1
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Xie P. Modeling Studies of the Mechanism of Context-Dependent Bidirectional Movements of Kinesin-14 Motors. Molecules 2024; 29:1792. [PMID: 38675612 PMCID: PMC11055046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-14s, a subfamily of the large superfamily of kinesin motor proteins, function mainly in spindle assembly and maintenance during mitosis and meiosis. KlpA from Aspergillus nidulans and GiKIN14a from Giardia intestinalis are two types of kinesin-14s. Available experimental results puzzlingly showed that while KlpA moves preferentially toward the minus end in microtubule-gliding setups and inside parallel microtubule overlaps, it moves preferentially toward the plus end on single microtubules. More puzzlingly, the insertion of an extra polypeptide linker in the central region of the neck stalk switches the motility direction of KlpA on single microtubules to the minus end. Prior experimental results showed that GiKIN14a moves preferentially toward the minus end on single microtubules in either tailless or full-length forms. The tail not only greatly enhances the processivity but also accelerates the ATPase rate and velocity of GiKIN14a. The insertion of an extra polypeptide linker in the central region of the neck stalk reduces the ATPase rate of GiKIN14a. However, the underlying mechanism of these puzzling dynamical features for KlpA and GiKIN14a is unclear. Here, to understand this mechanism, the dynamics of KlpA and GiKIN14a were studied theoretically on the basis of the proposed model, incorporating potential changes between the kinesin head and microtubule, as well as the potential between the tail and microtubule. The theoretical results quantitatively explain the available experimental results and provide predicted results. It was found that the elasticity of the neck stalk determines the directionality of KlpA on single microtubules and affects the ATPase rate and velocity of GiKIN14a on single microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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Abstract
Kinesin-14s constitute a subfamily of the large superfamily of adenosine triphosphate-dependent microtubule-based motor proteins. Kinesin-14s have the motor domain at the C-terminal end of the peptide, playing key roles during spindle assembly and maintenance. Some of them are nonprocessive motors, whereas others can move processively on microtubules. Here, we take budding yeast Cik1-Kar3 and human HSET as examples to study theoretically the dynamics of the processive kinesin-14 motor moving on the single microtubule under load, the dynamics of the motor coupled with an Ndc80 protein moving on the single microtubule, the dynamics of the motor moving in microtubule arrays, and so on. The dynamics of the nonprocessive Drosophila Ncd motor is also discussed. The studies explain well the available experimental data and, moreover, provide predicted results. We show that the processive kinesin-14 motors can move efficiently in microtubule arrays toward the minus ends, and after reaching the minus ends, they can stay there stably, thus performing the function of organizing the microtubules in the bipolar spindle into polar arrays at the spindle poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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3
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Toma HE, Oliveira D, Melo FMDE. Magnetic alignment of rhodamine/magnetite dual-labeled microtubules probed with inverted fluorescence microscopy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210917. [PMID: 35920489 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular machines, as exemplified by the kinesin and microtubule system, are responsible for molecular transport in cells. The monitoring of the cellular machinery has attracted much attention in recent years, requiring sophisticated techniques such as optical tweezers, and dark field hyperspectral and fluorescence microscopies. It also demands suitable procedures for immobilization and labeling with functional agents such as dyes, plasmonic nanoparticles and quantum dots. In this work, microtubules were co-polymerized by incubating a tubulin mix consisting of 7 biotinylated tubulin to 3 rhodamine tubulin. Rhodamine provided the fluorescent tag, while biotin was the anchoring group for receiving streptavidin containing species. To control the microtubule alignment and consequently, the molecular gliding directions, functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles were employed in the presence of an external magnet field. Such iron oxide nanoparticles, (MagNPs) were previously coated with silica and (3-aminopro-pyl)triethoxysilane (APTS) and then modified with streptavidin (SA) for linking to the biotin-functionalized microtubules. In this way, the binding has been successfully performed, and the magnetic alignment probed by Inverted Fluorescence Microscopy. The proposed strategy has proved promising, as tested with one of the most important biological structures of the cellular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Eisi Toma
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M DE Melo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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4
