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Liou GY, C’lay-Pettis R, Kavuri S. Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer and Its Disparity in African Descendants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6665. [PMID: 38928370 PMCID: PMC11203985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking, infection, genetic mutations, etc., lead to elevated levels of ROS. Prostate cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer in senior American men and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in American men, results from chronic oxidative stress. The doubled incident rate as well as the doubled mortality numbers of prostate cancer have persisted in African Americans in comparison with Caucasian Americans and other racial groups, indicating a prostate cancer disparity in African American men. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest findings on ROS in prostate cancer development and progression within the last five years to update our understanding in this area, as several comprehensive literature reviews addressing oxidative stress and/or inflammation in prostate cancer before 2020 are available. In addition to other known factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage, cultural mistrust of the health care system, etc. that are long-existing in the African American group, we also summarize the latest evidence that demonstrated high systemic oxidative stress and inflammation in African Americans for their potential contribution to the racial prostate cancer disparity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | | | - Sravankumar Kavuri
- Department of Pathology, Augusta University Health, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Strischewski D, Kalmar A, Guest PC, Dobrowolny H, Meyer-Lotz G, Schiffner CJ, Jordan W, Müller UJ, Borucki K, Böttcher M, Relja B, Steiner J. Naturalistic comparison of clomethiazole and Diazepam treatment in alcohol withdrawal: effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and hepatic biomarkers. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01835-7. [PMID: 38851655 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde and induces cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), which generates reactive oxygen species that cause inflammatory liver damage. Clomethiazole, a drug approved for alcohol withdrawal treatment (AWT) in some European countries, inhibits CYP2E1. We hypothesized that clomethiazole would lead to a faster reduction in oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and liver enzymes compared to diazepam treatment. We analysed respective biomarkers in 50 patients undergoing AWT and 25 healthy individuals but found no statistical difference between the two medication groups over 3-5 days. Hence, our hypothesis was not confirmed during this observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Strischewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Amira Kalmar
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Meyer-Lotz
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Conrad J Schiffner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Magdeburg Hospital GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Forensic Psychiatric State Hospital of Saxony-Anhalt, Stendal-Uchtspringe, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böttcher
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Translational and Experimental Trauma Research, University Hospital Ulm, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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LeFort KR, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ. Contributing roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatocyte apoptosis in liver diseases through oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:34. [PMID: 38214802 PMCID: PMC10786752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of hepatocytes in multiple liver diseases, including but not limited to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). While the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) is mainly responsible for oxidizing binge alcohol via the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, it is also responsible for metabolizing many xenobiotics, including pollutants, chemicals, drugs, and specific diets abundant in n-6 fatty acids, into toxic metabolites in many organs, including the liver, causing pathological insults through organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula. Oxidative imbalances (oxidative stress) in mitochondria promote the covalent modifications of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Excessive changes stimulate various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and histones. Increased PTMs of mitochondrial proteins inactivate many enzymes involved in the reduction of oxidative species, fatty acid metabolism, and mitophagy pathways, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy depletion, and apoptosis. Unique from other organelles, mitochondria control many signaling cascades involved in bioenergetics (fat metabolism), inflammation, and apoptosis/necrosis of hepatocytes. When mitochondrial homeostasis is shifted, these pathways become altered or shut down, likely contributing to the death of hepatocytes with activation of inflammation and hepatic stellate cells, causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review will encapsulate how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hepatocyte apoptosis in several types of liver diseases in order to provide recommendations for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli R LeFort
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Seitz HK, Moreira B, Neuman MG. Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Fatty Liver a Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1662. [PMID: 37629519 PMCID: PMC10455719 DOI: 10.3390/life13081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol effect hepatic lipid metabolism through various mechanisms, leading synergistically to an accumulation of fatty acids (FA) and triglycerides. Obesity, as well as dietary fat (saturated fatty acids (FA) versus poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)) may modulate the hepatic fat. Alcohol inhibits adenosine monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK). AMPK activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor a (PPARα) and leads to a decreased activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SRABP1c). The inhibition of AMPK, and thus of PPARα, results in an inhibition of FA oxidation. This ß-oxidation is further reduced due to mitochondrial damage induced through cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1)-driven oxidative stress. Furthermore, the synthesis of FAs is stimulated through an activation of SHREP1. In addition, alcohol consumption leads to a reduced production of adiponectin in adipocytes due to oxidative stress and to an increased mobilization of FAs from adipose tissue and from the gut as chylomicrons. On the other side, the secretion of FAs via very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the liver is inhibited by alcohol. Alcohol also affects signal pathways such as early growth response 1 (Egr-1) associated with the expression of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) a key regulator of autophagy. Both have influence the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver. Alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis contributes to the severity of ALD by increasing the metabolism of ethanol in the gut and promoting intestinal dysfunction. Moreover, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) via specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) bacterial overgrowth leads to the translocation of bacteria. Endotoxins and toxic ethanol metabolites enter the enterohepatic circulation, reaching the liver and inducing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) pathway. Pro-inflammatory cytokines released in the process contribute to inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, cellular apoptosis is inhibited in favour of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut K. Seitz
- Centre of Liver and Alcohol Associated Diseases, Ethianum Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Bernardo Moreira
- Centre of Liver and Alcohol Associated Diseases, Ethianum Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Manuela G. Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerity Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Banting Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada;
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Cao L, Wu D, Qin L, Tan D, Fan Q, Jia X, Yang M, Zhou T, Feng C, Lu Y, He Y. Single-Cell RNA Transcriptome Profiling of Liver Cells of Short-Term Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054344. [PMID: 36901774 PMCID: PMC10002329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is currently considered a global healthcare problem with limited pharmacological treatment options. There are abundant cell types in the liver, such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and so on, but little is known about which kind of liver cells play the most important role in the process of ALD. To obtain a cellular resolution of alcoholic liver injury pathogenesis, 51,619 liver single-cell transcriptomes (scRNA-seq) with different alcohol consumption durations were investigated, 12 liver cell types were identified, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the alcoholic liver injury were revealed. We found that more aberrantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were present in hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells than in other cell types in alcoholic treatment mice. Alcohol promoted the pathological processes of liver injury; the specific mechanisms involved: lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, hypoxia, complementation and anticoagulation, and hepatocyte energy metabolism on hepatocytes; NO production, immune regulation, epithelial and cell migration on endothelial cells; antigen presentation and energy metabolism on Kupffer cells, based on the GO analysis. In addition, our results showed that some transcription factors (TFs) are activated in alcohol-treated mice. In conclusion, our study improves the understanding of liver cell heterogeneity in alcohol-fed mice at the single-cell level. It has potential value for understanding key molecular mechanisms and improving current prevention and treatment strategies for short-term alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Cao
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qingjie Fan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaohuan Jia
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yanliu Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yuqi He
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Correspondence:
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