1
|
Zheng Y, Li X, Kuang L, Wang Y. New insights into the characteristics of DRAK2 and its role in apoptosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinically applied potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014508. [PMID: 36386181 PMCID: PMC9649744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family, DAP kinase-associated apoptosis-inducing kinase 2 (DRAK2) performs apoptosis-related functions. Compelling evidence suggests that DRAK2 is involved in regulating the activation of T lymphocytes as well as pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type I diabetes. In addition, DRAK2 has been shown to be involved in the development of related tumor and non-tumor diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including exacerbation of alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through SRSF6-associated RNA selective splicing mechanism, regulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and progression of colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the structure, function, and upstream pathways of DRAK2 and discusses the potential and challenges associated with the clinical application of DRAK2-based small-molecule inhibitors, with the aim of advancing DRAK2 research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen HM, MacDonald JA. Death-associated protein kinases and intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1062-1087. [PMID: 35735750 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The family of death-associated protein kinases (DAPKs) and DAPK-related apoptosis-inducing protein kinases (DRAKs) act as molecular switches for a multitude of cellular processes, including apoptotic and autophagic cell death events. This review summarizes the mechanisms for kinase activity regulation and discusses recent molecular investigations of DAPK and DRAK family members in the intestinal epithelium. In general, recent literature convincingly supports the importance of this family of protein kinases in the homeostatic processes that govern the proper function of the intestinal epithelium. Each of the DAPK family of proteins possesses distinct biochemical properties, and we compare similarities in the information available as well as those cases where functional distinctions are apparent. As the prototypical member of the family, DAPK1 is noteworthy for its tumor suppressor function and association with colorectal cancer. In the intestinal epithelium, DAPK2 is associated with programmed cell death, potential tumor-suppressive functions, and a unique influence on granulocyte biology. The impact of the DRAKs in the epithelium is understudied, but recent studies support a role for DRAK1 in inflammation-mediated tumor growth and metastasis. A commentary is provided on the potential importance of DAPK3 in facilitating epithelial restitution and wound healing during the resolution of colitis. An update on efforts to develop selective pharmacologic effectors of individual DAPK members is also supplied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Miin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li GM, Li L, Li MQ, Chen X, Su Q, Deng ZJ, Liu HB, Li B, Zhang WH, Jia YX, Wang WJ, Ma JY, Zhang HL, Xie D, Zhu XF, He YL, Guan XY, Bi J. DAPK3 inhibits gastric cancer progression via activation of ULK1-dependent autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:952-967. [PMID: 33037394 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the balance between cell proliferation and cell death is a central feature of malignances. Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) regulates programmed cell death including apoptosis and autophagy. Our previous study showed that DAPK3 downregulation was detected in more than half of gastric cancers (GCs), which was related to tumor invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying DAPK3-mediated tumor suppression remains unclear. Here, we showed that the tumor suppressive function of DAPK3 was dependent on autophagy process. Mass spectrometry, in vitro kinase assay, and immunoprecipitation revealed that DAPK3 increased ULK1 activity by direct ULK1 phosphorylation at Ser556. ULK1 phosphorylation by DAPK3 facilitates the ULK1 complex formation, the VPS34 complex activation, and autophagy induction upon starvation. The kinase activity of DAPK3 and ULK1 Ser556 phosphorylation were required for DAPK3-modulated tumor suppression. The coordinate expression of DAPK3 with ULK1 Ser556 phosphorylation was confirmed in clinical GC samples, and this co-expression was correlated with favorable survival outcomes in patients. Collectively, these findings indicate that the tumor-suppressor roles of DAPK3 in GC are associated with autophagy and that DAPK3 is a novel autophagy regulator, which can directly phosphorylate ULK1 and activate ULK1. Thus, DAPK3 might be a promising prognostic autophagy-associated marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Man Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Meng-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiao Su
- Laboratory Animal Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Ultrasound Medical Center, the First people's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Hai-Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong-Xu Jia
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital,, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Gastro-Intestinal Cancer Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wen-Jian Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ma
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Long He
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Center of Digestive Diseases, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jiong Bi
