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Cai J, Yun Q, Zhang CY, Wang Z, Hinshaw SM, Zhou H, Suhandynata RT. Concatemer Assisted Stoichiometry Analysis (CASA): targeted mass spectrometry for protein quantification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605382. [PMID: 39091769 PMCID: PMC11291133 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Large multi-protein machines are central to multiple biological processes. However, stoichiometric determination of protein complex subunits in their native states presents a significant challenge. This study addresses the limitations of current tools in accuracy and precision by introducing concatemer-assisted stoichiometry analysis (CASA). CASA leverages stable isotope-labeled concatemers and liquid chromatography parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-PRM-MS) to achieve robust quantification of proteins with sub-femtomole sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept, CASA was applied to study budding yeast kinetochores. Stoichiometries were determined for ex vivo reconstituted kinetochore components, including the canonical H3 nucleosomes, centromeric (Cse4CENP-A) nucleosomes, centromere proximal factors (Cbf1 and CBF3 complex), inner kinetochore proteins (Mif2CENP-C, Ctf19CCAN complex), and outer kinetochore proteins (KMN network). Absolute quantification by CASA revealed Cse4CENP-A as a cell-cycle controlled limiting factor for kinetochore assembly. These findings demonstrate that CASA is applicable for stoichiometry analysis of multi-protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Quan Yun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Cindy Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Stephen M. Hinshaw
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Raymond T. Suhandynata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
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2
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Andrade Ruiz L, Kops GJPL, Sacristan C. Vertebrate centromere architecture: from chromatin threads to functional structures. Chromosoma 2024; 133:169-181. [PMID: 38856923 PMCID: PMC11266386 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-024-00823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Centromeres are chromatin structures specialized in sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochore assembly, and microtubule attachment during chromosome segregation. The regional centromere of vertebrates consists of long regions of highly repetitive sequences occupied by the Histone H3 variant CENP-A, and which are flanked by pericentromeres. The three-dimensional organization of centromeric chromatin is paramount for its functionality and its ability to withstand spindle forces. Alongside CENP-A, key contributors to the folding of this structure include components of the Constitutive Centromere-Associated Network (CCAN), the protein CENP-B, and condensin and cohesin complexes. Despite its importance, the intricate architecture of the regional centromere of vertebrates remains largely unknown. Recent advancements in long-read sequencing, super-resolution and cryo-electron microscopy, and chromosome conformation capture techniques have significantly improved our understanding of this structure at various levels, from the linear arrangement of centromeric sequences and their epigenetic landscape to their higher-order compaction. In this review, we discuss the latest insights on centromere organization and place them in the context of recent findings describing a bipartite higher-order organization of the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Andrade Ruiz
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Sacristan
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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3
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Kixmoeller K, Chang YW, Black BE. Centromeric chromatin clearings demarcate the site of kinetochore formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591177. [PMID: 38712116 PMCID: PMC11071481 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The centromere is the chromosomal locus that recruits the kinetochore, directing faithful propagation of the genome during cell division. The kinetochore has been interrogated by electron microscopy since the middle of the last century, but with methodologies that compromised fine structure. Using cryo-ET on human mitotic chromosomes, we reveal a distinctive architecture at the centromere: clustered 20-25 nm nucleosome-associated complexes within chromatin clearings that delineate them from surrounding chromatin. Centromere components CENP-C and CENP-N are each required for the integrity of the complexes, while CENP-C is also required to maintain the chromatin clearing. We further visualize the scaffold of the fibrous corona, a structure amplified at unattached kinetochores, revealing crescent-shaped parallel arrays of fibrils that extend >1 μm. Thus, we reveal how the organization of centromeric chromatin creates a clearing at the site of kinetochore formation as well as the nature of kinetochore amplification mediated by corona fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kixmoeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ben E. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Biochemistry Biophysics Chemical Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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4
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Mishra PK, Au WC, Castineira PG, Ali N, Stanton J, Boeckmann L, Takahashi Y, Costanzo M, Boone C, Bloom KS, Thorpe PH, Basrai MA. Misregulation of cell cycle-dependent methylation of budding yeast CENP-A contributes to chromosomal instability. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar99. [PMID: 37436802 PMCID: PMC10551700 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromere (CEN) identity is specified epigenetically by specialized nucleosomes containing evolutionarily conserved CEN-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A (Cse4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CENP-A in humans), which is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. However, the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate Cse4 function have not been fully defined. In this study, we show that cell cycle-dependent methylation of Cse4-R37 regulates kinetochore function and high-fidelity chromosome segregation. We generated a custom antibody that specifically recognizes methylated Cse4-R37 and showed that methylation of Cse4 is cell cycle regulated with maximum levels of methylated Cse4-R37 and its enrichment at the CEN chromatin occur in the mitotic cells. Methyl-mimic cse4-R37F mutant exhibits synthetic lethality with kinetochore mutants, reduced levels of CEN-associated kinetochore proteins and chromosome instability (CIN), suggesting that mimicking the methylation of Cse4-R37 throughout the cell cycle is detrimental to faithful chromosome segregation. Our results showed that SPOUT methyltransferase Upa1 contributes to methylation of Cse4-R37 and overexpression of UPA1 leads to CIN phenotype. In summary, our studies have defined a role for cell cycle-regulated methylation of Cse4 in high-fidelity chromosome segregation and highlight an important role of epigenetic modifications such as methylation of kinetochore proteins in preventing CIN, an important hallmark of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Mishra
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei-Chun Au
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pedro G. Castineira
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nazrin Ali
- Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - John Stanton
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshimitsu Takahashi
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Costanzo
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charles Boone
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Munira A. Basrai
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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5
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Dendooven T, Zhang Z, Yang J, McLaughlin SH, Schwab J, Scheres SHW, Yatskevich S, Barford D. Cryo-EM structure of the complete inner kinetochore of the budding yeast point centromere. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7480. [PMID: 37506202 PMCID: PMC10381965 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The point centromere of budding yeast specifies assembly of the large kinetochore complex to mediate chromatid segregation. Kinetochores comprise the centromere-associated inner kinetochore (CCAN) complex and the microtubule-binding outer kinetochore KNL1-MIS12-NDC80 (KMN) network. The budding yeast inner kinetochore also contains the DNA binding centromere-binding factor 1 (CBF1) and CBF3 complexes. We determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the yeast inner kinetochore assembled onto the centromere-specific centromere protein A nucleosomes (CENP-ANuc). This revealed a central CENP-ANuc with extensively unwrapped DNA ends. These free DNA duplexes bind two CCAN protomers, one of which entraps DNA topologically, positioned on the centromere DNA element I (CDEI) motif by CBF1. The two CCAN protomers are linked through CBF3 forming an arch-like configuration. With a structural mechanism for how CENP-ANuc can also be linked to KMN involving only CENP-QU, we present a model for inner kinetochore assembly onto a point centromere and how it organizes the outer kinetochore for chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Yang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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6
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Hara M, Ariyoshi M, Sano T, Nozawa RS, Shinkai S, Onami S, Jansen I, Hirota T, Fukagawa T. Centromere/kinetochore is assembled through CENP-C oligomerization. Mol Cell 2023:S1097-2765(23)00379-9. [PMID: 37295434 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochore is an essential protein complex required for accurate chromosome segregation. The constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), a subcomplex of the kinetochore, associates with centromeric chromatin and provides a platform for the kinetochore assembly. The CCAN protein CENP-C is thought to be a central hub for the centromere/kinetochore organization. However, the role of CENP-C in CCAN assembly needs to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that both the CCAN-binding domain and the C-terminal region that includes the Cupin domain of CENP-C are necessary and sufficient for chicken CENP-C function. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal self-oligomerization of the Cupin domains of chicken and human CENP-C. We find that the CENP-C Cupin domain oligomerization is vital for CENP-C function, centromeric localization of CCAN, and centromeric chromatin organization. These results suggest that CENP-C facilitates the centromere/kinetochore assembly through its oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryu-Suke Nozawa
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Soya Shinkai
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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7
