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Sokac AM, Biel N, De Renzis S. Membrane-actin interactions in morphogenesis: Lessons learned from Drosophila cellularization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:107-122. [PMID: 35396167 PMCID: PMC9532467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, changes in the shapes of individual cells are harnessed to mold an entire tissue. These changes in cell shapes require the coupled remodeling of the plasma membrane and underlying actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we highlight cellularization of the Drosophila embryo as a model system to uncover principles of how membrane and actin dynamics are co-regulated in space and time to drive morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Sokac
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Graduate Program in Integrative and Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Natalie Biel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Graduate Program in Integrative and Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stefano De Renzis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Rauskolb C, Han A, Kirichenko E, Ibar C, Irvine KD. Analysis of the Drosophila Ajuba LIM protein defines functions for distinct LIM domains. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269208. [PMID: 35969522 PMCID: PMC9377591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ajuba LIM protein Jub mediates regulation of Hippo signaling by cytoskeletal tension through interaction with the kinase Warts and participates in feedback regulation of junctional tension through regulation of the cytohesin Steppke. To investigate how Jub interacts with and regulates its distinct partners, we investigated the ability of Jub proteins missing different combinations of its three LIM domains to rescue jub phenotypes and to interact with α-catenin, Warts and Steppke. Multiple regions of Jub contribute to its ability to bind α-catenin and to localize to adherens junctions in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in cultured cells identified a specific requirement for LIM2 for binding to Warts. However, in vivo, both LIM1 and LIM2, but not LIM3, were required for regulation of wing growth, Yorkie activity, and Warts localization. Conversely, LIM2 and LIM3, but not LIM1, were required for regulation of cell shape and Steppke localization in vivo, and for maximal Steppke binding in co-immunoprecipitation experiments. These observations identify distinct functions for the different LIM domains of Jub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Rauskolb
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ahri Han
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Elmira Kirichenko
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Consuelo Ibar
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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The Arf-GEF Steppke promotes F-actin accumulation, cell protrusions and tissue sealing during Drosophila dorsal closure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239357. [PMID: 33186390 PMCID: PMC7665897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin Arf-GEFs promote actin polymerization and protrusions of cultured cells, whereas the Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, antagonizes actomyosin networks in several developmental contexts. To reconcile these findings, we analyzed epidermal leading edge actin networks during Drosophila embryo dorsal closure. Here, Steppke is required for F-actin of the actomyosin cable and for actin-based protrusions. steppke mutant defects in the leading edge actin networks are associated with improper sealing of the dorsal midline, but are distinguishable from effects of myosin mis-regulation. Steppke localizes to leading edge cell-cell junctions with accumulations of the F-actin regulator Enabled emanating from either side. Enabled requires Steppke for full leading edge recruitment, and genetic interaction shows the proteins cooperate for dorsal closure. Inversely, Steppke over-expression induces ectopic, actin-rich, lamellar cell protrusions, an effect dependent on the Arf-GEF activity and PH domain of Steppke, but independent of Steppke recruitment to myosin-rich AJs via its coiled-coil domain. Thus, Steppke promotes actin polymerization and cell protrusions, effects that occur in conjunction with Steppke's previously reported regulation of myosin contractility during dorsal closure.
