1
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Pedersen RT, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303095. [PMID: 37549220 PMCID: PMC10406613 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We, therefore, propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T.A. Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E. Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Pedersen RTA, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533689. [PMID: 36993306 PMCID: PMC10055380 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation, and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than like that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We therefore propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells. Summary Pedersen, Snoberger et al. measure the force-sensitivity of the yeast endocytic the myosin-1 called Myo5 and find that it is more likely to generate power than to serve as a force-sensitive anchor in cells. Implications for Myo5's role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross TA Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Present address: Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Equal Contribution
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Equal Contribution
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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3
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Ravid Y, Penič S, Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Suetsugu S, Iglič A, Gov NS. Theoretical model of membrane protrusions driven by curved active proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1153420. [PMID: 37228585 PMCID: PMC10203436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells intrinsically change their shape, by changing the composition of their membrane and by restructuring their underlying cytoskeleton. We present here further studies and extensions of a minimal physical model, describing a closed vesicle with mobile curved membrane protein complexes. The cytoskeletal forces describe the protrusive force due to actin polymerization which is recruited to the membrane by the curved protein complexes. We characterize the phase diagrams of this model, as function of the magnitude of the active forces, nearest-neighbor protein interactions and the proteins' spontaneous curvature. It was previously shown that this model can explain the formation of lamellipodia-like flat protrusions, and here we explore the regimes where the model can also give rise to filopodia-like tubular protrusions. We extend the simulation with curved components of both convex and concave species, where we find the formation of complex ruffled clusters, as well as internalized invaginations that resemble the process of endocytosis and macropinocytosis. We alter the force model representing the cytoskeleton to simulate the effects of bundled instead of branched structure, resulting in shapes which resemble filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ravid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Samo Penič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Minatojima-minaminachi, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nir S. Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Mund M, Tschanz A, Wu YL, Frey F, Mehl JL, Kaksonen M, Avinoam O, Schwarz US, Ries J. Clathrin coats partially preassemble and subsequently bend during endocytosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213855. [PMID: 36734980 PMCID: PMC9929656 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis to take up a large range of extracellular cargo. During endocytosis, a clathrin coat forms on the plasma membrane, but it remains controversial when and how it is remodeled into a spherical vesicle. Here, we use 3D superresolution microscopy to determine the precise geometry of the clathrin coat at large numbers of endocytic sites. Through pseudo-temporal sorting, we determine the average trajectory of clathrin remodeling during endocytosis. We find that clathrin coats assemble first on flat membranes to 50% of the coat area before they become rapidly and continuously bent, and this mechanism is confirmed in three cell lines. We introduce the cooperative curvature model, which is based on positive feedback for curvature generation. It accurately describes the measured shapes and dynamics of the clathrin coat and could represent a general mechanism for clathrin coat remodeling on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mund
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Tschanz
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Candidate for Joint PhD Programme of EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Candidate for Joint PhD Programme of EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Frey
- https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johanna L. Mehl
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- https://ror.org/01swzsf04Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ori Avinoam
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,https://ror.org/0316ej306Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- https://ror.org/04rcqnp59Institute for Theoretical Physics and Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ries
- https://ror.org/03mstc592Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,Correspondence to Jonas Ries:
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5
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Lappalainen P, Kotila T, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G. Biochemical and mechanical regulation of actin dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:836-852. [PMID: 35918536 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of actin filaments against membranes produces force for numerous cellular processes, such as migration, morphogenesis, endocytosis, phagocytosis and organelle dynamics. Consequently, aberrant actin cytoskeleton dynamics are linked to various diseases, including cancer, as well as immunological and neurological disorders. Understanding how actin filaments generate forces in cells, how force production is regulated by the interplay between actin-binding proteins and how the actin-regulatory machinery responds to mechanical load are at the heart of many cellular, developmental and pathological processes. During the past few years, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling actin filament assembly and disassembly has evolved substantially. It has also become evident that the activities of key actin-binding proteins are not regulated solely by biochemical signalling pathways, as mechanical regulation is critical for these proteins. Indeed, the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are directly tuned by mechanical load. Here we discuss the general mechanisms by which key actin regulators, often in synergy with each other, control actin filament assembly, disassembly, and monomer recycling. By using an updated view of actin dynamics as a framework, we discuss how the mechanics and geometry of actin networks control actin-binding proteins, and how this translates into force production in endocytosis and mesenchymal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Kotila
