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Cao B, Shao X, Xiao Y, McIntyre RS, Teopiz KM, Li R, Fan L, Chen H. Potential biopsychosocial factors mediating/moderating the relationship between depressive symptoms and body size among children and adolescents: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13645. [PMID: 37814428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression and obesity in the pediatric population has increased along with multiple adverse health outcomes in later life. However, the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional relationship between obesity and depression have not yet been clarified. We aim to systematically summarize the literature reporting on mediational or moderational biopsychosocial factors in the relationship between depression and body size among children and adolescents. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PsychArticles) were systematically searched from inception until December 23, 2021, and subsequently updated until June 9, 2023. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022301475). A total of 36 unique records reporting 152,513 children and adolescents meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. The results indicate that disparate psychological variables (e.g., body image, victimization and bullying, eating disorders, and sleep problems) may mediate the bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and body size. Moreover, the mediational/moderational effect of biological factors has not been well established. The moderational effect of social factors was inconsistently reported. Future research should aim to identify and characterize factors that may impact the bidirectional relationship between depression and obesity to inform prevention intervention strategies for affected children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yefei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla M Teopiz
- Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
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2
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Li S, Nor NM, Kaliappan SR. Long-term effects of child nutritional status on the accumulation of health human capital. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101533. [PMID: 37916186 PMCID: PMC10616551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the impact of childhood nutrition on adult health and human capital has been extensively studied in developed countries, but research in China on this topic is limited. Nowadays, for children's nutritional status, while significant progress has been made in addressing childhood undernutrition in China, regional disparities persist, conversely, the prevalence of childhood overweight continues to rise. For adults' health human capital, the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases among Chinese residents is gradually increasing, over 50% of Chinese residents are overweight or obese, with obesity being one of the risk factors for other chronic diseases. Therefore, this study uses national representative data from 1991 to 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), matched with individual information from their childhood, to examine the relationship between childhood nutrition and adult health human capital. Based on the two-way fixed effects models and logit models, the study finds that childhood nutrition status measured by height-for-age z score (HAZ) significantly and continuously has been influencing adult health human capital measured by height, BMI, self-rated health (SRH), whether have been sick in last four weeks (SH). BMI-for-age z score (BMIZ) significantly and continuously influence adult health human capital measured by BMI, blood pressure, and perceived stress (PS). Among that, this study places special emphasis on the long-lasting effects of late childhood and adolescence (ages exceeding 6) on the progressive height accumulation and sustained presence of elevated blood pressure. In conclusion, reducing childhood overweight and promoting linear growth and development throughout the whole childhood can reduce the future burden of disease on the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Li
- School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norashidah Mohamed Nor
- School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shivee Ranjanee Kaliappan
- School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Gallagher C, Waidyatillake N, Pirkis J, Lambert K, Cassim R, Dharmage S, Erbas B. The long-term effects of childhood adiposity on depression and anxiety in adulthood: A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2218-2228. [PMID: 37555243 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to evaluate the association between childhood adiposity and depression and anxiety risk in adulthood. METHODS MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched on June 6, 2022, to identify studies that investigated the association between childhood weight status (age ≤18 years) and outcomes of depression and/or anxiety in adulthood (age ≥19 years). Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and results were narratively synthesized. RESULTS Sixteen studies were eligible for inclusion, with heterogeneity in methods and follow-up durations complicating comparisons. Six out of eight studies found a statistically significant association between childhood adiposity and increased likelihood of depression in adulthood, particularly in females. However, overall evidence was of moderate quality and study limitations prevented causal conclusions. In contrast, limited evidence and mixed findings were reported for the associations between childhood adiposity and depressive symptom severity or anxiety outcomes in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that childhood adiposity is associated with greater vulnerability to depression in adulthood, particularly in females. However, further research is warranted to address the limitations discussed. Future research should also explore how changes in weight status from childhood to adulthood might differentially influence the likelihood of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gallagher
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nilakshi Waidyatillake
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina Lambert