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Flores Servin JC, Brown RR, Straight AF. Repression of CENP-A assembly in metaphase requires HJURP phosphorylation and inhibition by M18BP1. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202110124. [PMID: 37141119 PMCID: PMC10165474 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are the foundation for mitotic kinetochore assembly and thus are essential for chromosome segregation. Centromeres are epigenetically defined by nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A. CENP-A nucleosome assembly is uncoupled from replication and occurs in G1, but how cells control this timing is incompletely understood. The formation of CENP-A nucleosomes in vertebrates requires CENP-C and the Mis18 complex which recruit the CENP-A chaperone HJURP to centromeres. Using a cell-free system for centromere assembly in X. laevis egg extracts, we discover two activities that inhibit CENP-A assembly in metaphase. HJURP phosphorylation prevents the interaction between HJURP and CENP-C in metaphase, blocking the delivery of soluble CENP-A to centromeres. Non-phosphorylatable mutants of HJURP constitutively bind CENP-C in metaphase but are not sufficient for new CENP-A assembly. We find that the M18BP1.S subunit of the Mis18 complex also binds to CENP-C to competitively inhibit HJURP's access to centromeres. Removal of these two inhibitory activities causes CENP-A assembly in metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel R. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron F. Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Hinshaw SM, Quan Y, Cai J, Zhou AL, Zhou H. Multi-site phosphorylation of yeast Mif2/CENP-C promotes inner kinetochore assembly. Curr Biol 2023; 33:688-696.e6. [PMID: 36736323 PMCID: PMC9992315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores control eukaryotic chromosome segregation by connecting chromosomal centromeres to spindle microtubules. Duplication of centromeric DNA necessitates kinetochore disassembly and subsequent reassembly on nascent sisters. To search for a regulatory mechanism that controls the earliest steps of this process, we studied Mif2/CENP-C, an essential basal component of the kinetochore. We found that phosphorylation of a central region of Mif2 (Mif2-PEST) enhances inner kinetochore assembly. Eliminating Mif2-PEST phosphorylation sites progressively impairs cellular fitness. The most severe Mif2-PEST mutations are lethal in cells lacking otherwise non-essential inner kinetochore factors. These data show that multi-site phosphorylation of Mif2/CENP-C controls inner kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Ann L Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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9
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Cieslinski K, Wu YL, Nechyporenko L, Hörner SJ, Conti D, Skruzny M, Ries J. Nanoscale structural organization and stoichiometry of the budding yeast kinetochore. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213833. [PMID: 36705601 PMCID: PMC9929930 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for cell division. In eukaryotes, this is achieved by the kinetochore, an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that physically links the DNA to spindle microtubules and takes an active role in monitoring and correcting erroneous spindle-chromosome attachments. Our mechanistic understanding of these functions and how they ensure an error-free outcome of mitosis is still limited, partly because we lack a complete understanding of the kinetochore structure in the cell. In this study, we use single-molecule localization microscopy to visualize individual kinetochore complexes in situ in budding yeast. For major kinetochore proteins, we measured their abundance and position within the metaphase kinetochore. Based on this comprehensive dataset, we propose a quantitative model of the budding yeast kinetochore. While confirming many aspects of previous reports based on bulk imaging, our results present a unifying nanoscale model of the kinetochore in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanty Cieslinski
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Translational Radiation Oncology Unit, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree Between European Molecular Biology Laboratory and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Nechyporenko
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Janice Hörner
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/04p61dj41Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany,Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duccio Conti
- https://ror.org/03vpj4s62Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michal Skruzny
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ries
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Dong Q, Li F. Cell cycle control of kinetochore assembly. Nucleus 2022; 13:208-220. [PMID: 36037227 PMCID: PMC9427032 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large proteinaceous structure assembled on the centromeres of chromosomes. The complex machinery links chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. The kinetochore is composed of two submodules: the inner and outer kinetochore. The inner kinetochore is assembled on centromeric chromatin and persists with centromeres throughout the cell cycle. The outer kinetochore attaches microtubules to the inner kinetochore, and assembles only during mitosis. The review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms governing the proper assembly of the outer kinetochore during mitosis and highlights open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Dong
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Brusini L, Dos Santos Pacheco N, Tromer EC, Soldati-Favre D, Brochet M. Composition and organization of kinetochores show plasticity in apicomplexan chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213421. [PMID: 36006241 PMCID: PMC9418836 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multiprotein assemblies directing mitotic spindle attachment and chromosome segregation. In apicomplexan parasites, most known kinetochore components and associated regulators are apparently missing, suggesting a minimal structure with limited control over chromosome segregation. In this study, we use interactomics combined with deep homology searches to identify 13 previously unknown components of kinetochores in Apicomplexa. Apicomplexan kinetochores are highly divergent in sequence and composition from animal and fungal models. The nanoscale organization includes at least four discrete compartments, each displaying different biochemical interactions, subkinetochore localizations and evolutionary rates across the phylum. We reveal alignment of kinetochores at the metaphase plate in both Plasmodium berghei and Toxoplasma gondii, suggestive of a conserved "hold signal" that prevents precocious entry into anaphase. Finally, we show unexpected plasticity in kinetochore composition and segregation between apicomplexan lifecycle stages, suggestive of diverse requirements to maintain fidelity of chromosome segregation across parasite modes of division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brusini
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Correspondence to Lorenzo Brusini:
| | - Nicolas Dos Santos Pacheco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eelco C. Tromer
- Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Brochet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Mathieu Brochet:
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12
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Sridhar S, Fukagawa T. Kinetochore Architecture Employs Diverse Linker Strategies Across Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862637. [PMID: 35800888 PMCID: PMC9252888 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of a functional kinetochore on centromeric chromatin is necessary to connect chromosomes to the mitotic spindle, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. This connecting function of the kinetochore presents multiple internal and external structural challenges. A microtubule interacting outer kinetochore and centromeric chromatin interacting inner kinetochore effectively confront forces from the external spindle and centromere, respectively. While internally, special inner kinetochore proteins, defined as "linkers," simultaneously interact with centromeric chromatin and the outer kinetochore to enable association with the mitotic spindle. With the ability to simultaneously interact with outer kinetochore components and centromeric chromatin, linker proteins such as centromere protein (CENP)-C or CENP-T in vertebrates and, additionally CENP-QOkp1-UAme1 in yeasts, also perform the function of force propagation within the kinetochore. Recent efforts have revealed an array of linker pathways strategies to effectively recruit the largely conserved outer kinetochore. In this review, we examine these linkages used to propagate force and recruit the outer kinetochore across evolution. Further, we look at their known regulatory pathways and implications on kinetochore structural diversity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Sridhar
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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13
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Sundararajan K, Straight AF. Centromere Identity and the Regulation of Chromosome Segregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:914249. [PMID: 35721504 PMCID: PMC9203049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.914249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes segregate their chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis by attaching chromosomes to the microtubules of the spindle so that they can be distributed into daughter cells. The complexity of centromeres ranges from the point centromeres of yeast that attach to a single microtubule to the more complex regional centromeres found in many metazoans or holocentric centromeres of some nematodes, arthropods and plants, that bind to dozens of microtubules per kinetochore. In vertebrates, the centromere is defined by a centromere specific histone variant termed Centromere Protein A (CENP-A) that replaces histone H3 in a subset of centromeric nucleosomes. These CENP-A nucleosomes are distributed on long stretches of highly repetitive DNA and interspersed with histone H3 containing nucleosomes. The mechanisms by which cells control the number and position of CENP-A nucleosomes is unknown but likely important for the organization of centromeric chromatin in mitosis so that the kinetochore is properly oriented for microtubule capture. CENP-A chromatin is epigenetically determined thus cells must correct errors in CENP-A organization to prevent centromere dysfunction and chromosome loss. Recent improvements in sequencing complex centromeres have paved the way for defining the organization of CENP-A nucleosomes in centromeres. Here we discuss the importance and challenges in understanding CENP-A organization and highlight new discoveries and advances enabled by recent improvements in the human genome assembly.
