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Seitz BC, Mucelli X, Majano M, Wallis Z, Dodge AC, Carmona C, Durant M, Maynard S, Huang LS. Meiosis II spindle disassembly requires two distinct pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar98. [PMID: 37436806 PMCID: PMC10551701 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During exit from meiosis II, cells undergo several structural rearrangements, including disassembly of the meiosis II spindles and cytokinesis. Each of these changes is regulated to ensure that they occur at the proper time. Previous studies have demonstrated that both SPS1, which encodes a STE20-family GCKIII kinase, and AMA1, which encodes a meiosis-specific activator of the Anaphase Promoting Complex, are required for both meiosis II spindle disassembly and cytokinesis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We examine the relationship between meiosis II spindle disassembly and cytokinesis and find that the meiosis II spindle disassembly failure in sps1Δ and ama1∆ cells is not the cause of the cytokinesis defect. We also see that the spindle disassembly defects in sps1Δ and ama1∆ cells are phenotypically distinct. We examined known microtubule-associated proteins Ase1, Cin8, and Bim1, and found that AMA1 is required for the proper loss of Ase1 and Cin8 on meiosis II spindles while SPS1 is required for Bim1 loss in meiosis II. Taken together, these data indicate that SPS1 and AMA1 promote distinct aspects of meiosis II spindle disassembly, and that both pathways are required for the successful completion of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Seitz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Xheni Mucelli
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Maira Majano
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Zoey Wallis
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Ashley C. Dodge
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Catherine Carmona
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Matthew Durant
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Sharra Maynard
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Linda S. Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
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2
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Xu K, Wang C, Keinänen K, Li H, Cai C. Mitotic spindle disassembly in human cells relies on CRIPT having hierarchical redox signals. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276793. [PMID: 36148798 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swift and complete spindle disassembly in late mitosis is essential for cell survival, yet how it happens is largely unknown in mammalian cells. Here we used real-time live cell microscopy and biochemical assays to show that the primordial dwarfism (PD)-related cysteine-rich protein CRIPT dictates the spindle disassembly in a redox-dependent manner in human cells. This previously reported cytoplasmic protein was found to have a confined nuclear localization with a nucleolar concentration during interphase but was distributed to spindles and underwent redox modifications to form disulfide bonds in CXXC pairs during mitosis. Then, it directly interacted with, and might transfer a redox response to, tubulin subunits via a putative redox exchange among cysteine residues to induce microtubule depolymerization. Expression of CRIPT proteins with mutations of these cysteine residues blocked spindle disassembly, generating two cell types with long-lasting metaphase spindles or spindle remnants. Live-cell recordings of a disease-relevant mutant (CRIPTC3Y) revealed that microtubule depolymerization at spindle ends during anaphase and the entire spindle dissolution during telophase might share a common CRIPT-bearing redox-controlled mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Chunxue Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Kari Keinänen
- Research Program in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chunlin Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.,Anhui Duoneng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
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3
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Atomic force microscopy reveals distinct protofilament-scale structural dynamics in depolymerizing microtubule arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115708119. [PMID: 35101922 PMCID: PMC8812519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115708119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One cannot help but marvel at the precise organization of microtubule polymers in cellular structures such as the axoneme and the spindle. However, our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms that sculpt these arrays comes largely from in vitro experiments with a small number (one or two) of microtubules. This is somewhat akin to studying the architecture of multilane highways by studying one-lane streets. Here, we directly visualize depolymerizing microtubule arrays at individual microtubule and protofilament resolution using atomic force microscopy. Our results reveal differences in microtubule depolymerase activity and provide insights into how these differences in enzymatic activity on the nanometer scale can result in the differential remodeling of multimicrotubule arrays on the micron-length scale. The dynamic reorganization of microtubule-based cellular structures, such as the spindle and the axoneme, fundamentally depends on the dynamics of individual polymers within multimicrotubule arrays. A major class of enzymes implicated in both the complete demolition and fine size control of microtubule-based arrays are depolymerizing kinesins. How different depolymerases differently remodel microtubule arrays is poorly understood. A major technical challenge in addressing this question is that existing optical or electron-microscopy methods lack the spatial-temporal resolution to observe the dynamics of individual microtubules within larger arrays. Here, we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image depolymerizing arrays at single-microtubule and protofilament resolution. We discover previously unseen modes of microtubule array destabilization by conserved depolymerases. We find that the kinesin-13 MCAK mediates asynchronous protofilament depolymerization and lattice-defect propagation, whereas the kinesin-8 Kip3p promotes synchronous protofilament depolymerization. Unexpectedly, MCAK can depolymerize the highly stable axonemal doublets, but Kip3p cannot. We propose that distinct protofilament-level activities underlie the functional dichotomy of depolymerases, resulting in either large-scale destabilization or length regulation of microtubule arrays. Our work establishes AFM as a powerful strategy to visualize microtubule dynamics within arrays and reveals how nanometer-scale substrate specificity leads to differential remodeling of micron-scale cytoskeletal structures.