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Zheng S, West JJ, Yu CG, Harris TJC. Arf-GEF localization and function at myosin-rich adherens junctions via coiled-coil heterodimerization with an adaptor protein. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3090-3103. [PMID: 31693432 PMCID: PMC6938242 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue dynamics require regulated interactions between adherens junctions and cytoskeletal networks. For example, myosin-rich adherens junctions recruit the cytohesin Arf-GEF Steppke, which down-regulates junctional tension and facilitates tissue stretching. We dissected this recruitment mechanism with structure–function and other analyses of Steppke and Stepping stone, an implicated adaptor protein. During Drosophila dorsal closure, Steppke’s coiled-coil domain was necessary and sufficient for junctional recruitment. Purified coiled-coil domains of Steppke and Stepping stone heterodimerized through a hydrophobic surface of the Steppke domain. This mapped surface was required for Steppke’s junctional localization and tissue regulation. Stepping stone colocalized with Steppke at junctions, and was required for junctional Steppke localization and proper tissue stretching. A second conserved region of Stepping stone was necessary and largely sufficient for junctional localization. Remarkably, this region could substitute for the Steppke coiled-coil domain for junction localization and regulation, suggesting the main role of the Steppke coiled-coil domain is linkage to the junctional targeting region of Stepping stone. Thus, coiled-coil heterodimerization with Stepping stone normally recruits Step to junctions. Intriguingly, Stepping stone’s junctional localization also seems partly dependent on Steppke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zheng
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Junior J West
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Cao Guo Yu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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5
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Rauskolb C, Cervantes E, Madere F, Irvine KD. Organization and function of tension-dependent complexes at adherens junctions. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.224063. [PMID: 30837288 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions provide attachments between neighboring epithelial cells and a physical link to the cytoskeleton, which enables them to sense and transmit forces and to initiate biomechanical signaling. Examination of the Ajuba LIM protein Jub in Drosophila embryos revealed that it is recruited to adherens junctions in tissues experiencing high levels of myosin activity, and that the pattern of Jub recruitment varies depending upon how tension is organized. In cells with high junctional myosin, Jub is recruited to puncta near intercellular vertices, which are distinct from Ena-containing puncta, but can overlap Vinc-containing puncta. We identify roles for Jub in modulating tension and cellular organization, which are shared with the cytohesin Step, and the cytohesin adapter Sstn, and show that Jub and Sstn together recruit Step to adherens junctions under tension. Our observations establish Jub as a reporter of tension experienced at adherens junctions, and identify distinct types of tension-dependent and tension-independent junctional complexes. They also identify a role for Jub in mediating a feedback loop that modulates the distribution of tension and cellular organization in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Rauskolb
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estelle Cervantes
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ferralita Madere
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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An Actomyosin-Arf-GEF Negative Feedback Loop for Tissue Elongation under Stress. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2260-2270.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee DM, Rodrigues FF, Yu CG, Swan M, Harris TJC. PH Domain-Arf G Protein Interactions Localize the Arf-GEF Steppke for Cleavage Furrow Regulation in Drosophila. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142562. [PMID: 26556630 PMCID: PMC4640550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs) to specific subcellular sites dictates where they activate small G proteins for the regulation of various cellular processes. Cytohesins are a conserved family of plasma membrane GEFs for Arf small G proteins that regulate endocytosis. Analyses of mammalian cytohesins have identified a number of recruitment mechanisms for these multi-domain proteins, but the conservation and developmental roles for these mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report how the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the Drosophila cytohesin Steppke affects its localization and activity at cleavage furrows of the early embryo. We found that the PH domain is necessary for Steppke furrow localization, and for it to regulate furrow structure. However, the PH domain was not sufficient for the localization. Next, we examined the role of conserved PH domain amino acid residues that are required for mammalian cytohesins to bind PIP3 or GTP-bound Arf G proteins. We confirmed that the Steppke PH domain preferentially binds PIP3 in vitro through a conserved mechanism. However, disruption of residues for PIP3 binding had no apparent effect on GFP-Steppke localization and effects. Rather, residues for binding to GTP-bound Arf G proteins made major contributions to this Steppke localization and activity. By analyzing GFP-tagged Arf and Arf-like small G proteins, we found that Arf1-GFP, Arf6-GFP and Arl4-GFP, but not Arf4-GFP, localized to furrows. However, analyses of embryos depleted of Arf1, Arf6 or Arl4 revealed either earlier defects than occur in embryos depleted of Steppke, or no detectable furrow defects, possibly because of redundancies, and thus it was difficult to assess how individual Arf small G proteins affect Steppke. Nonetheless, our data show that the Steppke PH domain and its conserved residues for binding to GTP-bound Arf G proteins have substantial effects on Steppke localization and activity in early Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon M. Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Cao Guo Yu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Swan
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony J. C. Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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