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Tuğrul B, Balcan E, Öztel Z, Çöllü F, Gürcü B. Prion protein-dependent regulation of p53-MDM2 crosstalk during endoplasmic reticulum stress and doxorubicin treatments might be essential for cell fate in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Exp Cell Res 2023:113656. [PMID: 37245583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of doxorubicin and tunicamycin treatment alone or in combination on MDM-, Cul9-and prion protein (PrP)-mediated subcellular regulation of p53 in the context of apoptosis and autophagy. MTT analysis was performed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the agents. Apoptosis was monitorized by ELISA, flow cytometry and JC-1 assay. Monodansylcadaverine assay was performed for autophagy. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to determine p53, MDM2, CUL9 and PrP levels. Doxorubicin increased p53, MDM2 and CUL9 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of p53 and MDM2 was higher at the 0.25 μM concentration of tunicamycin compared to the control, but it decreased at 0.5 μM and 1 μM concentrations. CUL9 expression was significantly decreased only after treatment of tunicamycin at 0.25 μM. According to its glycosylation status, the upper band of PrP increased only in combination treatment. In combination treatment, p53 expression was higher than control, whereas MDM2 and CUL9 expressions were decreased. Combination treatments may make MCF-7 cells more susceptible to apoptosis rather than autophagy. In conclusion, PrP may be important in determining the fate of cell death through crosstalk between proteins such as p53 and MDM2 under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Further studies are needed to obtain in-depth information on these potential molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tuğrul
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Balcan
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Zübeyde Öztel
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Çöllü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Beyhan Gürcü
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Zoology Section, 45140, Yunusemre, Manisa, Turkey.
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2
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Cellular Prion Protein Role in Cancer Biology: Is It A Potential Therapeutic Target? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112833. [PMID: 36359353 PMCID: PMC9687521 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are worldwide health concerns, whether they are sporadic or hereditary. The fundamental mechanism that causes somatic or oncogenic mutations and ultimately aids cancer development is still unknown. However, mammalian cells with protein-only somatic inheritance may also contribute to cancerous malignancies. Emerging data from a recent study show that prion-like proteins and prions (PrPC) are crucial entities that have a functional role in developing neurological disorders and cancer. Furthermore, excessive PrPC expression profiling has also been detected in non-neuronal tissues, such as the lymphoid cells, kidney, GIT, lung, muscle, and mammary glands. PrPC expression is strongly linked with the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic, prostate, colorectal, and breast malignancies. Similarly, experimental investigation presented that the PrPC expression, including the prion protein-coding gene (PRNP) and p53 ag are directly associated with tumorigenicity and metastasis (tumor suppressor gene). The ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway also confers a robust metastatic capability for PrPC-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Additionally, prions could alter the epigenetic regulation of genes and overactive the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which promotes the development of cancer in humans. Protein overexpression or suppression caused by a prion and prion-like proteins has also been linked to oncogenesis and metastasis. Meanwhile, additional studies have discovered resistance to therapeutic targets, highlighting the significance of protein expression levels as potential diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets.
