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Fitzhugh VA. Cytopathology fellowship and practice: Are our trainees and cytopathologists diverse? Diagn Cytopathol 2024; 52:433-439. [PMID: 38660884 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been increased focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion within all areas of pathology and laboratory medicine. Many of the specialty societies within pathology have taken up the mantle of diversity. While there is little research into the diversity of cytopathologists in practice, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has been collecting diversity data on pathology and laboratory medicine trainees since 2011. This data are an opportunity to explore how diverse our trainees in cytopathology are, and by extrapolation, allows us to develop some ideas as to how diverse attending level cytopathologists are. The author will also share personal observations from her own training and career regarding diversity in cytopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Fitzhugh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Pathology Service Line, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas Health, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
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Gimenez C, Balassanian R, Banet N, Barkan G, DeRobbio K, Henderson-Jackson E, Jenkins E, Kilic A, Lai L, Lura T, Morgenstern N, Mito J, Reid MD, Rivera-Colon G, Stewart J, Lowe ACY. Science, Medicine, and Cytology: an educational program of the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee of the American Society of Cytopathology. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2024; 13:244-253. [PMID: 38834386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As our field of pathology continues to grow, our trainee numbers are on the decline. To combat this trend, the ASC Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee established the Science, Medicine, and Cytology SumMer Certificate program to improve exposure to pathology/cytopathology with a focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion. Herein, we report our findings of the first 2 years of the program. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online course was developed targeting students who are underrepresented in medicine at the high school and college level. It consisted of several didactic sessions, presenting the common procedures involving cytopathologists and cytologists. Interviews with cytopathologists were also included. Participants were surveyed for demographic information and provided course evaluations. RESULTS In the first year of the program (2021), 34 participants completed the program, which increased to 103 in 2022. In both years there was a diversity in participant demographic backgrounds; however, only a minority of participants self-identified as being underrepresented in medicine. A vast majority (>85%) of participants in both years were high school or college students. In 2021, 100% of participants stated that the program format was effective and 94% thought the content was appropriate for their level of education; in 2022 the results were similar. In 2021, 66% considered health care as a potential career; this value increased in 2022 to 83%. In 2021 and 2022, 31% and 38%, respectively, considered cytology as a career. CONCLUSIONS Evaluations were excellent, generating interest in cytopathology. Barriers in reaching underrepresented minorities exist and additional work is needed. Expansion to a wider audience may increase outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gimenez
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York; Division of Cytopathology, Northwell Health Laboratories, Greenvale, New York.
| | - Ronald Balassanian
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Natalie Banet
- Department of Pathology, Cleaveland Clinic Community Oncology Group, Cleaveland, Ohio
| | - Guliz Barkan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kristen DeRobbio
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elizabeth Jenkins
- Department of Pathology, American Society of Cytopathology, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Ayse Kilic
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lisa Lai
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Theresa Lura
- James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Nora Morgenstern
- Department of Pathology, NYC Health and Hospitals Elmhurst, Queens, New York
| | - Jeffrey Mito
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glorimar Rivera-Colon
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jimmie Stewart
- Department of Pathology, Regents of The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Andreae DA, Massand S, Dellasega C. The physician experience of patient to provider prejudice (PPtP). Front Public Health 2024; 12:1304107. [PMID: 38469272 PMCID: PMC10925775 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1304107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients can demonstrate prejudice and bias toward minoritized physicians in a destructive dynamic identified as PPtP (Patient Prejudice toward Providers). These interactions have a negative impact on the physical and mental well-being of both those who are targeted and those who witness such behaviors. Study purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the PPtP experiences of attending physicians who identify as a minority based on race, ethnicity, citizenship status, or faith preference. Methods Qualitative methodology was used to collect data using in-depth interviews. 15 attending physicians (8 male, 7 female, aged 33-55 years) who identified as minorities based on ethnicity, citizenship status, or faith practices were interviewed individually. Interviews were conducted using a guide validated in previous studies and content analysis was performed by two trained researchers to identify themes. Results Five themes were identified: A Continuum of Offenses, Professional Growth through Adversity, Organizational Issues, Role of Colleagues, and Consequences for Provision of Care. Findings suggest that although attending physicians learned to cope with PPtP, the experience of being treated with bias negatively impacted their well-being and work performance. Attending physicians also felt that white majority medical students sometimes treated them with prejudice but expressed a commitment to protecting vulnerable trainees from PPtP. Conclusion The experience of PPtP occurs consistently throughout a career in medicine, often beginning in the years of training and persisting into the phase of attending status. This makes it imperative to include strategies that address PPtP in order to successfully recruit and retain minoritized physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerthe A. Andreae