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Budaitis BG, Badieyan S, Yue Y, Blasius TL, Reinemann DN, Lang MJ, Cianfrocco MA, Verhey KJ. A kinesin-1 variant reveals motor-induced microtubule damage in cells. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2416-2429.e6. [PMID: 35504282 PMCID: PMC9993403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins drive the transport of cellular cargoes as they walk along microtubule tracks; however, recent work has suggested that the physical act of kinesins walking along microtubules can stress the microtubule lattice. Here, we describe a kinesin-1 KIF5C mutant with an increased ability to generate damage sites in the microtubule lattice as compared with the wild-type motor. The expression of the mutant motor in cultured cells resulted in microtubule breakage and fragmentation, suggesting that kinesin-1 variants with increased damage activity would have been selected against during evolution. The increased ability to damage microtubules is not due to the enhanced motility properties of the mutant motor, as the expression of the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A, which has similar single-motor motility properties, also caused increased microtubule pausing, bending, and buckling but not breakage. In cells, motor-induced microtubule breakage could not be prevented by increased α-tubulin K40 acetylation, a post-translational modification known to increase microtubule flexibility. In vitro, lattice damage induced by wild-type KIF5C was repaired by soluble tubulin and resulted in increased rescues and overall microtubule growth, whereas lattice damage induced by the KIF5C mutant resulted in larger repair sites that made the microtubule vulnerable to breakage and fragmentation when under mechanical stress. These results demonstrate that kinesin-1 motility causes defects in and damage to the microtubule lattice in cells. While cells have the capacity to repair lattice damage, conditions that exceed this capacity result in microtubule breakage and fragmentation and may contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Somayesadat Badieyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana N Reinemann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Matthew J Lang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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5
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Jiang Z, Zhang S, Lee YM, Teng X, Yang Q, Toyama Y, Liou YC. Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Receptor Governs Chromosome Segregation by Regulating Microtubules Sliding Within the Bridging Fiber. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000493. [PMID: 33788418 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accurate segregation of chromosomes during anaphase relies on the central spindle and its regulators. A newly raised concept of the central spindle, the bridging fiber, shows that sliding of antiparallel microtubules (MTs) within the bridging fiber promotes chromosome segregation. However, the regulators of the bridging fiber and its regulatory mechanism on MTs sliding remain largely unknown. In this study, the non-motor microtubule-associated protein, hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), is identified as a novel regulator of the bridging fiber. It then identifies that HMMR regulates MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by cooperating with its binding partner HSET. By utilizing a laser-based cell ablation system and photoactivation approach, the study's results reveal that depletion of HMMR causes an inhibitory effect on MTs sliding within the bridging fiber and disrupts the forced uniformity on the kinetochore-attached microtubules-formed fibers (k-fibers). These are created by suppressing the dynamics of HSET, which functions in transiting the force from sliding of bridging MTs to the k-fiber. This study sheds new light on the novel regulatory mechanism of MTs sliding within the bridging fiber by HMMR and HSET and uncovers the role of HMMR in chromosome segregation during anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Jiang
- Laboratory of Precision Cancer Medicine, Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
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6
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Goupil A, Nano M, Letort G, Gemble S, Edwards F, Goundiam O, Gogendeau D, Pennetier C, Basto R. Chromosomes function as a barrier to mitotic spindle bipolarity in polyploid cells. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133854. [PMID: 32328633 PMCID: PMC7147111 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ploidy variations such as genome doubling are frequent in human tumors and have been associated with genetic instability favoring tumor progression. How polyploid cells deal with increased centrosome numbers and DNA content remains unknown. Using Drosophila neuroblasts and human cancer cells to study mitotic spindle assembly in polyploid cells, we found that most polyploid cells divide in a multipolar manner. We show that even if an initial centrosome clustering step can occur at mitotic entry, the establishment of kinetochore-microtubule attachments leads to spatial chromosome configurations, whereby the final coalescence of supernumerary poles into a bipolar array is inhibited. Using in silico approaches and various spindle and DNA perturbations, we show that chromosomes act as a physical barrier blocking spindle pole coalescence and bipolarity. Importantly, microtubule stabilization suppressed multipolarity by improving both centrosome clustering and pole coalescence. This work identifies inhibitors of bipolar division in polyploid cells and provides a rationale to understand chromosome instability typical of polyploid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Goupil