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raisa Cassim
- Department of Health, Tasmanian Government, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shyamali Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health Research, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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Park MJ, Yoo J, Han K, Shin DW, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Jeon HJ. High body weight variability is associated with increased risk of depression: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3719-3727. [PMID: 35257654 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172200040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body weight variability (BWV) negatively affects the incidence and outcomes of various diseases, but the nature of the association between BWV and depression remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that BWV is associated with the risk of new-onset depression. METHODS Data from a nationwide population-based cohort in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database were analyzed for 6 598 570 adults with no history of depression and reports of at least three health examinations. BWV was estimated using variability independent of the mean indices and divided into quartiles (Q1 lowest, Q4 highest BWV). Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess the risk of depression according to the quartile of BWV. RESULTS The incident rate for depression from Q1 to Q4 of BWV was 20.7, 20.3, 20.8, and 22.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively. BWV, especially high BWV, was associated with an increased risk of depression after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The hazard ratio (HR) of new-onset depression was highest in Q4 relative to Q1 in the total population (HR 1.12, p < 0.0001) and was higher in women than in men (HR 1.72 v. 1.16, p < 0.0001). In stratified analyses, regardless of obesity or weight change status at baseline, the risk of depression was increased when bodyweight fluctuated highly during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS High BWV was associated with an increased risk of depression. Further studies need to evaluate the role of high BWV with respect to the onset of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Yoo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Medical Device Management & Research, and Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Gallagher C, Waidyatillake N, Pirkis J, Lambert K, Cassim R, Dharmage S, Erbas B. The effects of weight change from childhood to adulthood on depression and anxiety risk in adulthood: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023:e13566. [PMID: 37062534 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to evaluate the effects of weight change from childhood to adulthood on depression and/or anxiety risk in adulthood. We systematically searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus for longitudinal studies assessing changes in weight status between childhood (≤18 years) and adulthood (≥19 years) in association with outcomes of depression and/or anxiety in adulthood. Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and data were narratively synthesized. Seventeen articles met our inclusion criteria: 13 evaluated outcomes of depression, one evaluated outcomes of anxiety, and five evaluated composite measures of depression and anxiety. Evidence was most consistent regarding outcomes of depression, with most finding that persistent and/or increasing adiposity from childhood to adulthood is associated with an increased risk of depression, particularly in women. However, heterogeneity and limitations in the evidence preclude definitive conclusions and inconsistent findings were reported in the few studies that assessed anxiety and composite outcomes. Overall, it appears that early intervention to both prevent or resolve excess weight may aid in reducing the burden of depression, along with mental health support targeting adolescents with persistent and/or increasing adiposity. However, further high-quality research is needed to address the methodological limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gallagher
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nilakshi Waidyatillake
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Education, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina Lambert
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raisa Cassim
- Department of Health, Tasmanian Government, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shyamali Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Raeside R, Spielman K, Maguire S, Mihrshahi S, Steinbeck K, Kang M, Laranjo L, Hyun K, Redfern J, Partridge SR. A healthy lifestyle text message intervention for adolescents: protocol for the Health4Me randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1805. [PMID: 36138375 PMCID: PMC9503214 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence presents a window of opportunity to establish good nutrition and physical activity behaviours to carry throughout the life course. Adolescents are at risk of developing cardiovascular and other chronic diseases due to poor the complex interplay of physical and mental health lifestyle risk factors. Text messaging is adolescents main form of everyday communication and text message programs offer a potential solution for support and improvement of lifestyle health behaviours. The primary aim of this study is to determine effectiveness of the Health4Me text message program to improve adolescent's physical activity or nutrition behaviours among adolescents over 6-months, compared to usual care. METHODS Health4Me is a virtual, two-arm, single-blind randomised controlled trial, delivering a 6-month healthy lifestyle text message program with optional health counselling. Recruitment will be through digital advertising and primary care services. In total, 330 adolescents will be randomised 1:1 to intervention or control (usual care) groups. The intervention group will receive 4-5 text messages per week for 6-months. All text messages have been co-designed with adolescents. Messages promote a healthy lifestyle by providing practical information, health tips, motivation and support for behaviour change for physical activity, nutrition, mental health, body image, popular digital media and climate and planetary health. Virtual assessments will occur at baseline and 6-months assessing physical health (physical activity, nutrition, body mass index, sleep), mental health (quality of life, self-efficacy, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, eating disorder risk) and lifestyle outcomes (food insecurity and eHealth literacy). DISCUSSION This study will determine the effectiveness of a 6-month healthy lifestyle text message intervention to improve physical activity and nutrition outcomes in adolescents. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12622000949785 , Date registered: 05/07/2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Raeside