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4
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Augustine B, Chin CF, Yeong FM. Role of Kip2 during early mitosis - impact on spindle pole body separation and chromosome capture. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211425. [PMID: 29739877 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle dynamics are regulated during the cell cycle by microtubule motor proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one such protein is Kip2p, a plus-end motor that regulates the polymerization and stability of cytoplasmic microtubules (cMTs). Kip2p levels are regulated during the cell cycle, and its overexpression leads to the formation of hyper-elongated cMTs. To investigate the significance of varying Kip2p levels during the cell cycle and the hyper-elongated cMTs, we overexpressed KIP2 in the G1 phase and examined the effects on the separation of spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and chromosome segregation. Our results show that failure to regulate the cMT lengths during G1-S phase prevents the separation of SPBs. This, in turn, affects chromosome capture and leads to the activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and causes mitotic arrest. These defects could be rescued by either the inactivation of checkpoint components or by co-overexpression of CIN8, which encodes a motor protein that elongates inter-polar microtubules (ipMTs). Hence, we propose that the maintenance of Kip2p level and cMT lengths during early cell division is important to ensure coordination between SPB separation and chromosome capture by kinetochore microtubules (kMTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl Augustine
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
| | - Cheen Fei Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
| | - Foong May Yeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
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5
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Ibarlucea-Benitez I, Ferro LS, Drubin DG, Barnes G. Kinesins relocalize the chromosomal passenger complex to the midzone for spindle disassembly. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1687-1700. [PMID: 29563217 PMCID: PMC5940302 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle disassembly after chromosome separation is as important as spindle assembly, yet the molecular mechanisms for spindle disassembly are unclear. In this study, we investigated how the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), which contains the Aurora B kinase Ipl1, swiftly concentrates at the spindle midzone in late anaphase, and we researched the role of this dramatic relocalization during spindle disassembly. We showed that the kinesins Kip1 and Kip3 are essential for CPC relocalization. In cells lacking Kip1 and Kip3, spindle disassembly is severely delayed until after contraction of the cytokinetic ring. Purified Kip1 and Kip3 interact directly with the CPC and recruit it to microtubules in vitro, and single-molecule experiments showed that the CPC diffuses dynamically on microtubules but that diffusion stops when the CPC encounters a Kip1 molecule. We propose that Kip1 and Kip3 trap the CPC at the spindle midzone in late anaphase to ensure timely spindle disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke S Ferro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Georjana Barnes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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6
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Woodruff JB, Hyman AA, Boke E. Organization and Function of Non-dynamic Biomolecular Condensates. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:81-94. [PMID: 29258725 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells compartmentalize biochemical reactions using organelles. Organelles can be either membrane-bound compartments or supramolecular assemblies of protein and ribonucleic acid known as 'biomolecular condensates'. Biomolecular condensates, such as nucleoli and germ granules, have been described as liquid like, as they have the ability to fuse, flow, and undergo fission. Recent experiments have revealed that some liquid-like condensates can mature over time to form stable gels. In other cases, biomolecular condensates solidify into amyloid-like fibers. Here we discuss the assembly, organization, and physiological roles of these more stable condensates in cells, focusing on Balbiani bodies, centrosomes, nuclear pores, and amyloid bodies. We discuss how the material properties of these condensates can be explained by the principles of liquid-liquid phase separation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Woodruff
