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Fang L, Jiao B, Liu X, Wang Z, Yuan P, Zhou H, Xiao X, Cao L, Guo J, Tang B, Shen L. Specific serum autoantibodies predict the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease with high accuracy. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:543-554. [PMID: 37989443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether autoantibodies in peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for AD has been elusive. Serum samples were obtained from 1,686 participants, including 767 with AD, 146 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 255 with other neurodegenerative diseases, and 518 healthy controls. Specific autoantibodies were measured using a custom-made immunoassay. Multivariate support vector machine models were employed to investigate the correlation between serum autoantibody levels and disease states. As a result, seven candidate AD-specific autoantibodies were identified, including MAPT, DNAJC8, KDM4D, SERF1A, CDKN1A, AGER, and ASXL1. A classification model with high accuracy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.94) was established. Importantly, these autoantibodies could distinguish AD from other neurodegenerative diseases and out-performed amyloid and tau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in predicting cognitive decline (P < 0.001). This study indicated that AD onset and progression are possibly accompanied by an unappreciated serum autoantibody response. Therefore, future studies could optimize its application as a convenient biomarker for the early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghong Wang
- Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqin Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Xiansai Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Lin X, Bai G, Lin L, Wu H, Cai J, Ugen KE, Cao C. Vaccination induced changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels as an early putative biomarker for cognitive improvement in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 10:2024-31. [PMID: 25424812 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pieces of experimental evidence suggest that administration of anti-β amyloid (Aβ) vaccines, passive anti-Aβ antibodies or anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce Aβ deposition as well as associated cognitive/behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease (AD) transgenic (Tg) mouse model and, as such, may have some efficacy in human AD patients as well. In the investigation reported here an Aβ 1-42 peptide vaccine was administered to 16-month old APP+PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice in which Aβ deposition, cognitive memory deficits as well as levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in response to the vaccination regimen. After vaccination, the anti-Aβ 1-42 antibody-producing mice demonstrated a significant reduction in the sera levels of 4 pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 α, and IL-12). Importantly, reductions in the cytokine levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were correlated with cognitive/behavioral improvement in the Tg mice. However, no differences in cerebral Aβ deposition in these mice were noted among the different control and experimental groups, i.e., Aβ 1-42 peptide vaccinated, control peptide vaccinated, or non-vaccinated mice. However, decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as improved cognitive performance were noted in mice vaccinated with the control peptide as well as those immunized with the Aβ 1-42 peptide. These findings suggest that reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in these mice may be utilized as an early biomarker for vaccination/treatment induced amelioration of cognitive deficits and are independent of Aβ deposition and, interestingly, antigen specific Aβ 1-42 vaccination. Since cytokine changes are typically related to T cell activation, the results imply that T cell regulation may have an important role in vaccination or other immunotherapeutic strategies in an AD mouse model and potentially in AD patients. Overall, these cytokine changes may serve as a predictive marker for AD development and progression as well as having potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lin
- a Department of Pharmacuetical Sciences College of Pharmacy; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
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Marciani DJ. Alzheimer's disease vaccine development: A new strategy focusing on immune modulation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 287:54-63. [PMID: 26439962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) vaccines effective in animal models, these prototypes have been clinically unsuccessful; apparently the result of using immunogens modified to prevent inflammation. Hence, a new paradigm is needed that uses entire AD-associated immunogens, a notion supported by recent successful passive immunotherapy results, with adjuvants that induce Th2-only while inhibiting without abrogating Th1 immunity. Here, we discuss the obstacles to AD vaccine development and Th2-adjuvants that by acting on dendritic and T cells, would elicit regardless of the antigen a safe and effective antibody response, while preventing damaging neuroinflammation and ameliorating immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 E. Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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Doubly Phosphorylated Peptide Vaccines to Protect Transgenic P301S Mice against Alzheimer's Disease Like Tau Aggregation. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:601-23. [PMID: 26344748 PMCID: PMC4494214 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques are potential targets for active and passive immunotherapies. In this study we used the transgenic mouse model P301S for active immunizations with peptide vaccines composed of a double phosphorylated tau neoepitope (pSer202/pThr205, pThr212/pSer214, pThr231/pSer235) and an immunomodulatory T cell epitope from the tetanus toxin or tuberculosis antigen Ag85B. Importantly, the designed vaccine combining Alzheimer’s disease (AD) specific B cell epitopes with foreign (bacterial) T cell epitopes induced fast immune responses with high IgG1 titers after prophylactic immunization that subsequently decreased over the observation period. The effectiveness of the immunization was surveyed by evaluating the animal behavior, as well as the pathology in the brain by biochemical and histochemical techniques. Immunized mice clearly lived longer with reduced paralysis than placebo-treated mice. Additionally, they performed significantly better in rotarod and beam walk tests at the age of 20 weeks, indicating that the disease development was slowed down. Forty-eight weeks old vaccinated mice passed the beam walk test significantly better than control animals, which together with the increased survival rates undoubtedly prove the treatment effect. In conclusion, the data provide strong evidence that active immune therapies can reduce toxic effects of deposits formed in AD.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Jiang Y. Clinical trials of amyloid-based immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: end of beginning or beginning of end? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1515-22. [PMID: 24053611 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.838555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid deposit and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein contribute to pathological changes seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and imply that removal may reverse the cognitive decline. Immunotherapy is a potential way of reducing the load of amyloid or Tau in the brain. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent clinical trials that have investigated immunotherapy to treat AD and its potential mechanisms. In addition, the potential opportunities as well as challenges of immunotherapy for AD in clinical trials are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Amyloid-based immunotherapy for AD is a novel method with potential; however, some clinical trials were terminated because of the adverse effects. Further studies need to determine the following questions: (i) which is better, passive, or active immunotherapy; (ii) which could be used for the vaccine, amyloid or Tau; (iii) which is better, short- or long-antigen vaccine; and (iv) the route of delivery for antigen or antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Department of Neurology , 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province , China +86 25 8480 1861 ; +86 25 8480 5169 ;
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