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4
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Grimaldi I, Leser FS, Janeiro JM, da Rosa BG, Campanelli AC, Romão L, Lima FRS. The multiple functions of PrP C in physiological, cancer, and neurodegenerative contexts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1405-1425. [PMID: 36056255 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a highly conserved glycoprotein, present both anchored in the cell membrane and soluble in the extracellular medium. It has a diversity of ligands and is variably expressed in numerous tissues and cell subtypes, most notably in the central nervous system (CNS). Its importance has been brought to light over the years both under physiological conditions, such as embryogenesis and immune system homeostasis, and in pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. During development, PrPC plays an important role in CNS, participating in axonal growth and guidance and differentiation of glial cells, but also in other organs such as the heart, lung, and digestive system. In diseases, PrPC has been related to several types of tumors, modulating cancer stem cells, enhancing malignant properties, and inducing drug resistance. Also, in non-neoplastic diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, PrPC seems to alter the dynamics of neurotoxic aggregate formation and, consequently, the progression of the disease. In this review, we explore in detail the multiple functions of this protein, which proved to be relevant for understanding the dynamics of organism homeostasis, as well as a promising target in the treatment of both neoplastic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Grimaldi
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saceanu Leser
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Marcos Janeiro
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Gomes da Rosa
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Campanelli
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Romão
- Cell Morphogenesis Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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5
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Kim MJ, Cho YA, Kim E, Choe JY, Park JW, Lee J, Lee JW, Moon SH, Kim YS, Kim SE, Choi EK. Cellular Prion Protein Is Closely Associated with Early Recurrence and Poor Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071635. [PMID: 35885540 PMCID: PMC9316639 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is known to play a role in cancer proliferation and metastasis. However, the role of PrPC expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. This study investigated whether overexpression of PrPC affects recurrence after surgical resection and survival in HCC. A total of 110 HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection were included. They were followed up for a median of 42 months (range 1–213 months) after hepatectomy. The relationships between PrPC expression and the HCC histologic features, recurrence of HCC following surgical resection, and survival of the patients were examined. Seventy-one cases (64.5%) of HCC demonstrated higher expression of PrPC. The expression of PrPC was only correlated with diabetes mellitus. There was no association between PrPC expression and age, sex, hypertension, hepatitis B virus positivity, alcohol consumption, Child–Pugh class, major portal vein invasion, serum alpha-fetoprotein, and HCC size or number. The 1-year recurrence rates in patients with higher PrPC expression were higher than those with lower PrPC expression. The cumulative survival rates of patients with higher PrPC expression were significantly shorter than those of patients with lower PrPC expression. In conclusion, PrPC expression is closely associated with early recurrence and poor survival of HCC patients following surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Jong Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chunchoen 24252, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ah Cho
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea; (E.K.); (J.-W.P.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Ji-Young Choe
- Anatomic Pathology Reference Lab, Seegene Medical Foundation, Suwon 16580, Korea;
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea; (E.K.); (J.-W.P.); (S.-H.M.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Junyong Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Korea;
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea; (E.K.); (J.-W.P.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea; (E.K.); (J.-W.P.); (S.-H.M.)
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (E.-K.C.)
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School, Hallym University, Chunchoen 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (E.-K.C.)
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6
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Ding M, Chen Y, Lang Y, Cui L. The Role of Cellular Prion Protein in Cancer Biology: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:742949. [PMID: 34595121 PMCID: PMC8476782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.742949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein has two isoforms including cellular prion protein (PrPC) and scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc is the pathological aggregated form of prion protein and it plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. PrPC is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that can attach to a membrane. Its expression begins at embryogenesis and reaches the highest level in adulthood. PrPC is expressed in the neurons of the nervous system as well as other peripheral organs. Studies in recent years have disclosed the involvement of PrPC in various aspects of cancer biology. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the roles of PrPC in proliferation, cell survival, invasion/metastasis, and stem cells of cancer cells, as well as its role as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiu Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Bing T, Wang J, Shen L, Liu X, Shangguan D. Prion Protein Targeted by a Prostate Cancer Cell Binding Aptamer, a Potential Tumor Marker? ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2658-2665. [PMID: 35025400 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-SELEX is an effective strategy to discover aptamers that can distinguish the molecular signatures of target cells from control cells. The molecular targets of such aptamers have the potential to be biomarkers. Here, we report target identification of aptamer wy-5a generated by cell-SELEX against a prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. This aptamer specifically binds PC-3 cells and a doxorubicin-resistant breast cell line, MCF-7R, as well as tissue sections of prostate cancer with high risk of metastasis. Prion protein was identified to be the molecular target of wy-5a by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomic method. The octapeptide repeat region of prion protein was demonstrated to be the binding site of aptamer wy-5a. The expression levels of prion protein in cancer tissues were further tested by immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections from 48 prostate cancer patients and 98 breast cancer patients. The results suggest that prion protein has the potential to be one of the referenced markers of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Bing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luyao Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dihua Shangguan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Luo Q, Wang Y, Fan D, Wang S, Wang P, An J. Prion Protein Expression is Correlated with Glioma Grades. Virol Sin 2020; 35:490-493. [PMID: 32236816 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Luo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yisong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100093, China.