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elvan Boke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Möckel MM, Heim A, Tischer T, Mayer TU. Xenopus laevis Kif18A is a highly processive kinesin required for meiotic spindle integrity. Biol Open 2017; 6:463-470. [PMID: 28228376 PMCID: PMC5399559 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly and functionality of the mitotic spindle depends on the coordinated activities of microtubule-associated motor proteins of the dynein and kinesin superfamily. Our current understanding of the function of motor proteins is significantly shaped by studies using Xenopus laevis egg extract as its open structure allows complex experimental manipulations hardly feasible in other model systems. Yet, the Kinesin-8 orthologue of human Kif18A has not been described in Xenopus laevis so far. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of Xenopus laevis (Xl) Kif18A. Xenopus Kif18A is expressed during oocyte maturation and its depletion from meiotic egg extract results in severe spindle defects. These defects can be rescued by wild-type Kif18A, but not Kif18A lacking motor activity or the C-terminus. Single-molecule microscopy assays revealed that Xl_Kif18A possesses high processivity, which depends on an additional C-terminal microtubule-binding site. Human tissue culture cells depleted of endogenous Kif18A display mitotic defects, which can be rescued by wild-type, but not tail-less Xl_Kif18A. Thus, Xl_Kif18A is the functional orthologue of human Kif18A whose activity is essential for the correct function of meiotic spindles in Xenopus oocytes. Summary: The highly processive kinesin Kif18A, which is expressed during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis, is required for correct spindle formation in meiotic egg extracts and can functionally complement human Kif18A in tissue culture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Möckel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Andreas Heim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Thomas U Mayer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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8
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Chin CF, Tan K, Onishi M, Chew Y, Augustine B, Lee WR, Yeong FM. Timely Endocytosis of Cytokinetic Enzymes Prevents Premature Spindle Breakage during Mitotic Exit. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006195. [PMID: 27447488 PMCID: PMC4957831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis requires the spatio-temporal coordination of membrane deposition and primary septum (PS) formation at the division site to drive acto-myosin ring (AMR) constriction. It has been demonstrated that AMR constriction invariably occurs only after the mitotic spindle disassembly. It has also been established that Chitin Synthase II (Chs2p) neck localization precedes mitotic spindle disassembly during mitotic exit. As AMR constriction depends upon PS formation, the question arises as to how chitin deposition is regulated so as to prevent premature AMR constriction and mitotic spindle breakage. In this study, we propose that cells regulate the coordination between spindle disassembly and AMR constriction via timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes, Chs2p, Chs3p, and Fks1p. Inhibition of endocytosis leads to over accumulation of cytokinetic enzymes during mitotic exit, which accelerates the constriction of the AMR, and causes spindle breakage that eventually could contribute to monopolar spindle formation in the subsequent round of cell division. Intriguingly, the mitotic spindle breakage observed in endocytosis mutants can be rescued either by deleting or inhibiting the activities of, CHS2, CHS3 and FKS1, which are involved in septum formation. The findings from our study highlight the importance of timely endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes at the division site in safeguarding mitotic spindle integrity during mitotic exit. The cytokinesis machinery that is required for physical separation of mother-daughter cells during mitosis is highly conserved from yeast to humans. In budding yeast, cytokinesis is achieved via timely delivery of cytokinetic enzymes to the division site that eventually triggers the constriction of AMR. It has been previously demonstrated that cytokinesis invariably occurs after the disassembly of the mitotic spindle. Intriguingly, Chs2p that is responsible for laying down the primary septum has been shown to localize to the division site before mitotic spindle disassembly. In this study, we show that mitotic spindle integrity upon sister chromatid separation is dependent on the continuous endocytosis of cytokinetic enzymes. Failure in the internalization of cytokinetic proteins during mitotic exit causes premature AMR constriction that eventually contributes to the shearing of mitotic spindle. Consequently, cells fail to re-establish a bipolar spindle in the subsequent round of cell division cycle. Our findings provide insights into how the levels of secreted proteins at the division site impacts cytokinesis. We believe this regulation mechanism might be conserved in higher eukaryotic cells as a secreted protein, hemicentin, has been shown recently to be involved in regulating cytokinesis in both Caenorhabditis elegans and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Fei Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kaiquan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - YuanYuan Chew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beryl Augustine
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ren Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Foong May Yeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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9