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14
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Pesenti ME, Raisch T, Conti D, Walstein K, Hoffmann I, Vogt D, Prumbaum D, Vetter IR, Raunser S, Musacchio A. Structure of the human inner kinetochore CCAN complex and its significance for human centromere organization. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2113-2131.e8. [PMID: 35525244 PMCID: PMC9235857 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are specialized chromosome loci that seed the kinetochore, a large protein complex that effects chromosome segregation. A 16-subunit complex, the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN), connects between the specialized centromeric chromatin, marked by the histone H3 variant CENP-A, and the spindle-binding moiety of the kinetochore. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of human CCAN. We highlight unique features such as the pseudo GTPase CENP-M and report how a crucial CENP-C motif binds the CENP-LN complex. The CCAN structure has implications for the mechanism of specific recognition of the CENP-A nucleosome. A model consistent with our structure depicts the CENP-C-bound nucleosome as connected to the CCAN through extended, flexible regions of CENP-C. An alternative model identifies both CENP-C and CENP-N as specificity determinants but requires CENP-N to bind CENP-A in a mode distinct from the classical nucleosome octamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Duccio Conti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kai Walstein
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dorothee Vogt
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Prumbaum
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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15
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Walstein K, Petrovic A, Pan D, Hagemeier B, Vogt D, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Assembly principles and stoichiometry of a complete human kinetochore module. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/27/eabg1037. [PMID: 34193424 PMCID: PMC8245036 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically determined chromosomal loci that seed kinetochore assembly to promote chromosome segregation during cell division. CENP-A, a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, establishes the foundations for centromere epigenetic memory and kinetochore assembly. It recruits the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), which in turn assembles the microtubule-binding interface. How the specific organization of centromeric chromatin relates to kinetochore assembly and to centromere identity through cell division remains conjectural. Here, we break new ground by reconstituting a functional full-length version of CENP-C, the largest human CCAN subunit and a blueprint of kinetochore assembly. We show that full-length CENP-C, a dimer, binds stably to two nucleosomes and permits further assembly of all other kinetochore subunits in vitro with relative ratios closely matching those of endogenous human kinetochores. Our results imply that human kinetochores emerge from clustering multiple copies of a fundamental module and may have important implications for transgenerational inheritance of centromeric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Walstein
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dongqing Pan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Birte Hagemeier
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dorothee Vogt
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 1, 45141 Essen, Germany
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16
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Mitra S, Srinivasan B, Jansen LE. Stable inheritance of CENP-A chromatin: Inner strength versus dynamic control. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202005099. [PMID: 32931551 PMCID: PMC7659725 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during cell division is driven by mitotic spindle attachment to the centromere region on each chromosome. Centromeres form a protein scaffold defined by chromatin featuring CENP-A, a conserved histone H3 variant, in a manner largely independent of local DNA cis elements. CENP-A nucleosomes fulfill two essential criteria to epigenetically identify the centromere. They undergo self-templated duplication to reestablish centromeric chromatin following DNA replication. More importantly, CENP-A incorporated into centromeric chromatin is stably transmitted through consecutive cell division cycles. CENP-A nucleosomes have unique structural properties and binding partners that potentially explain their long lifetime in vivo. However, rather than a static building block, centromeric chromatin is dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, indicating that CENP-A stability is also controlled by external factors. We discuss recent insights and identify the outstanding questions on how dynamic control of the long-term stability of CENP-A ensures epigenetic centromere inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyoshi Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Kursel LE, Welsh FC, Malik HS. Ancient Coretention of Paralogs of Cid Centromeric Histones and Cal1 Chaperones in Mosquito Species. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1949-1963. [PMID: 32125433 PMCID: PMC7306699 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their essential role in chromosome segregation in most eukaryotes, centromeric histones (CenH3s) evolve rapidly and are subject to gene turnover. We previously identified four instances of gene duplication and specialization of Cid, which encodes for the CenH3 in Drosophila. We hypothesized that retention of specialized Cid paralogs could be selectively advantageous to resolve the intralocus conflict that occurs on essential genes like Cid, which are subject to divergent selective pressures to perform multiple functions. We proposed that intralocus conflict could be a widespread phenomenon that drives evolutionary innovation in centromeric proteins. If this were the case, we might expect to find other instances of coretention and specialization of centromeric proteins during animal evolution. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that most mosquito species encode two CenH3 (mosqCid) genes, mosqCid1 and mosqCid2, which have been coretained for over 150 My. In addition, Aedes species encode a third mosqCid3 gene, which arose from an independent gene duplication of mosqCid1. Like Drosophila Cid paralogs, mosqCid paralogs evolve under different selective constraints and show tissue-specific expression patterns. Analysis of mosqCid N-terminal protein motifs further supports the model that mosqCid paralogs have functionally diverged. Extending our survey to other centromeric proteins, we find that all Anopheles mosquitoes encode two CAL1 paralogs, which are the chaperones that deposit CenH3 proteins at centromeres in Diptera, but a single CENP-C paralog. The ancient coretention of paralogs of centromeric proteins adds further support to the hypothesis that intralocus conflict can drive their coretention and functional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Kursel
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Frances C Welsh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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18
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Killinger K, Böhm M, Steinbach P, Hagemann G, Blüggel M, Jänen K, Hohoff S, Bayer P, Herzog F, Westermann S. Auto-inhibition of Mif2/CENP-C ensures centromere-dependent kinetochore assembly in budding yeast. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102938. [PMID: 32515113 PMCID: PMC7360964 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are chromatin‐bound multi‐protein complexes that allow high‐fidelity chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Kinetochore assembly is exclusively initiated at chromatin containing Cse4/CENP‐A nucleosomes. The molecular mechanisms ensuring that subcomplexes assemble efficiently into kinetochores only at centromeres, but not anywhere else, are incompletely understood. Here, we combine biochemical and genetic experiments to demonstrate that auto‐inhibition of the conserved kinetochore subunit Mif2/CENP‐C contributes to preventing unscheduled kinetochore assembly in budding yeast cells. We show that wild‐type Mif2 is attenuated in its ability to bind a key downstream component in the assembly pathway, the Mtw1 complex, and that addition of Cse4 nucleosomes overcomes this inhibition. By exchanging the N‐terminus of Mif2 with its functional counterpart from Ame1/CENP‐U, we have created a Mif2 mutant which bypasses the Cse4 requirement for Mtw1 binding in vitro, thereby shortcutting kinetochore assembly. Expression of this Mif2 mutant in cells leads to mis‐localization of the Mtw1 complex and causes pronounced chromosome segregation defects. We propose that auto‐inhibition of Mif2/CENP‐C constitutes a key concept underlying the molecular logic of kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Killinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Böhm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philine Steinbach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Götz Hagemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Mike Blüggel
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karolin Jänen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Hohoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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19
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Medina‐Pritchard B, Lazou V, Zou J, Byron O, Abad MA, Rappsilber J, Heun P, Jeyaprakash AA. Structural basis for centromere maintenance by Drosophila CENP-A chaperone CAL1. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103234. [PMID: 32134144 PMCID: PMC7110144 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are microtubule attachment sites on chromosomes defined by the enrichment of histone variant CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. To preserve centromere identity, CENP-A must be escorted to centromeres by a CENP-A-specific chaperone for deposition. Despite this essential requirement, many eukaryotes differ in the composition of players involved in centromere maintenance, highlighting the plasticity of this process. In humans, CENP-A recognition and centromere targeting are achieved by HJURP and the Mis18 complex, respectively. Using X-ray crystallography, we here show how Drosophila CAL1, an evolutionarily distinct CENP-A histone chaperone, binds both CENP-A and the centromere receptor CENP-C without the requirement for the Mis18 complex. While an N-terminal CAL1 fragment wraps around CENP-A/H4 through multiple physical contacts, a C-terminal CAL1 fragment directly binds a CENP-C cupin domain dimer. Although divergent at the primary structure level, CAL1 thus binds CENP-A/H4 using evolutionarily conserved and adaptive structural principles. The CAL1 binding site on CENP-C is strategically positioned near the cupin dimerisation interface, restricting binding to just one CAL1 molecule per CENP-C dimer. Overall, by demonstrating how CAL1 binds CENP-A/H4 and CENP-C, we provide key insights into the minimalistic principles underlying centromere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Lazou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Olwyn Byron
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Maria A Abad
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Institute of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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20