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Jégou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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6
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Yang C, Colosi P, Hugelier S, Zabezhinsky D, Lakadamyali M, Svitkina T. Actin polymerization promotes invagination of flat clathrin-coated lattices in mammalian cells by pushing at lattice edges. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6127. [PMID: 36253374 PMCID: PMC9576739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) requires energy input from actin polymerization in mechanically challenging conditions. The roles of actin in CME are poorly understood due to inadequate knowledge of actin organization at clathrin-coated structures (CCSs). Using platinum replica electron microscopy of mammalian cells, we show that Arp2/3 complex-dependent branched actin networks, which often emerge from microtubule tips, assemble along the CCS perimeter, lack interaction with the apical clathrin lattice, and have barbed ends oriented toward the CCS. This structure is hardly compatible with the widely held "apical pulling" model describing actin functions in CME. Arp2/3 complex inhibition or epsin knockout produce large flat non-dynamic CCSs, which split into invaginating subdomains upon recovery from Arp2/3 inhibition. Moreover, epsin localization to CCSs depends on Arp2/3 activity. We propose an "edge pushing" model for CME, wherein branched actin polymerization promotes severing and invagination of flat CCSs in an epsin-dependent manner by pushing at the CCS boundary, thus releasing forces opposing the intrinsic curvature of clathrin lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Yang
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patricia Colosi
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Siewert Hugelier
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daniel Zabezhinsky
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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7
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Akatay AA, Wu T, Djakbarova U, Thompson C, Cocucci E, Zandi R, Rudnick J, Kural C. Endocytosis at extremes: Formation and internalization of giant clathrin-coated pits under elevated membrane tension. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:959737. [PMID: 36213118 PMCID: PMC9532848 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.959737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane constitutes the major endocytic route for receptors and their ligands. Dynamic and structural properties of endocytic clathrin coats are regulated by the mechanical properties of the plasma membrane. Here, we used conventional fluorescence imaging and multiple modes of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) to image formation of endocytic clathrin coats within live cells and tissues of developing fruit fly embryos. High resolution in both spatial and temporal domains allowed us to detect and characterize distinct classes of clathrin-coated structures. Aside from the clathrin pits and plaques detected in distinct embryonic tissues, we report, for the first time, formation of giant coated pits (GCPs) that can be up to two orders of magnitude larger than the canonical pits. In cultured cells, we show that GCP formation is induced by increased membrane tension. GCPs take longer to grow but their mechanism of curvature generation is the same as the canonical pits. We also demonstrate that GCPs split into smaller fragments during internalization. Considering the supporting roles played by actin filament dynamics under mechanically stringent conditions that slow down completion of clathrin coats, we suggest that local changes in the coat curvature driven by actin machinery can drive splitting and internalization of GCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ata Akatay
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tianyao Wu
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Umidahan Djakbarova
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cristopher Thompson
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Rudnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Comert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Comert Kural,
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8
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Jin M, Shirazinejad C, Wang B, Yan A, Schöneberg J, Upadhyayula S, Xu K, Drubin DG. Branched actin networks are organized for asymmetric force production during clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3578. [PMID: 35732852 PMCID: PMC9217951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin assembly facilitates vesicle formation in several trafficking pathways, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Interestingly, actin does not assemble at all CME sites in mammalian cells. How actin networks are organized with respect to mammalian CME sites and how assembly forces are harnessed, are not fully understood. Here, branched actin network geometry at CME sites was analyzed using three different advanced imaging approaches. When endocytic dynamics of unperturbed CME sites are compared, sites with actin assembly show a distinct signature, a delay between completion of coat expansion and vesicle scission, indicating that actin assembly occurs preferentially at stalled CME sites. In addition, N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex are recruited to one side of CME sites, where they are positioned to stimulate asymmetric actin assembly and force production. We propose that actin assembles preferentially at stalled CME sites where it pulls vesicles into the cell asymmetrically, much as a bottle opener pulls off a bottle cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cyna Shirazinejad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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