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Greene JT, Mani R, Ramaswamy R, Frissora F, Yano M, Zapolnik K, Harrington B, Wasmuth R, Tran M, Mo X, McKenna M, Rangnekar VM, Byrd JC, Bondada S, Muthusamy N. Par-4 overexpression impedes leukemogenesis in the Eµ-TCL1 leukemia model through downregulation of NF-κB signaling. Blood Adv 2019; 3:1255-1266. [PMID: 30987970 PMCID: PMC6482354 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018025973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor that prevents proliferation and induces cell death in several solid tumors. However, its role in B-cell malignancies has not been elucidated. To describe the role of Par-4 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, we developed a B-cell-specific human Par-4-overexpressing mouse model of CLL using the TCL1 leukemia model. While Par-4 transgenic mice did not display any obvious defects in B-cell development or function, disease burden as evidenced by abundance of CD19+CD5+ B cells in the peripheral blood was significantly reduced in Par-4 × TCL1 mice compared with TCL1 littermates. This conferred a survival advantage on the Par-4-overexpressing mice. In addition, a B-cell-specific knockout model displayed the opposite effect, where lack of Par-4 expression resulted in accelerated disease progression and abbreviated survival in the TCL1 model. Histological and flow cytometry-based analysis of spleen and bone marrow upon euthanasia revealed comparable levels of malignant B-cell infiltration in Par-4 × TCL1 and TCL1 individuals, indicating delayed but pathologically normal disease progression in Par-4 × TCL1 mice. In vivo analysis of splenic B-cell proliferation by 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine incorporation indicated >50% decreased expansion of CD19+CD5+ cells in Par-4 × TCL1 mice compared with TCL1 littermates. Moreover, reduced nuclear p65 levels were observed in Par-4 × TCL1 splenic B cells compared with TCL1, suggesting suppressed NF-κB signaling. These findings have identified an in vivo antileukemic role for Par-4 through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism in TCL1-mediated CLL-like disease progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Greene
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | | | | | | | - Max Yano
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | | | | | | | - Minh Tran
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Mary McKenna
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mabe NW, Fox DB, Lupo R, Decker AE, Phelps SN, Thompson JW, Alvarez JV. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor Par-4 promotes chemoresistance in recurrent breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4413-4428. [PMID: 30148456 PMCID: PMC6159989 DOI: 10.1172/jci99481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse is the leading cause of death in breast cancer, largely due to the fact that recurrent tumors are frequently resistant to chemotherapy. We previously reported that downregulation of the proapoptotic protein Par-4 promotes tumor recurrence in genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer recurrence. In the present study, we examined the mechanism and functional significance of Par-4 downregulation in recurrent tumors. We found that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes epigenetic silencing of Par-4 in recurrent tumors. Par-4 silencing proceeded through binding of the EMT transcription factor Twist to the Par-4 promoter, where Twist induced a unique bivalent chromatin domain. This bivalent configuration conferred plasticity at the Par-4 promoter, and Par-4 silencing could be reversed with pharmacologic inhibitors of Ezh2 and HDAC1/2. Using an epigenome editing approach to reexpress Par-4 by specifically reversing the histone modifications found in recurrent tumors, we found that Par-4 reexpression sensitized recurrent tumors to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Upon reexpression, Par-4 bound to the protein phosphatase PP1, caused widespread changes in phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, and cooperated with microtubule-targeting drugs to induce mitotic defects. These results identify Twist-induced epigenetic silencing of Par-4 as a targetable axis that promotes chemoresistance in recurrent breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan Lupo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and
| | | | | | - J. Will Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farag AK, Roh EJ. Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family modulators: Current and future therapeutic outcomes. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:349-385. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karam Farag
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School; University of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Par-4 is a unique proapoptotic protein with the ability to induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. The X-ray crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of Par-4 (Par-4CC), which regulates its apoptotic function, was obtained by MAD phasing. Par-4 homodimerizes by forming a parallel coiled-coil structure. The N-terminal half of Par-4CC contains the homodimerization subdomain. This structure includes a nuclear export signal (Par-4NES) sequence, which is masked upon dimerization indicating a potential mechanism for nuclear localization. The heteromeric-interaction models specifically showed that charge interaction is an important factor in the stability of heteromers of the C-terminal leucine zipper subdomain of Par-4 (Par-4LZ). These heteromer models also displayed NES masking capacity and therefore the ability to influence intracellular localization.