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Maddalena Nano
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, UMR7241/U1050, Paris, France
| | - Simon Gemble
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Frances Edwards
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Oumou Goundiam
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France.,Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Gogendeau
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Carole Pennetier
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, Paris Science et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
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7
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Burute M, Kapitein LC. Cellular Logistics: Unraveling the Interplay Between Microtubule Organization and Intracellular Transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:29-54. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein–based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type–specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Interactions between motor domains in kinesin-14 Ncd - a molecular dynamics study. Biochem J 2019; 476:2449-2462. [PMID: 31416830 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Minus-end directed, non-processive kinesin-14 Ncd is a dimeric protein with C-terminally located motor domains (heads). Generation of the power-stroke by Ncd consists of a lever-like rotation of a long superhelical 'stalk' segment while one of the kinesin's heads is bound to the microtubule. The last ∼30 amino acids of Ncd head play a crucial but still poorly understood role in this process. Here, we used accelerated molecular dynamics simulations to explore the conformational dynamics of several systems built upon two crystal structures of Ncd, the asymmetrical T436S mutant in pre-stroke/post-stroke conformations of two partner subunits and the symmetrical wild-type protein in pre-stroke conformation of both subunits. The results revealed a new conformational state forming following the inward motion of the subunits and stabilized with several hydrogen bonds to residues located on the border or within the C-terminal linker, i.e. a modeled extension of the C-terminus by residues 675-683. Forming of this new, compact Ncd conformation critically depends on the length of the C-terminus extending to at least residue 681. Moreover, the associative motion leading to the compact conformation is accompanied by a partial lateral rotation of the stalk. We propose that the stable compact conformation of Ncd may represent an initial state of the working stroke.
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9
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Mitotic Motor KIFC1 Is an Organizer of Microtubules in the Axon. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3792-3811. [PMID: 30804089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3099-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KIFC1 (also called HSET or kinesin-14a) is best known as a multifunctional motor protein essential for mitosis. The present studies are the first to explore KIFC1 in terminally postmitotic neurons. Using RNA interference to partially deplete KIFC1 from rat neurons (from animals of either gender) in culture, pharmacologic agents that inhibit KIFC1, and expression of mutant KIFC1 constructs, we demonstrate critical roles for KIFC1 in regulating axonal growth and retraction as well as growth cone morphology. Experimental manipulations of KIFC1 elicit morphological changes in the axon as well as changes in the organization, distribution, and polarity orientation of its microtubules. Together, the results indicate a mechanism by which KIFC1 binds to microtubules in the axon and slides them into alignment in an ATP-dependent fashion and then cross-links them in an ATP-independent fashion to oppose their subsequent sliding by other motors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we establish that KIFC1, a molecular motor well characterized in mitosis, is robustly expressed in neurons, where it has profound influence on the organization of microtubules in a number of different functional contexts. KIFC1 may help answer long-standing questions in cellular neuroscience such as, mechanistically, how growth cones stall and how axonal microtubules resist forces that would otherwise cause the axon to retract. Knowledge about KIFC1 may help researchers to devise strategies for treating disorders of the nervous system involving axonal retraction given that KIFC1 is expressed in adult neurons as well as developing neurons.