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Migl D, Kschonsak M, Arthur CP, Khin Y, Harrison SC, Ciferri C, Dimitrova YN. Cryoelectron Microscopy Structure of a Yeast Centromeric Nucleosome at 2.7 Å Resolution. Structure 2020; 28:363-370.e3. [PMID: 32004465 PMCID: PMC7166091 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores mediate chromosome segregation during cell division. They assemble on centromeric nucleosomes and capture spindle microtubules. In budding yeast, a kinetochore links a single nucleosome, containing the histone variant Cse4CENP-A instead of H3, with a single microtubule. Conservation of most kinetochore components from yeast to metazoans suggests that the yeast kinetochore represents a module of the more complex metazoan arrangements. We describe here a streamlined protocol for reconstituting a yeast centromeric nucleosome and a systematic exploration of cryo-grid preparation. These developments allowed us to obtain a high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy reconstruction. As suggested by previous work, fewer base pairs are in tight association with the histone octamer than there are in canonical nucleosomes. Weak binding of the end DNA sequences may contribute to specific recognition by other inner kinetochore components. The centromeric nucleosome structure and the strategies we describe will facilitate studies of many other aspects of kinetochore assembly and chromatin biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Migl
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Kschonsak
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yadana Khin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Watanabe R, Hara M, Okumura EI, Hervé S, Fachinetti D, Ariyoshi M, Fukagawa T. CDK1-mediated CENP-C phosphorylation modulates CENP-A binding and mitotic kinetochore localization. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4042-4062. [PMID: 31676716 PMCID: PMC6891089 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore localization of CENP-C, which is a key and conserved kinetochore component, is regulated during cell cycle progression. Watanabe et al. demonstrate that CDK1-mediated CENP-C phosphorylation regulates mitotic kinetochore localization via binding of CENP-C to the CENP-A nucleosome. The kinetochore is essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. To form a functional kinetochore, constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) proteins are assembled on the centromere chromatin that contains the centromere-specific histone CENP-A. CENP-C, a CCAN protein, directly interacts with the CENP-A nucleosome to nucleate the kinetochore structure. As CENP-C is a hub protein for kinetochore assembly, it is critical to address how the CENP-A–CENP-C interaction is regulated during cell cycle progression. To address this question, we investigated the CENP-C C-terminal region, including a conserved CENP-A–binding motif, in both chicken and human cells and found that CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of CENP-C facilitates its binding to CENP-A in vitro and in vivo. We observed that CENP-A binding is involved in CENP-C kinetochore localization during mitosis. We also demonstrate that the CENP-A–CENP-C interaction is critical for long-term viability in human RPE-1 cells. These results provide deeper insights into protein-interaction network plasticity in centromere proteins during cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reito Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Okumura
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Solène Hervé
- Institute Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institute Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Mariko Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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22
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Roure V, Medina-Pritchard B, Lazou V, Rago L, Anselm E, Venegas D, Jeyaprakash AA, Heun P. Reconstituting Drosophila Centromere Identity in Human Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 29:464-479.e5. [PMID: 31597104 PMCID: PMC6900781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is an essential chromosomal region required for accurate chromosome segregation. Most eukaryotic centromeres are defined epigenetically by the histone H3 variant, centromere protein (CENP)-A, yet how its self-propagation is achieved remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a heterologous system to reconstitute epigenetic inheritance of centromeric chromatin by ectopically targeting the Drosophila centromere proteins dCENP-A, dCENP-C, and CAL1 to LacO arrays in human cells. Dissecting the function of these three components uncovers the key role of self-association of dCENP-C and CAL1 for their mutual interaction and dCENP-A deposition. Importantly, we identify CAL1 to be required for dCENP-C loading onto chromatin in cooperation with dCENP-A nucleosomes, thus closing the epigenetic loop to ensure dCENP-C and dCENP-A replenishment during the cell division cycle. Finally, we show that all three factors are sufficient for dCENP-A propagation and propose a model for the epigenetic inheritance of Drosophila centromere identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Roure
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Bethan Medina-Pritchard
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Vasiliki Lazou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Luciano Rago
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduard Anselm
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Daniela Venegas
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - A. Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK.
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23
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Chik JK, Moiseeva V, Goel PK, Meinen BA, Koldewey P, An S, Mellone BG, Subramanian L, Cho US. Structures of CENP-C cupin domains at regional centromeres reveal unique patterns of dimerization and recruitment functions for the inner pocket. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14119-14134. [PMID: 31366733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful assembly and regulation of the kinetochore are critical for the equal and accurate segregation of genetic material during the cell cycle. CENP-C (centromere protein C), a conserved inner kinetochore component, has been broadly characterized as a scaffolding protein and is required for the recruitment of multiple kinetochore proteins to the centromere. At its C terminus, CENP-C harbors a conserved cupin domain that has an established role in protein dimerization. Although the crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mif2CENP-C cupin domain has been determined, centromeric organization and kinetochore composition vary greatly between S. cerevisiae (point centromere) and other eukaryotes (regional centromere). Therefore, whether the structural and functional role of the cupin domain is conserved throughout evolution requires investigation. Here, we report the crystal structures of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Drosophila melanogaster CENP-C cupin domains at 2.52 and 1.81 Å resolutions, respectively. Although the central jelly roll architecture is conserved among the three determined CENP-C cupin domain structures, the cupin domains from organisms with regional centromeres contain additional structural features that aid in dimerization. Moreover, we found that the S. pombe Cnp3CENP-C jelly roll fold harbors an inner binding pocket that is used to recruit the meiosis-specific protein Moa1. In summary, our results unveil the evolutionarily conserved and unique features of the CENP-C cupin domain and uncover the mechanism by which it functions as a recruitment factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Chik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Vera Moiseeva
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pavitra K Goel
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Meinen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Philipp Koldewey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sojin An
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Barbara G Mellone
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Lakxmi Subramanian
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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24
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Duda Z, Trusiak S, O'Neill R. Centromere Transcription: Means and Motive. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:257-281. [PMID: 28840241 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The chromosome biology field at large has benefited from studies of the cell cycle components, protein cascades and genomic landscape that are required for centromere identity, assembly and stable transgenerational inheritance. Research over the past 20 years has challenged the classical descriptions of a centromere as a stable, unmutable, and transcriptionally silent chromosome component. Instead, based on studies from a broad range of eukaryotic species, including yeast, fungi, plants, and animals, the centromere has been redefined as one of the more dynamic areas of the eukaryotic genome, requiring coordination of protein complex assembly, chromatin assembly, and transcriptional activity in a cell cycle specific manner. What has emerged from more recent studies is the realization that the transcription of specific types of nucleic acids is a key process in defining centromere integrity and function. To illustrate the transcriptional landscape of centromeres across eukaryotes, we focus this review on how transcripts interact with centromere proteins, when in the cell cycle centromeric transcription occurs, and what types of sequences are being transcribed. Utilizing data from broadly different organisms, a picture emerges that places centromeric transcription as an integral component of centromere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Duda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sarah Trusiak
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rachel O'Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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25
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Hara M, Fukagawa T. Where is the right path heading from the centromere to spindle microtubules? Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1199-1211. [PMID: 31075048 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large protein complex that ensures accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis by connecting the centromere and spindle microtubules. One of the kinetochore sub-complexes, the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), associates with the centromere and recruits another sub-complex, the KMN (KNL1, Mis12, and Ndc80 complexes) network (KMN), which binds to spindle microtubules. The CCAN-KMN interaction is mediated by two parallel pathways (CENP-C- and CENP-T-pathways) in the kinetochore, which bridge the centromere and microtubules. Here, we discuss dynamic protein-interaction changes in the two pathways that couple the centromere with spindle microtubules during mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hara
- a Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- a Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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26
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Hamilton G, Dimitrova Y, Davis TN. Seeing is believing: our evolving view of kinetochore structure, composition, and assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:44-52. [PMID: 31078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights three recent trends in the field of kinetochore biology: the proliferation of structural data for kinetochore protein complexes (including CBF3, Dam1c, Mis12cMIND, and CENP-NLChl4/Iml3); the growing consensus that the kinetochore is a dynamic structure whose composition changes as the cell cycle progresses; and the mounting evidence of multiple pathways whereby the microtubule-binding elements of the outer kinetochore may be recruited by inner kinetochore proteins. Our focus is on the two best-studied systems in the field: human and budding yeast kinetochores. This review will demonstrate the remarkable similarity of these two systems, as well as their intriguing differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Box 357350, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA
| | - Yoana Dimitrova
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS: 27, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Box 357350, 1705 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA.