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karen Spielman
- InsideOut Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Maguire
- InsideOut Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seema Mihrshahi
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Kang
- General Practice Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liliana Laranjo
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Western Sydney Primary Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karice Hyun
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie Redfern
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Partridge
- Engagement and Co-Design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Ryan D, Holmes M, Ensaff H. Adolescents' dietary behaviour: The interplay between home and school food environments. Appetite 2022; 175:106056. [PMID: 35447162 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the UK, school food standards have looked to improve the nutritional profile of school food provision and the choices made; however, adolescents' choices tend to bias towards micronutrient poor and energy dense options. This study aimed to explore how adolescents make their school food choices, along with how they engage with their environments whilst selecting food. Seven focus group interviews took place with adolescents (n = 28; 13-14 years) in a secondary school in Northern England. Discussions with participants were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Six themes emerged from the data: (1) parents' and adolescents' roles in the home food environment, (2) burgeoning food autonomy, (3) school food choice factors, (4) social aspects of school food, (5) home versus school, (6) food knowledge & beliefs. Adolescents identified two distinct environments during the focus group discussions: the home and school environments. Adolescents juxtaposed the two, in terms of food provision, food choices, rules and customs surrounding food choice. This juxtaposition emerged as an indirect but important influence on adolescents' school food choices. The school and home environments both (in)directly influence adolescents' school food choices, which involve an integration of multiple, often conflicting influences. Adolescents may adopt a number of unhelpful dietary rationalisations as they try to manage and reconcile these influences. Consultation, together with consideration of relevant food choice models, is required to identify opportunities to influence adolescents' food choices at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan
- Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - M Holmes
- Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - H Ensaff
- Nutritional Sciences and Epidemiology, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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8
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Doi S, Isumi A, Fujiwara T. Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences Including Low Household Income and Peer Isolation With Obesity Among Japanese Adolescents: Results From A-CHILD Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:754765. [PMID: 35480585 PMCID: PMC9037323 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.754765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experience (ACE) is a major risk factor for obesity in both adults and adolescents. Although, arguably, peer isolation and low household income could be conceived as of ACEs, few studies have included these experiences as ACEs. Objectives This study aims to examine whether ACEs, including peer isolation and low household income, are associated with obesity in adolescents. Methods We used pooled data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study in 2016 and 2018, which is a school-based cross-sectional study in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan, N = 6,946, 4th (9–10 years old), 6th (11–12 years old), and 8th (13–14 years old) grades. Among the eight items of ACEs, adolescents assessed one item, including peer isolation, and their caregivers assessed seven other items using questionnaires. The adolescents' body mass index (BMI) was measured in school health checkups and calculated to fit the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to investigate the association of the cumulative ACEs and each type of ACE with BMI, in which the study was conducted in 2020. Results The number of ACEs was not associated with overweight or obesity among adolescents after adjusting for covariates. As for each type of ACE, single parenthood and low household income showed a significant independent association with obesity. Conclusions The number of ACEs was not associated with overweight or obesity in Japanese adolescents, while single parenthood and low household income showed a significant positive association with obesity. Further longitudinal studies are needed to replicate this association among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Doi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Isumi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Boczar D, Avila FR, Carter RE, Moore PA, Giardi D, Guliyeva G, Bruce CJ, McLeod CJ, Forte AJ. Using Facial Recognition Tools for Health Assessment. Plast Surg Nurs 2021; 41:232-236. [PMID: 34871291 DOI: 10.1097/psn.0000000000000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of applications for facial recognition technology is increasing due to the improvement in image quality, artificial intelligence, and computer processing power that has occurred during the last decades. Algorithms can be used to convert facial anthropometric landmarks into a computer representation, which can be used to help identify nonverbal information about an individual's health status. This article discusses the potential ways a facial recognition tool can perform a health assessment. Because facial attributes may be considered biometric data, clinicians should be informed about the clinical, ethical, and legal issues associated with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boczar