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9
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Kong C, Xie H, Gao Z, Shao M, Li H, Shi R, Cai L, Gao S, Sun T, Li C. Binding between Prion Protein and Aβ Oligomers Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Virol Sin 2019; 34:475-488. [PMID: 31093882 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of evidence suggests that protein misfolding and aggregation are underlying mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Like prion diseases, AD has been considered as an infectious disease in the past decades as it shows strain specificity and transmission potential. Although it remains elusive how protein aggregation leads to AD, it is becoming clear that cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. Here, we briefly reviewed AD pathogenesis and focused on recent progresses how PrPC contributed to AD development. In addition, we proposed a potential mechanism to explain why infectious agents, such as viruses, conduce AD pathogenesis. Microbe infections cause Aβ deposition and upregulation of PrPC, which lead to high affinity binding between Aβ oligomers and PrPC. The interaction between PrPC and Aβ oligomers in turn activates the Fyn signaling cascade, resulting in neuron death in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, silencing PrPC expression may turn out be an effective treatment for PrPC dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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10
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Gao Z, Peng M, Chen L, Yang X, Li H, Shi R, Wu G, Cai L, Song Q, Li C. Prion Protein Protects Cancer Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Apoptosis. Virol Sin 2019; 34:222-234. [PMID: 31020572 PMCID: PMC6513834 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive reaction for cells to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In many types of cancers, such as lung cancer and pancreatic cancer, cancer cells may harness ER stress to facilitate their survival and growth. Prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylated cell surface protein that has been shown to be up-regulated in many cancer cells. Since PrP is a protein prone to misfolding, ER stress can result in under-glycosylated PrP, which in turn may activate ER stress. To assess whether ER stress leads to the production of under-glycosylated PrP and whether under-glycosylated PrP may contribute to ER stress thus leading to cancer cell apoptosis, we treated different cancer cells with brefeldin A (BFA), thapsigargin (Thps), and tunicamycin (TM). We found that although BFA, Thps, and TM treatment activated UPR, only ATF4 was consistently activated by these reagents, but not other branches of ER stress. However, the canonical PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 did not account for the observed activation of ATF4 in lung cancer cells. In addition, BFA, but neither Thps nor TM, significantly stimulated the expression of cytosolic PrP. Finally, we found that the levels of PrP contributed to anti-apoptosis activity of BFA-induced cancer cell death. Thus, the pathway of BFA-induced persistent ER stress may be targeted for lung and pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lili Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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11
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Zhang TL, Wan XR, Wu R, Wang C. Effects of PrP C on DF-1 cells' biological processes and RNA-seq-based analysis of differential genes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6671-6682. [PMID: 29319183 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the effects of PrPC on cells' biological processes and on gene expression. We established stable DF-1 (PrPC -knockdown (KD)) cells, and combined with DF-1 (wt) and DF-1 (PrPC -overexpression (OE)) cells that we previously established we studied the effects of chicken PrPC (PrPC ) on DF-1 cells' processes. Then by using high throughput sequencing technology (HTS) and bioinformatics, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these cells. The results show that compared with DF-1 (wt) and DF-1 (PrPC -scramble), DF-1 (PrPC -KD) are significantly decreased in adhesion, proliferation, formation rate of colony and cells number of colony, scratch wound healing rate, cells number of invasion and migration, S phase cell populations, but the apoptosis rate and G1 phase cell populations are significantly increased. Conversely, all of these features in DF-1 (PrPC -OE) are opposite. In addition, compared with DF-1 (wt), we found that there are totally 1055 DE genes between DF-1 (PrPC -KD) and DF-1 (PrPC -OE) cells. After Go and pathway enrichment analysis, we know that these DEGs are significantly enriched in cell, cell part, cellular process, and metabolic pathway. In short, we found that PrPC can promote DF-1 cells' processes except apoptosis. Furthermore, PrPC involves in the focal adhesion, cancer, ribosome, metabolic pathways, and so forth, and the overexpression of PrPC can promote the pathway of amoebiasis, but its down-regulation can promote the pathway of serotonergic synapse. However, the details are keeping unknown and that would be our next research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Liang Zhang
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wan
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Run Wu
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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12