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10
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Oliveira D, de Melo FM, Toma HE. One-pot single step to label microtubule with MPA-capped CdTe quantum dots. Micron 2018; 108:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Fassier C, Fréal A, Gasmi L, Delphin C, Ten Martin D, De Gois S, Tambalo M, Bosc C, Mailly P, Revenu C, Peris L, Bolte S, Schneider-Maunoury S, Houart C, Nothias F, Larcher JC, Andrieux A, Hazan J. Motor axon navigation relies on Fidgetin-like 1-driven microtubule plus end dynamics. J Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29535193 PMCID: PMC5940295 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201604108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fassier et al. identify Fidgetin-like 1 (Fignl1) as a key growth cone (GC)-enriched microtubule (MT)-associated protein in motor circuit wiring. They show that Fignl1 modulates motor GC morphology and steering behavior by down-regulating EB binding at MT plus ends and promoting MT depolymerization beneath the cell cortex. During neural circuit assembly, extrinsic signals are integrated into changes in growth cone (GC) cytoskeleton underlying axon guidance decisions. Microtubules (MTs) were shown to play an instructive role in GC steering. However, the numerous actors required for MT remodeling during axon navigation and their precise mode of action are far from being deciphered. Using loss- and gain-of-function analyses during zebrafish development, we identify in this study the meiotic clade adenosine triphosphatase Fidgetin-like 1 (Fignl1) as a key GC-enriched MT-interacting protein in motor circuit wiring and larval locomotion. We show that Fignl1 controls GC morphology and behavior at intermediate targets by regulating MT plus end dynamics and growth directionality. We further reveal that alternative translation of Fignl1 transcript is a sophisticated mechanism modulating MT dynamics: a full-length isoform regulates MT plus end–tracking protein binding at plus ends, whereas shorter isoforms promote their depolymerization beneath the cell cortex. Our study thus pinpoints Fignl1 as a multifaceted key player in MT remodeling underlying motor circuit connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Fréal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Laïla Gasmi
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Ten Martin
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie De Gois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Monica Tambalo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Mailly
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Céline Revenu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Leticia Peris
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Susanne Bolte
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FR3631, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biologie du Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Houart
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, England, UK
| | - Fatiha Nothias
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Larcher
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Biologie du Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1216, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Unité de Neuroscience Paris Seine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, Paris, France
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12
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A small-molecule activator of kinesin-1 drives remodeling of the microtubule network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13738-13743. [PMID: 29229862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor kinesin-1 interacts via its cargo-binding domain with both microtubules and organelles, and hence plays an important role in controlling organelle transport and microtubule dynamics. In the absence of cargo, kinesin-1 is found in an autoinhibited conformation. The molecular basis of how cargo engagement affects the balance between kinesin-1's active and inactive conformations and roles in microtubule dynamics and organelle transport is not well understood. Here we describe the discovery of kinesore, a small molecule that in vitro inhibits kinesin-1 interactions with short linear peptide motifs found in organelle-specific cargo adaptors, yet activates kinesin-1's function of controlling microtubule dynamics in cells, demonstrating that these functions are mechanistically coupled. We establish a proof-of-concept that a microtubule motor-cargo interface and associated autoregulatory mechanism can be manipulated using a small molecule, and define a target for the modulation of microtubule dynamics.
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13
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She ZY, Yang WX. Molecular mechanisms of kinesin-14 motors in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2097-2110. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During eukaryote cell division, molecular motors are crucial regulators of microtubule organization, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and intracellular transport. The kinesin-14 motors are evolutionarily conserved minus-end-directed kinesin motors that occur in diverse organisms from simple yeasts to higher eukaryotes. Members of the kinesin-14 motor family can bind to, crosslink or slide microtubules and, thus, regulate microtubule organization and spindle assembly. In this Commentary, we present the common subthemes that have emerged from studies of the molecular kinetics and mechanics of kinesin-14 motors, particularly with regard to their non-processive movement, their ability to crosslink microtubules and interact with the minus- and plus-ends of microtubules, and with microtubule-organizing center proteins. In particular, counteracting forces between minus-end-directed kinesin-14 and plus-end-directed kinesin-5 motors have recently been implicated in the regulation of microtubule nucleation. We also discuss recent progress in our current understanding of the multiple and fundamental functions that kinesin-14 motors family members have in important aspects of cell division, including the spindle pole, spindle organization and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Working stroke of the kinesin-14, ncd, comprises two substeps of different direction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6582-E6589. [PMID: 27729532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525313113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule experiments have been used with great success to explore the mechanochemical cycles of processive motor proteins such as kinesin-1, but it has proven difficult to apply these approaches to nonprocessive motors. Therefore, the mechanochemical cycle of kinesin-14 (ncd) is still under debate. Here, we use the readout from the collective activity of multiple motors to derive information about the mechanochemical cycle of individual ncd motors. In gliding motility assays we performed 3D imaging based on fluorescence interference contrast microscopy combined with nanometer tracking to simultaneously study the translation and rotation of microtubules. Microtubules gliding on ncd-coated surfaces rotated around their longitudinal axes in an [ATP]- and [ADP]-dependent manner. Combined with a simple mechanical model, these observations suggest that the working stroke of ncd consists of an initial small movement of its stalk in a lateral direction when ADP is released and a second, main component of the working stroke, in a longitudinal direction upon ATP binding.