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Fraschini R. Factors that Control Mitotic Spindle Dynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 925:89-101. [PMID: 27722958 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is the last phase of the cell cycle and it leads to the formation of two daughter cells with the same genetic information. This process must occurr in a very precise way and this task is essential to preserve genetic stability and to maintain cell viability. Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis is brought about by an important cellular organelle: the mitotic spindle. This structure is made of microtubules, polymers of alpha and beta tubulin, and it is highly dynamic during the cell cycle: it emanates from two microtubules organizing centers (Spindle Pole Bodies, SPBs, in yeast) that are essential to build a short bipolar spindle, and it undergoes two steps of elongation during anaphase A and anaphase B in order to separate sister chromatids. Several proteins are involved in the control of mitotic spindle dynamics and their activity is tightly coordinated with other cell cycle events and with cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fraschini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Lucena R, Dephoure N, Gygi SP, Kellogg DR, Tallada VA, Daga RR, Jimenez J. Nucleocytoplasmic transport in the midzone membrane domain controls yeast mitotic spindle disassembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:387-402. [PMID: 25963819 PMCID: PMC4427787 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During anaphase B, Imp1-mediated transport of the AAA-ATPase Cdc48 protein at the membrane domain surrounding the mitotic spindle midzone promotes spindle midzone dissolution in fission yeast. During each cell cycle, the mitotic spindle is efficiently assembled to achieve chromosome segregation and then rapidly disassembled as cells enter cytokinesis. Although much has been learned about assembly, how spindles disassemble at the end of mitosis remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that nucleocytoplasmic transport at the membrane domain surrounding the mitotic spindle midzone, here named the midzone membrane domain (MMD), is essential for spindle disassembly in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells. We show that, during anaphase B, Imp1-mediated transport of the AAA-ATPase Cdc48 protein at the MMD allows this disassembly factor to localize at the spindle midzone, thereby promoting spindle midzone dissolution. Our findings illustrate how a separate membrane compartment supports spindle disassembly in the closed mitosis of fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo. Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steve P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Victor A Tallada
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo. Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael R Daga
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo. Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Jimenez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo. Universidad Pablo de Olavide/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Boulay K, Ghram M, Viranaicken W, Trépanier V, Mollet S, Fréchina C, DesGroseillers L. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of the RNA-binding protein Staufen1. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7867-83. [PMID: 24906885 PMCID: PMC4081104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staufen1 (Stau1) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA)-binding protein involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent studies indicate that Stau1-bound messenger RNAs (mRNAs) mainly code for proteins involved in transcription and cell cycle control. Consistently, we report here that Stau1 abundance fluctuates through the cell cycle in HCT116 and U2OS cells: it is high from the S phase to the onset of mitosis and rapidly decreases as cells transit through mitosis. Stau1 down-regulation is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Stau1 interacts with the APC/C co-activators Cdh1 and Cdc20 via its first 88 N-terminal amino acids. The importance of controlling Stau155 levels is underscored by the observation that its overexpression affects mitosis entry and impairs proliferation of transformed cells. Microarray analyses identified 275 Stau155-bound mRNAs in prometaphase cells, an early mitotic step that just precedes Stau1 degradation. Interestingly, several of these mRNAs are more abundant in Stau155-containing complexes in cells arrested in prometaphase than in asynchronous cells. Our results point out for the first time to the possibility that Stau1 participates in a mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression that is linked to cell cycle progression in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Boulay
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Ghram
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Véronique Trépanier
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Mollet
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Céline Fréchina
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Luc DesGroseillers
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
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12