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Lee JH, Yun CW, Lee SH. Cellular Prion Protein Enhances Drug Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells via Regulation of a Survival Signal Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:313-321. [PMID: 28822989 PMCID: PMC5933899 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer drug resistance is a major problem in colorectal cancer (CRC) research. Although several studies have revealed the mechanism of cancer drug resistance, molecular targets for chemotherapeutic combinations remain elusive. To address this issue, we focused on the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. In 5-FU-resistant CRC cells, PrPC expression is significantly increased, compared with that in normal CRC cells. In the presence of 5-FU, PrPC increased CRC cell survival and proliferation by maintaining the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins, including cyclin E, CDK2, cyclin D1, and CDK4. In addition, PrPC inhibited the activation of the stress-associated proteins p38, JNK, and p53. Moreover, after treatment of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells with 5-FU, silencing of PrPC triggered apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3. These results indicate that PrPC plays a key role in CRC drug resistance. The novel strategy of combining chemotherapy with PrPC targeting may yield efficacious treatments of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Bioscience, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31151, Republic of Korea
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Zhang H, Gao S, Pei R, Chen X, Li C. Hepatitis C virus-induced prion protein expression facilitates hepatitis C virus replication. Virol Sin 2017; 32:503-510. [PMID: 29076011 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 180 million people worldwide. Significant progress has been made since the establishment of in vitro HCV infection models in cells. However, the replication of HCV is complex and not completely understood. Here, we found that the expression of host prion protein (PrP) was induced in an HCV replication cell model. We then showed that increased PrP expression facilitated HCV genomic replication. Finally, we demonstrated that the KKRPK motif on the N-terminus of PrP bound nucleic acids and facilitated HCV genomic replication. Our results provided important insights into how viruses may harness cellular protein to achieve propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Center for Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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14
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Ramljak S, Herlyn H, Zerr I. Cellular Prion Protein (PrP c) and Hypoxia: True to Each Other in Good Times and in Bad, in Sickness, and in Health. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:292. [PMID: 28066187 PMCID: PMC5165248 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) and hypoxia appear to be tightly intertwined. Beneficial effects of PrPc on neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions such as focal cerebral ischemia are strongly supported. Conversely, increasing evidence indicates detrimental effects of increased PrPc expression on cancer progression, another condition accompanied by low oxygen tensions. A switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism characterizes both conditions. A cellular process that might unite both is glycolysis. Putative role of PrPc in stimulation of glycolysis in times of need is indeed thought provoking. A significance of astrocytic PrPc expression for neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions and possible association of PrPc with the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle is considered. We posit PrPc-induced lactate production via transactivation of lactate dehydrogenase A by hypoxia inducible factor 1α as an important factor for survival of both neurons and tumor cells in hypoxic microenvironment. Concomitantly, we discuss a cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in executing PrPc-induced activation of glycolysis. Finally, we would like to emphasize that we see a great potential in joining expertise from both fields, neuroscience and cancer research in revealing the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-related pathologies. PrPc may prove focal point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Tang Z, Ma J, Zhang W, Gong C, He J, Wang Y, Yu G, Yuan C, Wang X, Sun Y, Ma J, Liu F, Zhao Y. The Role of Prion Protein Expression in Predicting Gastric Cancer Prognosis. J Cancer 2016; 7:984-90. [PMID: 27313789 PMCID: PMC4910591 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports indicated that prion protein (PrP) is involved in gastric cancer (GC) development and progression, but its role in GC prognosis has been poorly characterized. A total of 480 GC patients were recruited in this retrospective study. PrP expression in cancerous and non-cancerous gastric tissues was detected by using the tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining techniques. Our results showed that the PrP expression in GC was significantly less frequent than that in the non-cancerous gastric tissue (44.4% vs 66.4%, P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed that PrP expression was associated with TNM stage, survival status and survival time. GC patients with higher TNM stages (stages II, III and IV) had significantly lower PrP expression levels in tumors than those with lower TNM stages (stages 0 and I). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that negative PrP expression was associated with poor overall survival (log-rank test: P < 0.001). The mean survival time for patients with negative PrP expression was significant lower than those with positive PrP expression (43.0±28.5m vs. 53.9±31.1m, P<0.001). In multivariate Cox hazard regression, PrP expression was an independent prognostic factor for GC survival, with a HR (hazard ratio) of 0.687 (95%CI:0.520-0.907, P=0.008). Our results revealed that negative PrP expression could independently predict worse outcome in GC and thereby could be used to guide the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Tang
- 1. Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ji Ma
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China;; 5. Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changguo Gong
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China;; 3. Department of Physiology, Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Yu
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chonggang Yuan
