, through interactions with Neuralized, phosphoinositides may regulate Delta endocytosis and, by extension, Notch signal transduction.
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30
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Koutelou E, Sato S, Tomomori-Sato C, Florens L, Swanson SK, Washburn MP, Kokkinaki M, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Moschonas NK. Neuralized-like 1 (Neurl1) targeted to the plasma membrane by N-myristoylation regulates the Notch ligand Jagged1. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3846-53. [PMID: 18077452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706974200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling constitutes an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that mediates cell-cell interactions in various developmental processes. Numerous regulatory proteins interact with the Notch receptor and its ligands and control signaling at multiple levels. Ubiquitination and endocytosis followed by endosomal sorting of both the receptor and its ligands is essential for Notch-mediated signaling. The E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind Bomb (Mib1), are crucial for regulating the activity and stability of Notch ligands in Drosophila; however, biochemical evidence that the Notch ligands are directly targeted for ubiquitination by Neur and/or Mib1 has been lacking. In this report, we explore the function of Neurl1, a mouse ortholog of Drosophila Neur. We show that Neurl1 can function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to activate monoubiquitination in vitro of Jagged1, but not other mammalian Notch ligands. Neurl1 expression decreases Jagged1 levels in cells and blocks signaling from Jagged1-expressing cells to neighboring Notch-expressing cells. We demonstrate that Neurl1 is myristoylated at its N terminus, and that myristoylation of Neurl1 targets it to the plasma membrane. Point mutations abolishing either Neurl1 myristoylation and plasma membrane localization or Neurl1 ubiquitin ligase activity impair its ability to down-regulate Jagged1 expression and to block signaling. Taken together, our results argue that Neurl1 at the plasma membrane can affect the signaling activity of Jagged1 by directly enhancing its ubiquitination and subsequent turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Koutelou
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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31
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Koo BK, Yoon MJ, Yoon KJ, Im SK, Kim YY, Kim CH, Suh PG, Jan YN, Kong YY. An obligatory role of mind bomb-1 in notch signaling of mammalian development. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1221. [PMID: 18043734 PMCID: PMC2082076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling module essential for cell fate specification that requires endocytosis of Notch ligands. Structurally distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind bomb (Mib), cooperatively regulate the endocytosis of Notch ligands in Drosophila. However, the respective roles of the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neur1, Neur2, Mib1, and Mib2, in mammalian development are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Through extensive use of mammalian genetics, here we show that Neur1 and Neur2 double mutants and Mib2(-/-) mice were viable and grossly normal. In contrast, conditional inactivation of Mib1 in various tissues revealed the representative Notch phenotypes: defects of arterial specification as deltalike4 mutants, abnormal cerebellum and skin development as jagged1 conditional mutants, and syndactylism as jagged2 mutants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data provide the first evidence that Mib1 is essential for Jagged as well as Deltalike ligand-mediated Notch signaling in mammalian development, while Neur1, Neur2, and Mib2 are dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoon
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Im
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Young-Yun Kong
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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