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27
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Mishra PK, Olafsson G, Boeckmann L, Westlake TJ, Jowhar ZM, Dittman LE, Baker RE, D’Amours D, Thorpe PH, Basrai MA. Cell cycle-dependent association of polo kinase Cdc5 with CENP-A contributes to faithful chromosome segregation in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1020-1036. [PMID: 30726152 PMCID: PMC6589903 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved polo-like kinase, Cdc5 (Plk1 in humans), associates with kinetochores during mitosis; however, the role of cell cycle-dependent centromeric ( CEN) association of Cdc5 and its substrates that exclusively localize to the kinetochore have not been characterized. Here we report that evolutionarily conserved CEN histone H3 variant, Cse4 (CENP-A in humans), is a substrate of Cdc5, and that the cell cycle-regulated association of Cse4 with Cdc5 is required for cell growth. Cdc5 contributes to Cse4 phosphorylation in vivo and interacts with Cse4 in mitotic cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of in vitro kinase assays showed that Cdc5 phosphorylates nine serine residues clustered within the N-terminus of Cse4. Strains with cse4-9SA exhibit increased errors in chromosome segregation, reduced levels of CEN-associated Mif2 and Mcd1/Scc1 when combined with a deletion of MCM21. Moreover, the loss of Cdc5 from the CEN chromatin contributes to defects in kinetochore integrity and reduction in CEN-associated Cse4. The cell cycle-regulated association of Cdc5 with Cse4 is essential for cell viability as constitutive association of Cdc5 with Cse4 at the kinetochore leads to growth defects. In summary, our results have defined a role for Cdc5-mediated Cse4 phosphorylation in faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Mishra
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gudjon Olafsson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Boeckmann
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Timothy J. Westlake
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ziad M. Jowhar
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lauren E. Dittman
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Damien D’Amours
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Peter H. Thorpe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Munira A. Basrai
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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28
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Hinshaw SM, Harrison SC. The structure of the Ctf19c/CCAN from budding yeast. eLife 2019; 8:44239. [PMID: 30762520 PMCID: PMC6407923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic kinetochores connect spindlemicrotubules to chromosomal centromeres. A group of proteins called the Ctf19 complex (Ctf19c) in yeast and the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) in other organisms creates the foundation of a kinetochore. The Ctf19c/CCAN influences the timing of kinetochore assembly, sets its location by associating with a specialized nucleosome containing the histone H3 variant Cse4/CENP-A, and determines the organization of the microtubule attachment apparatus. We present here the structure of a reconstituted 13-subunit Ctf19c determined by cryo-electron microscopy at ~4 Å resolution. The structure accounts for known and inferred contacts with the Cse4 nucleosome and for an observed assembly hierarchy. We describe its implications for establishment of kinetochores and for their regulation by kinases throughout the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States
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29
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Smurova K, De Wulf P. Centromere and Pericentromere Transcription: Roles and Regulation … in Sickness and in Health. Front Genet 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 30627137 PMCID: PMC6309819 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal loci known as centromeres (CEN) mediate the equal distribution of the duplicated genome between both daughter cells. Specifically, centromeres recruit a protein complex named the kinetochore, that bi-orients the replicated chromosome pairs to the mitotic or meiotic spindle structure. The paired chromosomes are then separated, and the individual chromosomes segregate in opposite direction along the regressing spindle into each daughter cell. Erroneous kinetochore assembly or activity produces aneuploid cells that contain an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy may incite cell death, developmental defects (including genetic syndromes), and cancer (>90% of all cancer cells are aneuploid). While kinetochores and their activities have been preserved through evolution, the CEN DNA sequences have not. Hence, to be recognized as sites for kinetochore assembly, CEN display conserved structural themes. In addition, CEN nucleosomes enclose a CEN-exclusive variant of histone H3, named CENP-A, and carry distinct epigenetic labels on CENP-A and the other CEN histone proteins. Through the cell cycle, CEN are transcribed into non-coding RNAs. After subsequent processing, they become key components of the CEN chromatin by marking the CEN locus and by stably anchoring the CEN-binding kinetochore proteins. CEN transcription is tightly regulated, of low intensity, and essential for differentiation and development. Under- or overexpression of CEN transcripts, as documented for myriad cancers, provoke chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. CEN are genetically stable and fully competent only when they are insulated from the surrounding, pericentromeric chromatin, which must be silenced. We will review CEN transcription and its contribution to faithful kinetochore function. We will further discuss how pericentromeric chromatin is silenced by RNA processing and transcriptionally repressive chromatin marks. We will report on the transcriptional misregulation of (peri)centromeres during stress, natural aging, and disease and reflect on whether their transcripts can serve as future diagnostic tools and anti-cancer targets in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Smurova
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Peter De Wulf
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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30
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Verma G, Surolia N. Centromere and its associated proteins-what we know about them in Plasmodium falciparum. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:732-742. [PMID: 29935010 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The complex life cycle of intracellular parasitic protozoans entails multiple rounds of DNA replication and mitosis followed by cytokinesis to release daughter parasites. To gain insights into mitotic events it is imperative to identify the biomarkers that constitute the chromosome segregation machinery in the parasite. Chromosomal loci called centromeres and their associated proteins play an essential role in accurate chromosome segregation. Although new information on the centromere-kinetochore proteins has been added to the existing pool of knowledge, a paucity of biomarkers for nuclear division prevents a global view of chromosome segregation mechanism in the malaria parasite. In Plasmodium falciparum, except CENH3 and CENP-C homologues, other centromere associated proteins responsible for centromere functions and kinetochore assembly are not known. The focus of this review is to summarize the current understanding on the centromere organization and its associated proteins in eukaryotes with the emerging information in P. falciparum. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(8):732-742, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Verma
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India.,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Namita Surolia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
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31
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Hoischen C, Yavas S, Wohland T, Diekmann S. CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L and hMis12 but not CENP-S/X participate in complex formation in the nucleoplasm of living human interphase cells outside centromeres. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192572. [PMID: 29509805 PMCID: PMC5839545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore proteins assemble onto centromeric chromatin and regulate DNA segregation during cell division. The inner kinetochore proteins bind centromeres while most outer kinetochore proteins assemble at centromeres during mitosis, connecting the complex to microtubules. Here, we measured the co-migration between protein pairs of the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) and hMis12 complexes by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres in living human interphase cells. FCCS is a method that can tell if in living cells two differently fluorescently labelled molecules migrate independently, or co-migrate and thus are part of one and the same soluble complex. We also determined the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of the hetero-dimers CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. We measured co-migration between CENP-K and CENP-T as well as between CENP-M and CENP-T but not between CENP-T/W and CENP-S/X. Furthermore, CENP-C co-migrated with CENP-H, and CENP-K with CENP-N as well as with CENP-L. Thus, in the nucleoplasm outside centromeres, a large fraction of the CENP-H/I/K/M proteins interact with CENP-C, CENP-N/L and CENP-T/W but not with CENP-S/X. Our FCCS analysis of the Mis12 complex showed that hMis12, Nsl1, Dsn1 and Nnf1 also form a complex outside centromeres of which at least hMis12 associated with the CENP-C/H/I/K/M/T/W/N/L complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoischen