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Messin LJ, Millar JBA. Role and regulation of kinesin-8 motors through the cell cycle. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 8:205-13. [PMID: 25136382 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the kinesin-8 motor family play a central role in controlling microtubule length throughout the eukaryotic cell cycle. Inactivation of kinesin-8 causes defects in cell polarity during interphase and astral and mitotic spindle length, metaphase chromosome alignment, timing of anaphase onset and accuracy of chromosome segregation. Although the biophysical mechanism by which kinesin-8 molecules influence microtubule dynamics has been studied extensively in a variety of species, a consensus view has yet to emerge. One reason for this might be that some members of the kinesin-8 family can associate to other microtubule-associated proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins and other kinesin family members. In this review we consider how cell cycle specific modification and its association to other regulatory proteins may modulate the function of kinesin-8 to enable it to function as a master regulator of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Messin
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jonathan B A Millar
- Mechanochemical Cell Biology Building, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
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13
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Laporte D, Courtout F, Salin B, Ceschin J, Sagot I. An array of nuclear microtubules reorganizes the budding yeast nucleus during quiescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:585-94. [PMID: 24247429 PMCID: PMC3840927 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201306075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network. In dividing cells, its complex architecture not only influences cell shape and movement but is also crucial for chromosome segregation. Curiously, nothing is known about the behavior of this cellular machinery in quiescent cells. Here we show that, upon quiescence entry, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae microtubule cytoskeleton is drastically remodeled. Indeed, while cytoplasmic microtubules vanish, the spindle pole body (SPB) assembles a long and stable monopolar array of nuclear microtubules that spans the entire nucleus. Consequently, the nucleolus is displaced. Kinetochores remain attached to microtubule tips but lose SPB clustering and distribute along the microtubule array, leading to a large reorganization of the nucleus. When cells exit quiescence, the nuclear microtubule array slowly depolymerizes and, by pulling attached centromeres back to the SPB, allows the recovery of a typical Rabl-like configuration. Finally, mutants that do not assemble a nuclear array of microtubules are impaired for both quiescence survival and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laporte
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, F-33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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14
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Abstract
Multiple activities cooperate to determine the architecture of the mitotic spindle. Kip3 is a kinesin-8 motor protein in budding yeast that acts as a microtubule depolymerase. Now Kip3 is shown to also crosslink and slide antiparallel microtubules, providing additional insights into how kinesin-8 motors control spindle integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Roostalu
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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15
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Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton supports a broad range of cellular functions, from providing tracks for intracellular transport, to supporting movement of cilia and flagella, to segregating chromosomes in mitosis. These functions are facilitated by the organizational and dynamic plasticity of MT networks. An important class of enzymes that alters MT dynamics is the depolymerizing kinesin-like proteins, which use their catalytic activities to regulate MT end dynamics. In this review, we discuss four topics surrounding these MT-depolymerizing kinesins. We provide a historical overview of studies focused on these motors and discuss their phylogeny. In the second half, we discuss their enzymology and biophysics and give an overview of their known cellular functions. This discussion highlights the fact that MT-depolymerizing kinesins exhibit a diverse range of design principles, which in turn increases their functional versatility in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
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16
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Move in for the kill: motile microtubule regulators. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:567-75. [PMID: 22959403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stereotypical function of kinesin superfamily motors is to transport cargo along microtubules. However, some kinesins also shape the microtubule track by regulating microtubule assembly and disassembly. Recent work has shown that the kinesin-8 family of motors emerge as key regulators of cellular microtubule length. The studied kinesin-8s are highly processive motors that walk towards the microtubule plus-end. Once at plus-ends, they have complex effects on polymer dynamics; kinesin-8s either destabilize or stabilize microtubules, depending on the context. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying kinesin-8-microtubule interactions and microtubule length control. We compare and contrast kinesin-8s with the other major microtubule-regulating kinesins (kinesin-4 and kinesin-13), to survey the current understanding of the diverse ways that kinesins control microtubule dynamics.
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