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cernaj IE. Simultaneous dual targeting of Par-4 and G6PD: a promising new approach in cancer therapy? Quintessence of a literature review on survival requirements of tumor cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:87. [PMID: 27872579 PMCID: PMC5111342 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this hypothesis is to propose a new approach in targeted therapy of cancer: The simultaneous, dual targeting of two single molecules, Par-4 and G6PD, rather than inhibition of full-length signaling pathways. RATIONALE Targeted inhibition of especially two survival signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK) is frequently tried, however, a major breakthrough has not yet been reported. Inhibition of complete pathways naturally goes along with a variety of dose-limiting side effects thus contributing to poor efficacy of the administered drugs. This essay offers a synopsis of relevant studies to support the above mentioned idea-targeting of two single molecules which either are crucial for tumor growth and cancer-cell-survival: on one side, Par-4-activation selectively triggers apoptosis of tumor cells thus reversing their characteristic feature-immortality. On the other side inhibition of G6PD breaks the energy supply of tumor cells, weakens their defence against oxidative stress and thereby enhances the sensitivity of tumor cells to oxidative agents (e.g. chemotherapy). Advantage of the proposed dual Par-4/G6PD-therapy is good tolerability and-especially when administered along with conventional therapy-less frequent emergence of resistance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Ghabkari A, Deng JT, McDonald PC, Dedhar S, Alshehri M, Walsh MP, MacDonald JA. A novel inhibitory effect of oxazol-5-one compounds on ROCKII signaling in human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32118. [PMID: 27573465 PMCID: PMC5004178 DOI: 10.1038/srep32118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectivity of (4Z)-2-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)-1,3-oxazol-5-one (DI) for zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) was previously described by in silico computational modeling, screening a large panel of kinases, and determining the inhibition efficacy. Our assessment of DI revealed another target, the Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCKII). In vitro studies showed DI to be a competitive inhibitor of ROCKII (Ki, 132 nM with respect to ATP). This finding was supported by in silico molecular surface docking of DI with the ROCKII ATP-binding pocket. Time course analysis of myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation catalyzed by ROCKII in vitro revealed a significant decrease upon treatment with DI. ROCKII signaling was investigated in situ in human coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). ROCKII down-regulation using siRNA revealed several potential substrates involved in smooth muscle contraction (e.g., LC20, Par-4, MYPT1) and actin cytoskeletal dynamics (cofilin). The application of DI to CASMCs attenuated LC20, Par-4, LIMK, and cofilin phosphorylations. Notably, cofilin phosphorylation was not significantly decreased with a novel ZIPK selective inhibitor (HS-38). In addition, CASMCs treated with DI underwent cytoskeletal changes that were associated with diminution of cofilin phosphorylation. We conclude that DI is not selective for ZIPK and is a potent inhibitor of ROCKII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Jing-Ti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mana Alshehri
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kocher BA, White LS, Piwnica-Worms D. DAPK3 suppresses acini morphogenesis and is required for mouse development. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:358-67. [PMID: 25304685 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK3) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in various signaling pathways important to tissue homeostasis and mammalian biology. Considered to be a putative tumor suppressor, the molecular mechanism by which DAPK3 exerts its suppressive function is not fully understood and the field lacks an appropriate mouse model. To address these gaps, an in vitro three-dimensional tumorigenesis model was used and a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse was generated. In the 3D morphogenesis model, loss of DAPK3 through lentiviral-mediated knockdown enlarged acinar size by accelerated acini proliferation and apoptosis while maintaining acini polarity. Depletion of DAPK3 enhanced growth factor-dependent mTOR activation and, furthermore, enlarged DAPK3 acini structures were uniquely sensitive to low doses of rapamycin. Simultaneous knockdown of RAPTOR, a key mTORC1 component, reversed the augmented acinar size in DAPK3-depleted structures indicating an epistatic interaction. Using a validated gene trap strategy to generate a constitutive DAPK3-knockout mouse, it was demonstrated that DAPK3 is vital for early mouse development. The Dapk3 promoter exhibits spatiotemporal activity in developing mice and is actively expressed in normal breast epithelia of adult mice. Importantly, reduction of DAPK3 expression correlates with the development of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and more aggressive breast cancer as observed in the Oncomine database of clinical breast cancer specimens. IMPLICATIONS Novel cellular and mouse modeling studies of DAPK3 shed light on its tumor-suppressive mechanisms and provide direct evidence that DAPK3 has relevance in early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kocher
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lynn S White
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apoptosis plays an important role in age-related disease, and prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR-4) is a novel apoptosis-inducing factor that regulates apoptosis in most cells. Recent studies suggest that PAR-4 plays an important role in the progression of many age-related diseases. This review highlights the significance of PAR-4 and builds a strong case supporting its role as a possible therapeutic target in age-related disease. AREAS COVERED This review covers the advancements over the last 15 years with respect to PAR-4 and its significance in age-related disease. Additionally, it provides knowledge regarding the significance of PAR-4 in age-related disease as well as its role in apoptotic signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and other mechanisms that may induce age-related disease. EXPERT OPINION PAR-4 may be a potential therapeutic target that can trigger selective apoptosis in cancer cells. It is induced by ER stress and increased ER stress, and it is involved in the activity of the dopamine D2 receptor. Abnormal expression of PAR-4 may be associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. PAR-4 agonists and inhibitors must be identified before gene therapy can commence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Qinan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Endocrine Department , Post number: 400038, Chongqing , China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alvarez JV, Pan TC, Ruth J, Feng Y, Zhou A, Pant D, Grimley JS, Wandless TJ, DeMichele A, Chodosh LA. Par-4 downregulation promotes breast cancer recurrence by preventing multinucleation following targeted therapy. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:30-44. [PMID: 23770012 PMCID: PMC3808871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most deaths from breast cancer result from tumor recurrence, but mechanisms underlying tumor relapse are largely unknown. We now report that Par-4 is downregulated during tumor recurrence and that Par-4 downregulation is necessary and sufficient to promote recurrence. Tumor cells with low Par-4 expression survive therapy by evading a program of Par-4-dependent multinucleation and apoptosis that is otherwise engaged following treatment. Low Par-4 expression is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and an increased risk of relapse in patients with breast cancer, and Par-4 is downregulated in residual tumor cells that survive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings identify Par-4-induced multinucleation as a mechanism of cell death in oncogene-addicted cells and establish Par-4 as a negative regulator of breast cancer recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James V. Alvarez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tien-chi Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason Ruth
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alice Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dhruv Pant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joshua S. Grimley
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas J. Wandless
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Lewis A. Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Lewis A. Chodosh, M.D., Ph.D., Room 612 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
MacDonald JA, Moffat LD, Al-Ghabkari A, Sutherland C, Walsh MP. Prostate-apoptosis response-4 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 535:84-90. [PMID: 23219599 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein prostate-apoptosis response (Par)-4 has been implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction, based largely on studies with the A7r5 cell line. A mechanism has been proposed whereby Par-4 binding to MYPT1 (the myosin-targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, MLCP) blocks access of zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) to Thr697 and Thr855 of MYPT1, whose phosphorylation is associated with MLCP inhibition. Phosphorylation of Par-4 at Thr155 disrupts its interaction with MYPT1, exposing the sites of phosphorylation in MYPT1 and leading to MLCP inhibition and contraction. We tested this "padlock" hypothesis in a well-characterized vascular smooth muscle system, the rat caudal artery. Par-4 was retained in Triton-skinned tissue, suggesting a tight association with the contractile machinery, and indeed Par-4 co-immunoprecipitated with MYPT1. Treatment of Triton-skinned tissue with the phosphatase inhibitor microcystin (MC) evoked phosphorylation of Par-4 at Thr155, but did not induce its dissociation from the contractile machinery. Furthermore, analysis of the time courses of MC-induced phosphorylation of MYPT1 and Par-4 revealed that MYPT1 phosphorylation at Thr697 or Thr855 preceded Par-4 phosphorylation. Par-4 phosphorylation was inhibited by the non-selective kinase inhibitor staurosporine, but not by inhibitors of ZIPK, Rho-associated kinase or protein kinase C. In addition, Par-4 phosphorylation did not occur upon addition of constitutively-active ZIPK to skinned tissue. We conclude that phosphorylation of Par-4 does not regulate contraction of this vascular smooth muscle tissue by inducing dissociation of Par-4 from MYPT1 to allow phosphorylation of MYPT1 and inhibition of MLCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A MacDonald
- Smooth Muscle Research Group and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C. Transglutaminase 2 at the crossroads between cell death and survival. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:197-246. [PMID: 22220475 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
When signaling kinases meet histones and histone modifiers in the nucleus. Mol Cell 2011; 42:274-84. [PMID: 21549306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways involve cascades of protein phosphorylation and ultimately affect regulation of transcription in the nucleus. However, most of the kinases in these pathways have not been generally considered to directly modulate transcription thus far. Here, recent significant progress in the field elucidating direct modifications of histones and histone modifiers by upstream kinases is summarized, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Rangnekar VM. Cancer-selective apoptotic effects of extracellular and intracellular Par-4. Oncogene 2010; 29:3873-80. [PMID: 20440265 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity toward cancer cells is the most desirable element in cancer therapeutics. Par-4 is a cancer cell-selective proapoptotic protein that functions intracellularly in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as a tumor suppressor. Moreover, recent findings indicate that the Par-4 protein is secreted by cells, and extracellular Par-4 induces cancer cell-specific apoptosis by interaction with the cell-surface receptor GRP78. This review describes the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of both extracellular and intracellular Par-4 acting through its effector domain SAC.
Collapse
|