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Francisco R Avila
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Pamela A Moore
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Davide Giardi
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gunel Guliyeva
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Charles J Bruce
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Christopher J McLeod
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Antonio Jorge Forte
- Daniel Boczar, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Francisco R. Avila, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Rickey E. Carter, PhD, is a consultant at the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Pamela A. Moore, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC, is a plastic surgical nurse at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Davide Giardi, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Gunel Guliyeva, MD, is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Charles J. Bruce MD, is the Chair of the Transformation Innovation Digital, Platform Workstream at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Christopher J. McLeod, PhD, MBChB, is an associate professor of medicine and a consultant at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
- Antonio Jorge Forte, MD, PhD, is an associate professor of plastic surgery at the Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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Abstract
The number of applications for facial recognition technology is increasing due to the improvement in image quality, artificial intelligence, and computer processing power that has occurred during the last decades. Algorithms can be used to convert facial anthropometric landmarks into a computer representation, which can be used to help identify nonverbal information about an individual's health status. This article discusses the potential ways a facial recognition tool can perform a health assessment. Because facial attributes may be considered biometric data, clinicians should be informed about the clinical, ethical, and legal issues associated with its use.
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Gibson-Smith D, Halldorsson TI, Bot M, Brouwer IA, Visser M, Thorsdottir I, Birgisdottir BE, Gudnason V, Eiriksdottir G, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Gunnarsdottir I. Childhood overweight and obesity and the risk of depression across the lifespan. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:25. [PMID: 31964368 PMCID: PMC6971945 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been longitudinally associated with depression but only few studies take a life course approach. This longitudinal study investigates whether being overweight or obese at age 8 and 13 years is associated with depressive symptoms more than 60 years later and whether this association is independent of late-life body mass index (BMI). We also investigated the association of being overweight/obese at age 8 or 13 years with ever having major depressive disorder (lifetime MDD). METHOD This analysis is based on a sub-sample of 889 AGES-Reykjavik participants with measured BMI data from early life. Late-life depressive symptoms were measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and lifetime MDD was assessed at late-life using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relationships between BMI (continuous and categorical) at age 8 or 13 years, and late-life depressive symptoms (measured as GDS ≥ 5) or lifetime MDD, adjusted for sex, education, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol use. In a separate model, additional adjustments were made for late-life BMI. RESULTS One hundred and one subjects (11%) had depressive symptoms at late-life (GDS ≥ 5), and 39 subjects (4.4%) had lifetime MDD. Being overweight or obese at age 8 or 13 years was not associated with higher depressive symptoms during late-life, irrespective of late-life BMI. Being overweight or obese at age 8 years, but not age 13 years was associated with an increased risk of lifetime MDD (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for age 8 = 4.03[1.16-13.96]P = 0.03 and age 13 = 2.65[0.69-10.26] P = 0.16, respectively). CONCLUSION Being overweight in childhood was associated with increased odds of lifetime MDD, although the magnitude of the risk is uncertain given the small numbers of participants with lifetime MDD. No clear association was observed between childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity and late-life depressive symptoms irrespective of late life BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorhallur I. Halldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut, 5, Artillerivej, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mariska Bot
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg A. Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bryndis E. Birgisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-9205 USA
| | - Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
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12