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sameer Massand
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Cheryl Dellasega
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Penn State Health, Hershey, PA, United States
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Alsakarneh S, Duong N. Changing the Face of Transplant Hepatology Trainees in 2023. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2023; 2:873-874. [PMID: 39130113 PMCID: PMC11308853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Saqr Alsakarneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Nikki Duong
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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Groene OR, Huelmann T, Hampe W, Emami P. German Physicians and Medical Students Do Not Represent the Population They Serve. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1662. [PMID: 37372780 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11121662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical professionals who represent the communities they serve are in a better position to understand patients' social circumstances and communicate in a more patient-centered way. International studies show limited diversity and underrepresentation of certain social groups in the population of physicians and medical students. We designed an observational study to investigate the cultural and socio-economic diversity of physicians and medical applicants in comparison to the general population in Germany. We invited 15,195 physicians in Hamburg and 11,287 medical applicants in Germany to participate in an online survey between June and August 2022. The lower three quintiles of objective socio-economic background (SEB) were vastly underrepresented in all subsamples of the study and in particular amongst applicants and students admitted in Hamburg: 57.9% of physicians and 73.8% of medical students in Hamburg originate from the top quintile of SEB. The Turkish and Polish communities were particularly underrepresented in the group of physicians from Hamburg and medical applicants and students in Germany (p = 0.02; p < 0.001). In line with existing evidence, the vast majority of physicians and medical students come from the most affluent households when entering medical school. Widening participation strategies are needed to facilitate fairer access to the study of medicine in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana R Groene
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorben Huelmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hampe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pedram Emami
- Hamburg Chamber of Physicians, 22083 Hamburg, Germany
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Ahmed A, Gittens BE, Stewart SA, Shalin SC. Demographics and perceptions of diversity in dermatopathology workforce and training environments in the United States. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:330-337. [PMID: 36308409 PMCID: PMC10023271 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the demographics and perceptions of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the field of dermatopathology to provide a measurable baseline for future efforts to enhance equity measures within our subspecialty. METHODS A questionnaire based on a previously validated instrument by Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) was sent to American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) members to collect the demographic information (gender, race, sexual orientation, disability, experience and practice setting, etc.) and evaluate eight diversity, engagement, and inclusivity statements on a 1-5 Likert scale. RESULTS The demographics of 207 of 1331 (15%) respondents showed slight male predominance. Eleven percent of respondents identified as LGBTQI. The major racial distribution was comprised of 62% White, 18% Asian (including Middle Eastern/Indian), 10% Hispanic, and 4% Black respondents. New-in-practice respondents (those in practice-5 years or less) were more likely to have a pathology background (71% vs. 56%, p = 0.047) than their more-established peers with more than 5 years of service. This trend also contributed to increased diversity in terms of gender (66% females) and race (48% non-White) among the newer generation. Dermatology-trained dermatopathologists were mostly White (70%) and male (53%). Analysis of respondent demographics with perception statements showed that White and US graduate respondents (compared to other groups) were more likely to have a positive perception about DEI within the field of dermatopathology. CONCLUSIONS The results provide a snapshot of the current state of diversity within the field of dermatopathology. Moreover, these results highlight opportunities for further increasing diversity in general and leadership in particular within dermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brian E Gittens
- Division of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Scott A Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sara C Shalin
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Jacobs JW, Martin AA, Larson AR, Gehrie EA, Silver JK, Booth GS. Analysis of Industry-Related Payments Among Physician Editors of Pathology Journals. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 159:172-180. [PMID: 36594828 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender inequities in editorial board representation and physician compensation are well documented, but few studies have focused on how editors of journals are compensated. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we examined industry-related compensation (from 2014 to 2020) among physician editors of 35 pathology journals using publicly available data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments Database. RESULTS Of the physician editors included, 135 (69.9%) were men and 58 (30.1%) were women. Similar percentages of men and women physicians who were eligible received payments (112/135 [83.0%] men and 51/58 [87.9%] women; P = .38, χ2 test). Of the total transfer of value ($211,192,532), 112 men received $192,727,555 (91.3%), and 51 women received $18,464,978 (8.7%). Mean total payment per person was $1,720,782 for men and $362,058 for women (P = .05). The payment range for men was $18-$47,568,400 and the range of payments for women was $31-$2,375,637. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight significant gender inequities in industry-related payments to physician editors of pathology journals. The financial relationships of journal editors and industry deserve further study, particularly as they relate to advancing science and closing both workforce and patient care inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amarilis A Martin