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15
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Nicholas MP, Rao L, Gennerich A. An improved optical tweezers assay for measuring the force generation of single kinesin molecules. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1136:171-246. [PMID: 24633799 PMCID: PMC4254714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0329-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous microtubule-associated molecular motors, including several kinesins and cytoplasmic dynein, produce opposing forces that regulate spindle and chromosome positioning during mitosis. The motility and force generation of these motors are therefore critical to normal cell division, and dysfunction of these processes may contribute to human disease. Optical tweezers provide a powerful method for studying the nanometer motility and piconewton force generation of single motor proteins in vitro. Using kinesin-1 as a prototype, we present a set of step-by-step, optimized protocols for expressing a kinesin construct (K560-GFP) in Escherichia coli, purifying it, and studying its force generation in an optical tweezers microscope. We also provide detailed instructions on proper alignment and calibration of an optical trapping microscope. These methods provide a foundation for a variety of similar experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nicholas
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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16
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Gonzalez MA, Cope J, Rank KC, Chen CJ, Tittmann P, Rayment I, Gilbert SP, Hoenger A. Common mechanistic themes for the powerstroke of kinesin-14 motors. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:335-44. [PMID: 24099757 PMCID: PMC3851574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Kar3Cik1 is a heterodimeric kinesin-14 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae involved in spindle formation during mitosis and karyogamy in mating cells. Kar3 represents a canonical kinesin motor domain that interacts with microtubules under the control of ATP-hydrolysis. In vivo, the localization and function of Kar3 is differentially regulated by its interacting stoichiometrically with either Cik1 or Vik1, two closely related motor homology domains that lack the nucleotide-binding site. Indeed, Vik1 structurally resembles the core of a kinesin head. Despite being closely related, Kar3Cik1 and Kar3Vik1 are each responsible for a distinct set of functions in vivo and also display different biochemical behavior in vitro. To determine a structural basis for their distinct functional abilities, we used cryo-electron microscopy and helical reconstruction to investigate the 3-D structure of Kar3Cik1 complexed to microtubules in various nucleotide states and compared our 3-D data of Kar3Cik1 with that of Kar3Vik1 and the homodimeric kinesin-14 Ncd from Drosophila melanogaster. Due to the lack of an X-ray crystal structure of the Cik1 motor homology domain, we predicted the structure of this Cik1 domain based on sequence similarity to its relatives Vik1, Kar3 and Ncd. By molecular docking into our 3-D maps, we produced a detailed near-atomic model of Kar3Cik1 complexed to microtubules in two distinct nucleotide states, a nucleotide-free state and an ATP-bound state. Our data show that despite their functional differences, heterodimeric Kar3Cik1 and Kar3Vik1 and homodimeric Ncd, all share striking structural similarities at distinct nucleotide states indicating a common mechanistic theme within the kinesin-14 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Gonzalez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Julia Cope
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Katherine C. Rank
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chun Ju Chen
- Department of Biology and the Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Peter Tittmann
- EMEZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hoenggerberg, 8093 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Susan P. Gilbert
- Department of Biology and the Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Andreas Hoenger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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17
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Zhang G, Beati H, Nilsson J, Wodarz A. The Drosophila microtubule-associated protein mars stabilizes mitotic spindles by crosslinking microtubules through its N-terminal region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60596. [PMID: 23593258 PMCID: PMC3617137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct segregation of genetic material relies on proper assembly and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. How the highly dynamic microtubules (MTs) are maintained in stable mitotic spindles is a key question to be answered. Motor and non-motor microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) have been reported to stabilize the dynamic spindle through crosslinking adjacent MTs. Mars, a novel MAP, is essential for the early development of Drosophila embryos. Previous studies showed that Mars is required for maintaining an intact mitotic spindle but did not provide a molecular mechanism for this function. Here we show that Mars is able to stabilize the mitotic spindle in vivo. Both in vivo and in vitro data reveal that the N-terminal region of Mars functions in the stabilization of the mitotic spindle by crosslinking adjacent MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hamze Beati
- Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JN); (AW)
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JN); (AW)
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18
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Chen CJ, Porche K, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. The ATPase pathway that drives the kinesin-14 Kar3Vik1 powerstroke. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36673-82. [PMID: 22977241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kar3, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae microtubule minus-end-directed kinesin-14, dimerizes with either Vik1 or Cik1. The C-terminal globular domain of Vik1 exhibits the structure of a kinesin motor domain and binds microtubules independently of Kar3 but lacks a nucleotide binding site. The only known function of Kar3Vik1 is to cross-link parallel microtubules at the spindle poles during mitosis. In contrast, Kar3Cik1 depolymerizes microtubules during mating but cross-links antiparallel microtubules in the spindle overlap zone during mitosis. A recent study showed that Kar3Vik1 binds across adjacent microtubule protofilaments and uses a minus-end-directed powerstroke to drive ATP-dependent motility. The presteady-state experiments presented here extend this study and establish an ATPase model for the powerstroke mechanism. The results incorporated into the model indicate that Kar3Vik1 collides with the microtubule at 2.4 μm(-1) s(-1) through Vik1, promoting microtubule binding by Kar3 followed by ADP release at 14 s(-1). The tight binding of Kar3 to the microtubule destabilizes the Vik1 interaction with the microtubule, positioning Kar3Vik1 for the start of the powerstroke. Rapid ATP binding to Kar3 is associated with rotation of the coiled-coil stalk, and the postpowerstroke ATP hydrolysis at 26 s(-1) is independent of Vik1, providing further evidence that Vik1 rotates with the coiled coil during the powerstroke. Detachment of Kar3Vik1 from the microtubule at 6 s(-1) completes the cycle and allows the motor to return to its initial conformation. The results also reveal key differences in the ATPase cycles of Kar3Vik1 and Kar3Cik1, supporting the fact that these two motors have distinctive biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ju Chen
- Department of Biology and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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19
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Chen CJ, Rayment I, Gilbert SP. Kinesin Kar3Cik1 ATPase pathway for microtubule cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29261-29272. [PMID: 21680740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kar3Cik1 is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-14 that functions to shorten cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) during yeast mating yet maintains mitotic spindle stability by cross-linking anti-parallel interpolar MTs. Kar3 contains both an ATP- and a MT-binding site, yet there is no evidence of a nucleotide-binding site in Cik1. Presteady-state and steady-state kinetic experiments were pursued to define the regulation of Kar3Cik1 interactions with the MT lattice expected during interpolar MT cross-linking. The results reveal that association of Kar3Cik1 with the MT occurs at 4.9 μM(-1) s(-1), followed by a 5-s(-1) structural transition that limits ADP release from the Kar3 head. Mant-ATP binding occurred at 2.1 μM(-1) s(-1), and the pulse-chase experiments revealed an ATP-promoted isomerization at 69 s(-1). ATP hydrolysis was observed as a rapid step at 26 s(-1) and was required for the Kar3Cik1 motor to detach from MT. The conformational change at 5 s(-1) that occurred after Kar3Cik1 MT association and prior to ADP release was hypothesized to be the rate-limiting step for steady-state ATP turnover. We propose a model in which Kar3Cik1 interacts with the MT lattice through an alternating cycle of Cik1 MT collision followed by Kar3 MT binding with head-head communication between Kar3 and Cik1 modulated by the Kar3 nucleotide state and intramolecular strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ju Chen
- Department of Biology and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and
| | - Ivan Rayment
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Susan P Gilbert
- Department of Biology and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180 and.