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sibel Yavas
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry and Centre of Bioimaging Sciences, Lee Wee Kheng Buildung, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Diekmann
- Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Friz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
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32
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Schmitzberger F, Richter MM, Gordiyenko Y, Robinson CV, Dadlez M, Westermann S. Molecular basis for inner kinetochore configuration through RWD domain-peptide interactions. EMBO J 2017; 36:3458-3482. [PMID: 29046335 PMCID: PMC5709738 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are dynamic cellular structures that connect chromosomes to microtubules. They form from multi‐protein assemblies that are evolutionarily conserved between yeasts and humans. One of these assemblies—COMA—consists of subunits Ame1CENP‐U, Ctf19CENP‐P, Mcm21CENP‐O and Okp1CENP‐Q. A description of COMA molecular organization has so far been missing. We defined the subunit topology of COMA, bound with inner kinetochore proteins Nkp1 and Nkp2, from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, with nanoflow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and mapped intermolecular contacts with hydrogen‐deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry. Our data suggest that the essential Okp1 subunit is a multi‐segmented nexus with distinct binding sites for Ame1, Nkp1‐Nkp2 and Ctf19‐Mcm21. Our crystal structure of the Ctf19‐Mcm21 RWD domains bound with Okp1 shows the molecular contacts of this important inner kinetochore joint. The Ctf19‐Mcm21 binding motif in Okp1 configures a branch of mitotic inner kinetochores, by tethering Ctf19‐Mcm21 and Chl4CENP‐N‐Iml3CENP‐L. Absence of this motif results in dependence on the mitotic checkpoint for viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmitzberger
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA .,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena M Richter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yuliya Gordiyenko
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michał Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Biology Department, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Kinetochore Function from the Bottom Up. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:22-33. [PMID: 28985987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During a single human lifetime, nearly one quintillion chromosomes separate from their sisters and transit to their destinations in daughter cells. Unlike DNA replication, chromosome segregation has no template, and, unlike transcription, errors frequently lead to a total loss of cell viability. Rapid progress in recent years has shown how kinetochores enable faithful execution of this process by connecting chromosomal DNA to microtubules. These findings have transformed our idea of kinetochores from cytological features to immense molecular machines and now allow molecular interpretation of many long-appreciated kinetochore functions. In this review we trace kinetochore protein connectivity from chromosomal DNA to microtubules, relating new findings to important points of regulation and function.
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34
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Salas-Pino S, Gallardo P, Barrales RR, Braun S, Daga RR. The fission yeast nucleoporin Alm1 is required for proteasomal degradation of kinetochore components. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3591-3608. [PMID: 28974540 PMCID: PMC5674884 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TPR nucleoporins form the nuclear pore complex basket. The fission yeast TPR Alm1 is required for localization of the proteasome to the nuclear envelope, which is in turn required for kinetochore homeostasis and proper chromosome segregation. Kinetochores (KTs) are large multiprotein complexes that constitute the interface between centromeric chromatin and the mitotic spindle during chromosome segregation. In spite of their essential role, little is known about how centromeres and KTs are assembled and how their precise stoichiometry is regulated. In this study, we show that the nuclear pore basket component Alm1 is required to maintain both the proteasome and its anchor, Cut8, at the nuclear envelope, which in turn regulates proteostasis of certain inner KT components. Consistently, alm1-deleted cells show increased levels of KT proteins, including CENP-CCnp3, spindle assembly checkpoint activation, and chromosome segregation defects. Our data demonstrate a novel function of the nucleoporin Alm1 in proteasome localization required for KT homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salas-Pino
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Paola Gallardo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón R Barrales
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany
| | - Sigurd Braun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martiensried, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rafael R Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
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35
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Xiao H, Wang F, Wisniewski J, Shaytan AK, Ghirlando R, FitzGerald PC, Huang Y, Wei D, Li S, Landsman D, Panchenko AR, Wu C. Molecular basis of CENP-C association with the CENP-A nucleosome at yeast centromeres. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1958-1972. [PMID: 29074736 PMCID: PMC5710141 DOI: 10.1101/gad.304782.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone CENP-A-containing nucleosomes play an important role in nucleating kinetochores at centromeres for chromosome segregation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CENP-A nucleosomes engage with kinetochore proteins are not well understood. Here, we report the finding of a new function for the budding yeast Cse4/CENP-A histone-fold domain interacting with inner kinetochore protein Mif2/CENP-C. Strikingly, we also discovered that AT-rich centromere DNA has an important role for Mif2 recruitment. Mif2 contacts one side of the nucleosome dyad, engaging with both Cse4 residues and AT-rich nucleosomal DNA. Both interactions are directed by a contiguous DNA- and histone-binding domain (DHBD) harboring the conserved CENP-C motif, an AT hook, and RK clusters (clusters enriched for arginine-lysine residues). Human CENP-C has two related DHBDs that bind preferentially to DNA sequences of higher AT content. Our findings suggest that a DNA composition-based mechanism together with residues characteristic for the CENP-A histone variant contribute to the specification of centromere identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jan Wisniewski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
| | - Alexey K Shaytan
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Peter C FitzGerald
- Genome Analysis Unit, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yingzi Huang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Debbie Wei
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Shipeng Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Landsman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Anna R Panchenko
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Carl Wu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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36
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The unconventional kinetoplastid kinetochore: from discovery toward functional understanding. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1201-1217. [PMID: 27911702 PMCID: PMC5095916 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the macromolecular protein complex that drives chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. Its most fundamental function is to connect centromeric DNA to dynamic spindle microtubules. Studies in popular model eukaryotes have shown that centromere protein (CENP)-A is critical for DNA-binding, whereas the Ndc80 complex is essential for microtubule-binding. Given their conservation in diverse eukaryotes, it was widely believed that all eukaryotes would utilize these components to make up a core of the kinetochore. However, a recent study identified an unconventional type of kinetochore in evolutionarily distant kinetoplastid species, showing that chromosome segregation can be achieved using a distinct set of proteins. Here, I review the discovery of the two kinetochore systems and discuss how their studies contribute to a better understanding of the eukaryotic chromosome segregation machinery.