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Georgetown Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric A Gehrie
- American Red Cross, National Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USAand
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Azimi V, Zaydman MA. Optimizing Equity: Working towards Fair Machine Learning Algorithms in Laboratory Medicine. J Appl Lab Med 2023; 8:113-128. [PMID: 36610413 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods of machine learning provide opportunities to use real-world data to solve complex problems. Applications of these methods in laboratory medicine promise to increase diagnostic accuracy and streamline laboratory operations leading to improvement in the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery. However, machine learning models are vulnerable to learning from undesirable patterns in the data that reflect societal biases. As a result, irresponsible application of machine learning may lead to the perpetuation, or even amplification, of existing disparities in healthcare outcomes. CONTENT In this work, we review what it means for a model to be unfair, discuss the various ways that machine learning models become unfair, and present engineering principles emerging from the field of algorithmic fairness. These materials are presented with a focus on the development of machine learning models in laboratory medicine. SUMMARY We hope that this work will serve to increase awareness, and stimulate further discussion, of this important issue among laboratorians as the field moves forward with the incorporation of machine learning models into laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Azimi
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Mark A Zaydman
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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9
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Gender distribution of editors and authors of reference textbooks in anatomic pathology: further edits are required. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1784-1790. [PMID: 36071098 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other medical specialties, pathology has a significant number of women in the academic workforce (43%). Gender disparities, particularly those disadvantaging women, are a reality in academic medicine with documented inequalities in salary, leadership opportunities, and faculty promotion. One important element of academic advancement is the recognition obtained when serving as editor or main author of reference textbooks. We aimed to document the gender distribution of editors/authors in anatomic pathology by surveying 205 subspecialty publications over a 20-year period. Gender of each editor/author was recorded after surveying their institutional or other professional biographies. When biography was non-contributory, gender was extracted from the National Provider Identifier Database. A total of 462 editors/authors were identified: 275 (59.5%) men and 187 (40.5%) women. This distribution was similar to the 2015 (39% women) and 2019 (43.4% women) Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) benchmark for US academic pathologists. The gender distribution in each of the main anatomic pathology subspecialties was estimated by surveying the websites of 20 North American academic pathology departments (totaling 1893 listed individuals). Compared to this benchmark, some subspecialties had more men in editor/author roles than their representation in academic departments including Dermatopathology (observed vs expected difference, ∆ = 41.3%), Genitourinary Pathology (∆ = 29.4%), Renal & Transplant Pathology (∆ = 22.4%) and Head & Neck Pathology (∆ = 21.6%). Other subspecialties had more women in editor/author roles than their representation in academic departments including Molecular Pathology (∆ = 31.4%), Gastrointestinal Pathology (∆ = 21.4%), and Bone & Soft Tissue Pathology (∆ = 19.4%). Editors/authors of multiple (>1) publications were frequent and skewed gender representation in most specialties. The overall gender distribution of editor/author roles is similar to that of the US pathology workforce. However, significant disparities exist in certain subspecialties affecting both women and men. This landscape can guide efforts by editors, publishers, and academic institutions to bring equity to the academic field by providing fair editorial and authorship opportunities to academic pathologists.
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Yim AD, Juarez JK, Goliath JR, Melhado IS. Diversity in forensic sciences: Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) representation in different medicolegal fields in the United States. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 5:100280. [PMID: 36569578 PMCID: PMC9780398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of a diverse and inclusive working environment are well documented. This study examined forensic science literature, demographic data reported from professional organizations, and demographic surveys to compile information regarding racial and ethnic diversity within different subdisciplines of forensic science. Results showed that practitioners self-identified as Black or Hispanic were underrepresented in scientific fields closely related to forensic science. Moreover, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) students were underrepresented at the undergraduate level, despite increasing college enrollments. This lack of representation may have consequences on knowledge production and innovation. By recognizing the current status of diversity in forensic science, this study is the first step toward mitigating the trend of underrepresentation. We encourage professional organizations to be transparent about the diversity in their membership and provide actual practitioner demographic statistics. These data are beneficial to studying the effects of underrepresentation and developing effective strategies to improve representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Yim
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, Missouri, USA.