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Sahle BW, Breslin M, Sanderson K, Patton G, Dwyer T, Venn A, Gall S. Association between depression, anxiety and weight change in young adults. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:398. [PMID: 31842829 PMCID: PMC6916239 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether there are bi-directional associations between anxiety and mood disorders and body mass index (BMI) in a cohort of young adults. METHODS We analysed data from the 2004-2006 (baseline) and 2009-2011 (follow-up) waves of the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study. Lifetime DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders were retrospectively diagnosed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Potential mediators were individually added to the base models to assess their potential role as a mediator of the associations. RESULTS In males, presence of mood disorder history at baseline was positively associated with BMI gain (β = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.14-1.40), but baseline BMI was not associated with subsequent risk of mood disorder. Further adjustment for covariates, including dietary pattern, physical activity, and smoking reduced the coefficient (β) to 0.70 (95% CI: 0.01-1.39), suggesting that the increase in BMI was partly mediated by these factors. In females, presence of mood disorder history at baseline was not associated with subsequent weight gain, however, BMI at baseline was associated with higher risk of episode of mood disorder (RR per kg/m2: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.08), which was strengthened (RR per kg/m2 = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00-1.15) after additional adjustment in the full model. There was no significant association between anxiety and change in BMI and vice-versa. CONCLUSION The results do not suggest bidirectional associations between anxiety and mood disorders, and change in BMI. Interventions promoting healthy lifestyle could contribute to reducing increase in BMI associated with mood disorder in males, and excess risk of mood disorder associated with BMI in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhe W. Sahle
- 0000 0004 1936 826Xgrid.1009.8Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- 0000 0004 1936 826Xgrid.1009.8Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Kristy Sanderson
- 0000 0004 1936 826Xgrid.1009.8Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia ,0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - George Patton
- 0000 0000 9442 535Xgrid.1058.cCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- 0000 0004 1936 826Xgrid.1009.8Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia ,0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5George Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Venn
- 0000 0004 1936 826Xgrid.1009.8Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Seana Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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de Jager S, Coetzee N, Coetzee V. Facial Adiposity, Attractiveness, and Health: A Review. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2562. [PMID: 30622491 PMCID: PMC6308207 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between facial cues and perceptions of health and attractiveness in others plays an influential role in our social interactions and mating behaviors. Several facial cues have historically been investigated in this regard, with facial adiposity being the newest addition. Evidence is mounting that a robust link exists between facial adiposity and attractiveness, as well as perceived health. Facial adiposity has also been linked to various health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, blood pressure, immune function, diabetes, arthritis, oxidative stress, hormones, and mental health. Though recent advances in the analysis of facial morphology has led to significant strides in the description and quantification of facial cues, it is becoming increasingly clear that there is a great deal of nuance in the way that humans use and integrate facial cues to form coherent social or health judgments of others. This paper serves as a review of the current literature on the relationship between facial adiposity, attractiveness, and health. A key component in utilizing facial adiposity as a cue to health and attractiveness perceptions is that people need to be able to estimate body mass from facial cues. To estimate the strength of the relationship between perceived facial adiposity and body mass, a meta-analysis was conducted on studies that quantified the relationship between perceived facial adiposity and BMI/percentage body fat. Summary effect size estimates indicate that participants could reliably estimate BMI from facial cues alone (r = 0.71, n = 458).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan de Jager
- Department of Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicoleen Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinet Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Pearce AL, Leonhardt CA, Vaidya CJ. Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Child Obes 2018; 14:265-279. [PMID: 29874102 PMCID: PMC7141423 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of pediatric obesity on executive function and reward-related decision-making, cognitive processes that are relevant to obesogenic behaviors, and evaluated their association with sample (e.g., age, gender, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, SES) and study/task (e.g., categorical/continuous variable, food stimuli) characteristics. METHODS A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g effect sizes of published studies from 1960 to 2016, limited to children younger than the age of 21 years without medical comorbidities. Analysis included estimation of heterogeneity (τ2), publication bias (funnel-plot symmetry and fail-safe N), and sensitivity analyses for sample and study/task characteristics. RESULTS Across 68 studies with 70 samples, obesity was associated with worse functioning overall (-0.24; 95CI: -0.30 to -0.19; p < 0.001) and for each component process (attention, switching, inhibition, interference, working memory, reward, delay of gratification: -0.19 to -0.38; p's < 0.017), except trait impulsivity (-0.06; 95CI: -0.18 to 0.07). Deficits increased with age and female composition of the sample for inhibition (p = 0.002). No other characteristics moderated effect of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Small-to-moderate negative associations with obesity were observed for executive and reward-related performance, but not on reported impulsivity in studies with children younger than the age of 21 years. These results were not moderated by IQ, SES, and study/task characteristics. Age and gender moderated association with inhibition, with a larger obesity-related deficit in older and predominantly female samples. These results suggest cognitive and demographic intervention targets for prevention and mitigation of obesogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC
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