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37
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Abstract
At metaphase in mitotic cells, pulling forces at the kinetochore-microtubule interface create tension by stretching the centromeric chromatin between oppositely oriented sister kinetochores. This tension is important for stabilizing the end-on kinetochore microtubule attachment required for proper bi-orientation of sister chromosomes as well as for satisfaction of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and entry into anaphase. How force is coupled by proteins to kinetochore microtubules and resisted by centromere stretch is becoming better understood as many of the proteins involved have been identified. Recent application of genetically encoded fluorescent tension sensors within the mechanical linkage between the centromere and kinetochore microtubules are beginning to reveal - from live cell assays - protein specific contributions that are functionally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Salmon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Bloom
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Petrovic A, Keller J, Liu Y, Overlack K, John J, Dimitrova YN, Jenni S, van Gerwen S, Stege P, Wohlgemuth S, Rombaut P, Herzog F, Harrison SC, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Structure of the MIS12 Complex and Molecular Basis of Its Interaction with CENP-C at Human Kinetochores. Cell 2016; 167:1028-1040.e15. [PMID: 27881301 PMCID: PMC5101189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores, multisubunit protein assemblies, connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules to promote chromosome segregation. The 10-subunit KMN assembly (comprising KNL1, MIS12, and NDC80 complexes, designated KNL1C, MIS12C, and NDC80C) binds microtubules and regulates mitotic checkpoint function through NDC80C and KNL1C, respectively. MIS12C, on the other hand, connects the KMN to the chromosome-proximal domain of the kinetochore through a direct interaction with CENP-C. The structural basis for this crucial bridging function of MIS12C is unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of human MIS12C associated with a fragment of CENP-C and unveil the role of Aurora B kinase in the regulation of this interaction. The structure of MIS12:CENP-C complements previously determined high-resolution structures of functional regions of NDC80C and KNL1C and allows us to build a near-complete structural model of the KMN assembly. Our work illuminates the structural organization of essential chromosome segregation machinery that is conserved in most eukaryotes. We report a crystal structure of human MIS12 complex, a crucial kinetochore component The structure reveals how the MIS12 complex binds its kinetochore receptor CENP-C We dissect how Aurora B kinase promotes the MIS12:CENP-C interaction A combination of diverse structural methods reveals outer kinetochore organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jenny Keller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katharina Overlack
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane John
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yoana N Dimitrova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Simon Jenni
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Suzan van Gerwen
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricia Stege
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascaline Rombaut
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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40
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Campos BM, Liberato MV, Alvarez TM, Zanphorlin LM, Ematsu GC, Barud H, Polikarpov I, Ruller R, Gilbert HJ, Zeri ACDM, Squina FM. A Novel Carbohydrate-binding Module from Sugar Cane Soil Metagenome Featuring Unique Structural and Carbohydrate Affinity Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23734-23743. [PMID: 27621314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are appended to glycoside hydrolases and can contribute to the degradation of complex recalcitrant substrates such as the plant cell wall. For application in bioethanol production, novel enzymes with high catalytic activity against recalcitrant lignocellulosic material are being explored and developed. In this work, we report the functional and structural study of CBM_E1, which was discovered through a metagenomics approach and is the founding member of a novel CBM family, CBM81. CBM_E1, which is linked to an endoglucanase, displayed affinity for mixed linked β1,3-β1,4-glucans, xyloglucan, Avicel, and cellooligosaccharides. The crystal structure of CBM_E1 in complex with cellopentaose displayed a canonical β-sandwich fold comprising two β-sheets. The planar ligand binding site, observed in a parallel orientation with the β-strands, is a typical feature of type A CBMs, although the expected affinity for bacterial crystalline cellulose was not detected. Conversely, the binding to soluble glucans was enthalpically driven, which is typical of type B modules. These unique properties of CBM_E1 are at the interface between type A and type B CBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hernane Barud
- the Centro Universitário de Araraquara-UNIARA, BioPolMat, CEP 14801-340, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- the Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ruller
- the Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), and
| | - Harry J Gilbert
- the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE 4HH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri
- the Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Weir JR, Faesen AC, Klare K, Petrovic A, Basilico F, Fischböck J, Pentakota S, Keller J, Pesenti ME, Pan D, Vogt D, Wohlgemuth S, Herzog F, Musacchio A. Insights from biochemical reconstitution into the architecture of human kinetochores. Nature 2016; 537:249-253. [PMID: 27580032 DOI: 10.1038/nature19333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are carriers of genetic material and their accurate transfer from a mother cell to its two daughters during cell division is of paramount importance for life. Kinetochores are crucial for this process, as they connect chromosomes with microtubules in the mitotic spindle. Kinetochores are multi-subunit complexes that assemble on specialized chromatin domains, the centromeres, that are able to enrich nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant centromeric protein A (CENP-A). A group of several additional CENPs, collectively known as constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN), establish the inner kinetochore, whereas a ten-subunit assembly known as the KMN network creates a microtubule-binding site in the outer kinetochore. Interactions between CENP-A and two CCAN subunits, CENP-C and CENP-N, have been previously described, but a comprehensive understanding of CCAN organization and of how it contributes to the selective recognition of CENP-A has been missing. Here we use biochemical reconstitution to unveil fundamental principles of kinetochore organization and function. We show that cooperative interactions of a seven-subunit CCAN subcomplex, the CHIKMLN complex, determine binding selectivity for CENP-A over H3-nucleosomes. The CENP-A:CHIKMLN complex binds directly to the KMN network, resulting in a 21-subunit complex that forms a minimal high-affinity linkage between CENP-A nucleosomes and microtubules in vitro. This structural module is related to fungal point kinetochores, which bind a single microtubule. Its convolution with multiple CENP-A proteins may give rise to the regional kinetochores of higher eukaryotes, which bind multiple microtubules. Biochemical reconstitution paves the way for mechanistic and quantitative analyses of kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alex C Faesen
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kerstin Klare
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Federica Basilico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Josef Fischböck
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Satyakrishna Pentakota
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jenny Keller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dongqing Pan
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doro Vogt
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany
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42
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Pesenti ME, Weir JR, Musacchio A. Progress in the structural and functional characterization of kinetochores. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:152-63. [PMID: 27039078 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are macromolecular complexes built on a specialized chromatin domain called the centromere. Kinetochores provide a site of attachment for spindle microtubules during mitosis. They also control a cell cycle checkpoint, the spindle assembly checkpoint, which coordinates mitotic exit with the completion of chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle. Correct kinetochore operation is therefore indispensable for accurate chromosome segregation. With multiple copies of at least 30 structural core subunits and a myriad of regulatory subunits, kinetochores are among the largest known macromolecular machines. Biochemical reconstitution and structural analysis, together with functional studies, are bringing to light the organizational principles of these complex and fascinating structures. We summarize recent work and identify a few challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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43
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Samejima I, Spanos C, Alves FDL, Hori T, Perpelescu M, Zou J, Rappsilber J, Fukagawa T, Earnshaw WC. Whole-proteome genetic analysis of dependencies in assembly of a vertebrate kinetochore. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:1141-56. [PMID: 26668330 PMCID: PMC4687880 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201508072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-proteome analysis of isolated mitotic chromosomes from 11 kinetochore structural and assembly mutants is used to develop dependency and correlation maps for protein subcomplexes that confirm many published interactions and also reveal novel dependencies between kinetochore components. Kinetochores orchestrate mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we use quantitative mass spectrometry of mitotic chromosomes isolated from a comprehensive set of chicken DT40 mutants to examine the dependencies of 93 confirmed and putative kinetochore proteins for stable association with chromosomes. Clustering and network analysis reveal both known and unexpected aspects of coordinated behavior for members of kinetochore protein complexes. Surprisingly, CENP-T depends on CENP-N for chromosome localization. The Ndc80 complex exhibits robust correlations with all other complexes in a “core” kinetochore network. Ndc80 associated with CENP-T interacts with a cohort of Rod, zw10, and zwilch (RZZ)–interacting proteins that includes Spindly, Mad1, and CENP-E. This complex may coordinate microtubule binding with checkpoint signaling. Ndc80 associated with CENP-C forms the KMN (Knl1, Mis12, Ndc80) network and may be the microtubule-binding “workhorse” of the kinetochore. Our data also suggest that CENP-O and CENP-R may regulate the size of the inner kinetochore without influencing the assembly of the outer kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Samejima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Flavia de Lima Alves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Tetsuya Hori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marinela Perpelescu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