| | - Jessica K. Juarez
- SNA International, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 500, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse R. Goliath
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, 340 Lee Blvd, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Isabel S. Melhado
- Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 East Hanna Ave, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wobker SE, Ginter PS, Parra-Herran C, Schwartz LE, Booth GS, Fitzhugh VA, Silver JK, Khani F. Recognition Awards in Pathology Specialty Societies. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:499-505. [PMID: 35932465 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recognition awards build physician reputation and facilitate career advancement. We hypothesize women physicians are underrepresented as award recipients by pathology medical societies compared with representation in the specialty. METHODS We analyzed publicly available online information about physician recipients (January 2015 to December 2021) from three general pathology society websites. Recipient gender was determined by pronoun use, first name, and photograph. Representation was compared with Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) specialty data from 2015 and 2019, which showed a minimum of 36.7% women pathologists in 2015 and up to 43.4% in 2019. RESULTS Twenty-six awards and 230 physician recipients were included in the analysis. A total of 159 (69.1%) men physicians and 71 (30.9%) women physicians received awards. Overall, women physicians were underrepresented in recognition awards compared with AAMC benchmarks. Prestigious awards (defined as those that recognize a person's body of work over time) showed a similar disparity with 22 (30.1%) of 73 recipients being women. Men physicians were more likely to receive multiple awards. CONCLUSIONS Women physicians are underrepresented overall for recognition awards by pathology medical societies. Disparities are greater for prestigious awards. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for these findings and how they affect women physicians' careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Wobker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula S Ginter
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren E Schwartz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Valerie A Fitzhugh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Nelson B, Kaminsky DB. Diversity, equity, and inclusion in pathology: Some progress, but room for improvement: Amid a troubling backslide in diversifying medicine, pathologists point to recent successes and remaining challenges in promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). In part 1 of a 2-part series, we investigate what has and has not worked in efforts to diversify workforces. Cancer Cytopathol 2021; 129:837-838. [PMID: 34724362 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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The medical student's guide to pathology residency, fellowships, and careers. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151805. [PMID: 34419854 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that relatively few MD, DO, and underrepresented in medicine (URM) students and physicians are matching into pathology residency in the United States (US). In the 2021 Main Residency Match, just 33.6% of filled pathology residency positions were taken by senior year students at US allopathic medical schools. This has been attributed to the fact that pathology is not a required rotation in most US medical schools, pathology is often taught in an integrated curriculum in the US where is does not stand out as a distinct field, and because the COVID-19 pandemic led to a suspension of in-person pathology rotations and electives. Ultimately, many US medical students fail to consider pathology as a career pathway. The objective of this article is to provide medical students with basic information, in the form of frequently asked questions (FAQs), about pathology training and career opportunities. This was accomplished by forming a team of MD and DO pathology attendings, pathology trainees, and a medical student from multiple institutions to create a pathology guide for medical students. This guide includes information about post-sophomore fellowships, 5 major pathology residency tracks, more than 20 fellowship pathways, and allopathic and osteopathic board examinations. This guide also contains photographs and descriptions of major pathology sub-specialties, including the daily and on-call duties and responsibilities of pathology residents. The exciting future of pathology is also discussed. This guide supports the agenda of the College of American Pathologists' (CAP) Pathologist Pipeline Initiative to improve student recruitment into pathology.
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Ware AD, Flax LW, White MJ. Strategies to Enhance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Pathology Training Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1071-1080. [PMID: 34015822 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0595-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Like many medical specialties, pathology faces the ongoing challenge of effectively enriching diversity, equity, and inclusion within training programs and the field as a whole. This issue is furthered by a decline in US medical student interest in the field of pathology, possibly attributable to increasingly limited pathology exposure during medical school and medical student perceptions about careers in pathology. OBJECTIVE.— To review the literature to identify the challenges to diversity, equity, and inclusion in pathology, with an emphasis on the pathology trainee pipeline. To evaluate the medical education literature from other medical specialties for diversity and inclusion-focused studies and initiatives, and determine the outcomes and/or approaches relevant for pathology training programs. DATA SOURCES.— A literature review was completed by a search of the PubMed database, as well as a similar general Google search. Additional resources, including the Web sites of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Electronic Residency Application Service, and the National Resident Matching Program, were used. CONCLUSIONS.— Many strategies exist to increase diversity and encourage an inclusive and equitable training environment, and many of these strategies may be applied to the field of pathology. Interventions such as increasing exposure to the field, using a holistic application review process, and addressing implicit biases have been shown to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in many medical specialties. In addition, increasing access to elective and pipeline programs may help to bolster medical student interest in careers in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha D Ware
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Ware, White)
| | | | - Marissa J White
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Ware, White)
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Samedi V, Ellis CL, Jackson NR, Reynolds JP, Upton MP. Reversing Historical Trends. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:1-3. [PMID: 33106844 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Von Samedi
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Carla L Ellis
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Jordan P Reynolds
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Melissa P Upton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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