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Hayashi K, Sasaki K. Number of kinesins engaged in axonal cargo transport: A novel biomarker for neurological disorders. Neurosci Res 2023; 197:25-30. [PMID: 37734449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin motor proteins play crucial roles in anterograde transport of cargo vesicles in neurons, moving them along axons from the cell body towards the synaptic region. Not only the transport force and velocity of single motor protein, but also the number of kinesin molecules involved in transporting a specific cargo, is pivotal for synapse formation. This collective transport by multiple kinesins ensures stable and efficient cargo transport in neurons. Abnormal increases or decreases in the number of engaged kinesin molecules per cargo could potentially act as biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spastic paraplegia, polydactyly syndrome, and virus transport disorders. We review here a model constructed using physical measurements to quantify the number of kinesin molecules associated with their cargo, which could shed light on the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases related to axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hayashi
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Sasaki
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Hayashi K, Miyamoto MG, Niwa S. Effects of dynein inhibitor on the number of motor proteins transporting synaptic cargos. Biophys J 2021; 120:1605-1614. [PMID: 33617835 PMCID: PMC8204214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cargo transport by kinesin and dynein in hippocampal neurons was investigated by noninvasively measuring the transport force based on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Although direct physical measurements such as force measurement using optical tweezers are difficult in an intracellular environment, the noninvasive estimations enabled enumerating force-producing units (FPUs) carrying a cargo comprising the motor proteins generating force. The number of FPUs served as a barometer for stable and long-distance transport by multiple motors, which was then used to quantify the extent of damage to axonal transport by dynarrestin, a dynein inhibitor. We found that dynarrestin decreased the FPU for retrograde transport more than for anterograde transport. This result indicates the applicability of the noninvasive force measurements. In the future, these measurements may be used to quantify damage to axonal transport resulting from neuronal diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hayashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Miki G Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences and Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Budaitis BG, Jariwala S, Rao L, Yue Y, Sept D, Verhey KJ, Gennerich A. Pathogenic mutations in the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A diminish force generation and movement through allosteric mechanisms. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211720. [PMID: 33496723 PMCID: PMC7844421 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 motor KIF1A functions in neurons, where its fast and superprocessive motility facilitates long-distance transport, but little is known about its force-generating properties. Using optical tweezers, we demonstrate that KIF1A stalls at an opposing load of ~3 pN but more frequently detaches at lower forces. KIF1A rapidly reattaches to the microtubule to resume motion due to its class-specific K-loop, resulting in a unique clustering of force generation events. To test the importance of neck linker docking in KIF1A force generation, we introduced mutations linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that V8M and Y89D mutations impair neck linker docking. Indeed, both mutations dramatically reduce the force generation of KIF1A but not the motor’s ability to rapidly reattach to the microtubule. Although both mutations relieve autoinhibition of the full-length motor, the mutant motors display decreased velocities, run lengths, and landing rates and delayed cargo transport in cells. These results advance our understanding of how mutations in KIF1A can manifest in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breane G Budaitis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shashank Jariwala
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David Sept
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arne Gennerich
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
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Hayashi K, Matsumoto S, Miyamoto MG, Niwa S. Physical parameters describing neuronal cargo transport by kinesin UNC-104. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:471-482. [PMID: 31115864 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the kinesin-3 family molecular motor protein UNC-104 and its regulatory protein ARL-8. UNC-104, originally identified in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), has a primary role transporting synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs). Although in vitro single-molecule experiments have been performed to primarily investigate the kinesin motor domain, these have not addressed the in vivo reality of the existence of regulatory proteins, such as ARL-8, that control kinesin attachment to/detachment from cargo vesicles, which is essential to the overall transport efficiency of cargo vesicles. To quantitatively understand the role of the regulatory protein, we review the in vivo physical parameters of UNC-104-mediated SVP transport, including force, velocity, run length and run time, derived from wild-type and arl-8-deletion mutant C. elegans. Our future aim is to facilitate the construction of a consensus physical model to connect SVP transport with pathologies related to deficient synapse construction caused by the deficient UNC-104 regulation. We hope that the physical parameters of SVP transport summarized in this review become a useful guide for the development of such model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hayashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shiori Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miki G Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS) and Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Hasegawa S, Sagawa T, Ikeda K, Okada Y, Hayashi K. Investigation of multiple-dynein transport of melanosomes by non-invasive force measurement using fluctuation unit χ. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5099. [PMID: 30911050 PMCID: PMC6433852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles known as melanosomes disperse or aggregate in a melanophore in response to hormones. These movements are mediated by the microtubule motors kinesin-2 and cytoplasmic dynein. However, the force generation mechanism of dynein, unlike that of kinesin, is not well understood. In this study, to address this issue, we investigated the dynein-mediated aggregation of melanosomes in zebrafish melanophores. We applied the fluctuation theorem of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to estimate forces acting on melanosomes during transport by dynein, given that the energy of a system is related to its fluctuation. Our results demonstrate that multiple force-producing units cooperatively transport a single melanosome. Since the force is generated by dynein, this suggests that multiple dyneins carry a single melanosome. Cooperative transport has been reported for other organelles; thus, multiple-motor transport may be a universal mechanism for moving organelles within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Sagawa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeda
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physics, Universal Biology Institute, and the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hayashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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