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Klare K, Weir JR, Basilico F, Zimniak T, Massimiliano L, Ludwigs N, Herzog F, Musacchio A. CENP-C is a blueprint for constitutive centromere-associated network assembly within human kinetochores. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:11-22. [PMID: 26124289 PMCID: PMC4494010 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CENP-C promotes kinetochore targeting of other constitutive centromere–associated network (CCAN) subunits by directly interacting with the four-subunit CCAN subcomplex CENP-HIKM and spatially organizing the localization of all other CCAN subunits downstream of CENP-A. Kinetochores are multisubunit complexes that assemble on centromeres to bind spindle microtubules and promote faithful chromosome segregation during cell division. A 16-subunit complex named the constitutive centromere–associated network (CCAN) creates the centromere–kinetochore interface. CENP-C, a CCAN subunit, is crucial for kinetochore assembly because it links centromeres with the microtubule-binding interface of kinetochores. The role of CENP-C in CCAN organization, on the other hand, had been incompletely understood. In this paper, we combined biochemical reconstitution and cellular investigations to unveil how CENP-C promotes kinetochore targeting of other CCAN subunits. The so-called PEST domain in the N-terminal half of CENP-C interacted directly with the four-subunit CCAN subcomplex CENP-HIKM. We identified crucial determinants of this interaction whose mutation prevented kinetochore localization of CENP-HIKM and of CENP-TW, another CCAN subcomplex. When considered together with previous observations, our data point to CENP-C as a blueprint for kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Klare
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John R Weir
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Federica Basilico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Tomasz Zimniak
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Massimiliano
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Ludwigs
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Verma G, Surolia N. The dimerization domain of PfCENP-C is required for its functions as a centromere protein in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2014; 13:475. [PMID: 25476240 PMCID: PMC4295259 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conserved centromere-associated proteins, CENH3 (or CENP-A) and CENP-C are indispensable for the functional centromere-kinetochore assembly, chromosome segregation, cell cycle progression, and viability. The presence and functions of centromere proteins in Plasmodium falciparum are not well studied. Identification of PfCENP-C, an inner kinetochore protein (the homologue of human CENP-C) and its co-localization with PfCENH3 was recently reported. This study aims to decipher the functions of inner kinetochore protein, PfCENP-C as a centromere protein in P. falciparum. METHODS Bio-informatic tools were employed to demarcate the two conserved domains of PfCENP-C, and the functions of PfCENP-C domains were demonstrated by functional complementation assays in the temperature sensitive (TS) mutant strains (mif2-3 and mif2-2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with MIF2p (the yeast homologue of CENP-C) loss-of-function. By site-directed mutagenesis, the key residues essential for PfCENP-C functions were determined. The chromatin immunoprecipitation was carried out to determine the in vivo binding of PfCENP-C to the Plasmodium centromeres and the in vivo interactions of PfCENP-C with PfCENH3, and mitotic spindles were shown by co-immunopreciptation experiments. RESULTS The studies demonstrate that the motif and the dimerization domain of PfCENP-C is able to functionally complement MIF2p functions. The essential role of some of the key residues: F1993, F1996 and Y2069 within the PfCENP-C dimerization domain in mediating its functions and maintenance of mitotic spindle integrity is evident from this study. The pull-down assays show the association of PfCENP-C with PfCENH3 and mitotic spindles. The ChIP-PCR experiments confirm PfCENP-C-enriched Plasmodium centromeres. These studies thus provide an insight into the roles of this inner kinetochore protein and establish that the centromere proteins are evolutionary conserved in the parasite. CONCLUSIONS PfCENP-C is a true CENP-C homologue in P. falciparum which binds to the centromeric DNA and its dimerization domain is essential for its in vivo functions as a centromere protein. The identification and functional characterization of the P. falciparum centromeric proteins will provide mechanistic insights into some of the mitotic events that occur during the chromosome segregation in human malaria parasite, P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Verma
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064 India
| | - Namita Surolia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064 India
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46
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Westhorpe FG, Straight AF. The centromere: epigenetic control of chromosome segregation during mitosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a015818. [PMID: 25414369 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for the survival of all organisms is maintaining the integrity of the genome in all cells. Cells must therefore segregate their replicated genome equally during each cell division. Eukaryotic organisms package their genome into a number of physically distinct chromosomes, which replicate during S phase and condense during prophase of mitosis to form paired sister chromatids. During mitosis, cells form a physical connection between each sister chromatid and microtubules of the mitotic spindle, which segregate one copy of each chromatid to each new daughter cell. The centromere is the DNA locus on each chromosome that creates the site of this connection. In this review, we present a brief history of centromere research and discuss our current knowledge of centromere establishment, maintenance, composition, structure, and function in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Westhorpe
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
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47
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Hornung P, Troc P, Malvezzi F, Maier M, Demianova Z, Zimniak T, Litos G, Lampert F, Schleiffer A, Brunner M, Mechtler K, Herzog F, Marlovits TC, Westermann S. A cooperative mechanism drives budding yeast kinetochore assembly downstream of CENP-A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:509-24. [PMID: 25135934 PMCID: PMC4137059 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201403081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During kinetochore assembly in budding yeast, the key steps of CENP-A recognition and outer kinetochore recruitment are executed through different yeast CCAN subunits, potentially protecting against inappropriate kinetochore assembly. Kinetochores are megadalton-sized protein complexes that mediate chromosome–microtubule interactions in eukaryotes. How kinetochore assembly is triggered specifically on centromeric chromatin is poorly understood. Here we use biochemical reconstitution experiments alongside genetic and structural analysis to delineate the contributions of centromere-associated proteins to kinetochore assembly in yeast. We show that the conserved kinetochore subunits Ame1CENP-U and Okp1CENP-Q form a DNA-binding complex that associates with the microtubule-binding KMN network via a short Mtw1 recruitment motif in the N terminus of Ame1. Point mutations in the Ame1 motif disrupt kinetochore function by preventing KMN assembly on chromatin. Ame1–Okp1 directly associates with the centromere protein C (CENP-C) homologue Mif2 to form a cooperative binding platform for outer kinetochore assembly. Our results indicate that the key assembly steps, CENP-A recognition and outer kinetochore recruitment, are executed through different yeast constitutive centromere-associated network subunits. This two-step mechanism may protect against inappropriate kinetochore assembly similar to rate-limiting nucleation steps used by cytoskeletal polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hornung
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulina Troc
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesca Malvezzi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Maier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuzana Demianova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomasz Zimniak
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Litos
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabienne Lampert
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Brunner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria Center for Structural Systems Biology, University Medical Center Eppendorf-Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Herzog
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas C Marlovits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria Center for Structural Systems Biology, University Medical Center Eppendorf-Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The propagation of all organisms depends on the accurate and orderly segregation of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. Budding yeast has long served as an outstanding model organism to identify the components and underlying mechanisms that regulate chromosome segregation. This review focuses on the kinetochore, the macromolecular protein complex that assembles on centromeric chromatin and maintains persistent load-bearing attachments to the dynamic tips of spindle microtubules. The kinetochore also serves as a regulatory hub for the spindle checkpoint, ensuring that cell cycle progression is coupled to the achievement of proper microtubule-kinetochore attachments. Progress in understanding the composition and overall architecture of the kinetochore, as well as its properties in making and regulating microtubule attachments and the spindle checkpoint, is discussed.
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Hinshaw SM, Harrison SC. An Iml3-Chl4 heterodimer links the core centromere to factors required for accurate chromosome segregation. Cell Rep 2013; 5:29-36. [PMID: 24075991 PMCID: PMC3888643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate segregation of genetic material in eukaryotes relies on the kinetochore, a multiprotein complex that connects centromeric DNA with microtubules. In yeast and humans, two proteins-Mif2/CENP-C and Chl4/CNEP-N-interact with specialized centromeric nucleosomes and establish distinct but cross-connecting axes of chromatin-microtubule linkage. Proteins recruited by Chl4/CENP-N include a subset that regulates chromosome transmission fidelity. We show that Chl4 and a conserved member of this subset, Iml3, both from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, form a stable protein complex that interacts with Mif2 and Sgo1. We have determined the structures of an Iml3 homodimer and an Iml3-Chl4 heterodimer, which suggest a mechanism for regulating the assembly of this functional axis of the kinetochore. We propose that at the core centromere, the Chl4-Iml3 complex participates in recruiting factors, such as Sgo1, that influence sister chromatid cohesion and encourage sister kinetochore biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Westermann S, Schleiffer A. Family matters: structural and functional conservation of centromere-associated proteins from yeast to humans. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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