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- 1. Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Sun
- 1. Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiyan Ma
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China;; 4. Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Fenglin Liu
- 1. Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- 2. School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Yang L, Gao Z, Hu L, Wu G, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Wong BS, Xin W, Sy MS, Li C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Modification Machinery Deficiency Is Responsible for the Formation of Pro-Prion Protein (PrP) in BxPC-3 Protein and Increases Cancer Cell Motility. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3905-17. [PMID: 26683373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as BxPC-3, PrP exists as a pro-PrP retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) peptide signaling sequence. Here, we report the identification of another pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, AsPC-1, which expresses a mature GPI-anchored PrP. Comparison of the 24 genes involved in the GPI anchor modification pathway between AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 revealed 15 of the 24 genes, including PGAP1 and PIG-F, were down-regulated in the latter cells. We also identified six missense mutations in DPM2, PIG-C, PIG-N, and PIG-P alongside eight silent mutations. When BxPC-3 cells were fused with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous PrP, pro-PrP was successfully converted into mature GPI-anchored PrP. Expression of the individual gene, such as PGAP1, PIG-F, or PIG-C, into BxPC-3 cells does not result in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C sensitivity of PrP. However, when PIG-F but not PIG-P is expressed in PGAP1-expressing BxPC-3 cells, PrP on the surface of the cells becomes phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-sensitive. Thus, low expression of PIG-F and PGAP1 is the major factor contributing to the accumulation of pro-PrP. More importantly, BxPC-3 cells expressing GPI-anchored PrP migrate much slower than BxPC-3 cells bearing pro-PrP. In addition, GPI-anchored PrP-bearing AsPC-1 cells also migrate slower than pro-PrP bearing BxPC-3 cells, although both cells express filamin A. "Knocking out" PRNP in BxPC-3 cell drastically reduces its migration. Collectively, these results show that multiple gene irregularity in BxPC-3 cells is responsible for the formation of pro-PrP, and binding of pro-PrP to filamin A contributes to enhanced tumor cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- the Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- the Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Chaoyang Li
- the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
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17
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Cellular prion protein contributes to LS 174T colon cancer cell carcinogenesis by increasing invasiveness and resistance against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8107-20. [PMID: 25983001 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been implicated in carcinogenesis, we aimed to investigate the effects of cancer cell-specific PrP(C) overexpression from the invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis aspects, by performing cell motility assays, cell proliferation assays under anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent conditions, and apoptosis evasion when subjected to multiple anti-cancer drugs. Overexpression of PrP(C) in LS 174T was achieved by stable transfection. PrP(C) overexpression was shown to increase cell proliferation in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent manners, as shown by more viable cells in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, more colonies formed in soft agar assay and increased resistance to anoikis in poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-coated surface. PrP(C) overexpression also increased cell motility and invasiveness of LS 174T. Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix using collagen- and fibronectin-coated surfaces revealed increased cell attachment in LS 174T cells overexpressing PrP(C). Analysis of apoptotic and necrotic cells by propidium iodide/annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate microscopy and 7-amino-actinomycin D/annexin V-phycoerythrin flow cytometry revealed that PrP(C) overexpression attenuated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Human apoptosis antibody array with 35 apoptosis-related proteins revealed that three inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs)-survivin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (cIAP-1)-were upregulated in LS 174T cells overexpressing PrP(C) in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the overexpression of PrP(C) could enhance the invasiveness and survival of LS 174T colorectal cancer cells, indicating that PrP(C) plays a role in colorectal cancer biology.
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18
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Hu L, Zhu Y, Sy MS, Li C. A panel of monoclonal antibodies against the prion protein proves that there is no prion protein in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Virol Sin 2014; 29:228-36. [PMID: 25160758 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are fatal. The study of these unique diseases in China is hampered by a lack of resources. Amongst the most important resources for biological study are monoclonal antibodies. Here, we characterize a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for cellular prion protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. We identify several antibodies that can be used for specific applications and we demonstrate that there is no prion protein expression in human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Department of Molecular Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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