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20
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Abstract
The mitotic spindle accurately segregates genetic instructions by moving chromosomes to spindle poles (anaphase A) and separating the poles (anaphase B) so that, in general, the chromosomes and poles are positioned near the centers of the nascent daughter cell products of each cell division. Because the size of different types of dividing cells, and thus the spacing of their daughter cell centers, can vary significantly, the length of the metaphase or postanaphase B spindle often scales with cell size. However, significant exceptions to this scaling rule occur, revealing the existence of cell size–independent, spindle-associated mechanisms of spindle length control. The control of spindle length reflects the action of mitotic force-generating mechanisms, and its study may illuminate general principles by which cells regulate the size of internal structures. Here we review molecules and mechanisms that control spindle length, how these mechanisms are deployed in different systems, and some quantitative models that describe the control of spindle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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21
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Hentrich C, Surrey T. Microtubule organization by the antagonistic mitotic motors kinesin-5 and kinesin-14. J Cell Biol 2010; 189:465-80. [PMID: 20439998 PMCID: PMC2867311 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200910125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, different molecular motors act synergistically to rearrange microtubules. Minus end-directed motors are thought to have a dual role: focusing microtubule ends to poles and establishing together with plus end-directed motors a balance of force between antiparallel microtubules in the spindle. We study here the competing action of Xenopus laevis kinesin-14 and -5 in vitro in situations in which these motors with opposite directionality cross-link and slide microtubules. We find that full-length kinesin-14 can form microtubule asters without additional factors, whereas kinesin-5 does not, likely reflecting an adaptation to mitotic function. A stable balance of force is not established between two antiparallel microtubules with these motors. Instead, directional instability is generated, promoting efficient motor and microtubule sorting. A nonmotor microtubule cross-linker can suppress directional instability but also impedes microtubule sorting, illustrating a conflict between stability and dynamicity of organization. These results establish the basic organizational properties of these antagonistic mitotic motors and a microtubule bundler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hentrich
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Sobota JA, Mohler WA, Cowan AE, Eipper BA, Mains RE. Dynamics of peptidergic secretory granule transport are regulated by neuronal stimulation. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:32. [PMID: 20202202 PMCID: PMC2838897 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptidergic neurons store and secrete the contents of large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) from axon terminals and from dendrites. Secretion of peptides requires a highly regulated exocytotic mechanism, plus coordinated synthesis and transport of LDCVs to their sites of release. Although these trafficking events are critical to function, little is known regarding the dynamic behavior of LDCVs and the mechanisms by which their transport is regulated. Sensory neurons also package opiate receptors in peptide-containing LDCVs, which is thought to be important in pain sensation. Since peptide granules cannot be refilled locally after their contents are secreted, it is particularly important to understand how neurons support regulated release of peptides. Results A vector encoding soluble peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase fused to green fluorescent protein was constructed to address these questions in cultured primary peptidergic neurons of the trigeminal ganglion using time lapse confocal microscopy. The time course of release differs with secretagogue; the secretory response to depolarization with K+ is rapid and terminates within 15 minutes, while phorbol ester stimulation of secretion is maintained over a longer period. The data demonstrate fundamental differences between LDCV dynamics in axons and growth cones under basal conditions. Conclusions Under basal conditions, LDCVs move faster away from the soma than toward the soma, but fewer LDCVs travel anterograde than retrograde. Stimulation decreased average anterograde velocity and increases granule pausing. Data from antibody uptake, quantification of enzyme secretion and appearance of pHluorin fluorescence demonstrate distributed release of peptides all along the axon, not just at terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Sobota
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
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23
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Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Tao L, Brust-Mascher I, Wollman R, Scholey JM. Prometaphase spindle maintenance by an antagonistic motor-dependent force balance made robust by a disassembling lamin-B envelope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:49-68. [PMID: 20065089 PMCID: PMC2812851 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested the classical hypothesis that astral, prometaphase bipolar mitotic spindles are maintained by balanced outward and inward forces exerted on spindle poles by kinesin-5 and -14 using modeling of in vitro and in vivo data from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Throughout prometaphase, puncta of both motors aligned on interpolar microtubules (MTs [ipMTs]), and motor perturbation changed spindle length, as predicted. Competitive motility of purified kinesin-5 and -14 was well described by a stochastic, opposing power stroke model incorporating motor kinetics and load-dependent detachment. Motor parameters from this model were applied to a new stochastic force-balance model for prometaphase spindles, providing a good fit to data from embryos. Maintenance of virtual spindles required dynamic ipMTs and a narrow range of kinesin-5 to kinesin-14 ratios matching that found in embryos. Functional perturbation and modeling suggest that this range can be extended significantly by a disassembling lamin-B envelope that surrounds the prometaphase spindle and augments the finely tuned, antagonistic kinesin force balance to maintain robust prometaphase spindles as MTs assemble and chromosomes are pushed to the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Civelekoglu-Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Kocik E, Skowronek KJ, Kasprzak AA. Interactions between subunits in heterodimeric Ncd molecules. J Biol Chem 2010; 284:35735-45. [PMID: 19858211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.024240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonprocessive minus-end-directed kinesin-14 Ncd is involved in the organization of the microtubule (MT) network during mitosis. Only one of the two motor domains is involved in the interaction with the MT. The other head is tethered to the bound one. Here we prepared, purified, and characterized mutated Ncd molecules carrying point mutations in one of the heads, thus producing heterodimeric motors. The mutations tested included substitutions in Switch I and II: R552A, E585A, and E585D; the decoupling mutant N600K; and a deletion in the motor domain in one of the subunits resulting in a single-headed molecule (NcN). These proteins were isolated by two sequential affinity chromatography steps, followed by measurements of their affinities to MT, enzymatic properties, and the velocity of the microtubule gliding test in vitro. A striking observation is a low affinity of the single-headed NcN for MT both without nucleotides and in the presence of 5'-adenylyl-beta,gamma-imidodiphosphate, implying that the tethered head has a profound effect on the structure of the Ncd-MT complex. Mutated homodimers had no MT-activated ATPase and no motility, whereas NcN had motility comparable with that of the wild type Ncd. Although the heterodimers had one fully active and one inactive head, the ATPase and motility of Ncd heterodimers varied dramatically, clearly demonstrating that interactions between motor domains exist in Ncd. We also show that the bulk property of dimeric proteins that interact with the filament with only one of its heads depends also on the distribution of the filament-interacting subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Kocik
- Motor Proteins Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw
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25
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Fink G, Hajdo L, Skowronek KJ, Reuther C, Kasprzak AA, Diez S. The mitotic kinesin-14 Ncd drives directional microtubule–microtubule sliding. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:717-23. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Reverse engineering of force integration during mitosis in the Drosophila embryo. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4:195. [PMID: 18463619 PMCID: PMC2424291 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2008.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a complex macromolecular machine that coordinates accurate chromosome segregation. The spindle accomplishes its function using forces generated by microtubules (MTs) and multiple molecular motors, but how these forces are integrated remains unclear, since the temporal activation profiles and the mechanical characteristics of the relevant motors are largely unknown. Here, we developed a computational search algorithm that uses experimental measurements to ‘reverse engineer' molecular mechanical machines. Our algorithm uses measurements of length time series for wild-type and experimentally perturbed spindles to identify mechanistic models for coordination of the mitotic force generators in Drosophila embryo spindles. The search eliminated thousands of possible models and identified six distinct strategies for MT–motor integration that agree with available data. Many features of these six predicted strategies are conserved, including a persistent kinesin-5-driven sliding filament mechanism combined with the anaphase B-specific inhibition of a kinesin-13 MT depolymerase on spindle poles. Such conserved features allow predictions of force–velocity characteristics and activation–deactivation profiles of key mitotic motors. Identified differences among the six predicted strategies regarding the mechanisms of prometaphase and anaphase spindle elongation suggest future experiments.
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27
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Minus-End-Directed Motor Ncd Exhibits Processive Movement that Is Enhanced by Microtubule Bundling In Vitro. Curr Biol 2008; 18:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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