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Mohammadian E, Rahimpour E, Foroumadi A, Alizadeh-Sani M, Hasanvand Z, Jouyban A. Derivatization of γ-Amino Butyric Acid Analogues for Their Determination in the Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1727-1754. [PMID: 34096806 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability. Four structurally related drugs to GABA including pregabalin (PGB), gabapentin (GBP), vigabatrin (VGB), and baclofen are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These drugs are small aliphatic molecules having neither fluorescent nor strong absorbance in the ultraviolet/visible region; therefore, direct determination of these analytes by optical methods is difficult. Additionally, their high boiling point makes gas chromatography impossible. Accordingly, the amine or acid moiety in these drugs is derivatized in order to improve their selectivity and sensitivity during determination in the biological samples. This review focuses on derivatization based methods and their different reactions for determination of PGB, GBP, VGB, and baclofen in the biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations reported between 1980 and 2020. High-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors are a commonly used methods for determination of GABA analogs after derivatization. These methods cover 38.89% of all developed methods for determination of GABA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaman Hasanvand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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You Y, Proctor RM, Guo K, Li X, Xue E, Guan F, Robinson MA. Use of high resolution/accurate mass full scan/data-dependent acquisition for targeted/non-targeted screening in equine doping control. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1565-1575. [PMID: 33710179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a very powerful technology for equine doping control analysis. The more recently developed hybrid type of Orbitrap-based HRMS instrument allows for both targeted and non-targeted screening analyses in a single liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) run. In the present study, an LC-HRMS/MS method was developed and validated to detect prohibited substances in equine sports. The substances were recovered from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether and were separated on a C18 reversed-phase column using mobile phases of 5 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. A 7.5 min LC gradient was employed to elute substances and results indicated that the LC method generated sharp and symmetric chromatographic peaks. An in-house equine doping compound database and a spectral library were built to increase method specificity for substances of interest. Five criteria, i.e. accurate mass, retention time, isotope pattern, selected HRMS/MS fragment ions (compound database) and HRMS/MS spectra (spectral library), were employed for targeted screening. We utilized these criteria to validate targeted detection of 451 substances within our in-house equine doping compound database. By using all five criteria in screening, the false screening positive rate is significantly reduced. A screening strategy and a Microsoft Excel macro were developed to facilitate interpretation and reporting of results. As the simultaneous acquisition of the full scan HRMS data provides the opportunity for retrospective non-targeted analysis, our findings highlight the use of this novel methodology as a simple, rapid, and reliably reproducible strategy to meet the challenge of identifying an increasing number of doping substances that could potentially impact the integrity of the horse racing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Moreira FX, Carmo H, Melo A, André MB, Silva R, Azevedo Z, Bastos ML, de Pinho PG. The Use of Feathers from Racing Pigeons for Doping Control Purposes. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:307-315. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando X Moreira
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armindo Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria B André
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zélia Azevedo
- ICETA/REQUIMTE/LAQV – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L Bastos
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G de Pinho
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
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Adegoke OA, Adegbolagun OM, Aiyenale EO, Thomas OE. New spectrophotometric method for the determination of gabapentin in bulk and dosage forms using p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2018.1495418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olajire A. Adegoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayemi M. Adegbolagun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth O. Aiyenale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun E. Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of 21 cephalosporins in zebrafish for a drug toxicity study. Anal Biochem 2018; 558:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR. Validated LC–MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:431-440. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Nieddu M, Baralla E, Burrai L, Demontis MP, Fiori M, Brambilla G, Boatto G. Investigation on gabapentin residues in eggs from free-range hens exposed to saline slags from pharmaceutical industry. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:662-666. [PMID: 24615507 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated to monitor the presence of gabapentin as environmental contaminant in albumen and yolk of eggs from grazing flocks exposed to open air stored saline wastes from pharmaceutical industry. The method involved a simple liquid extraction followed by a gradient elution with formic acid 0.2 % and acetonitrile in reverse phase. ESI ionization was performed in positive ion mode. The tandem mass spectrometer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range from 5 to 400 ng/g for the two matrices with correlation coefficients that exceeded 0.990. The limits of quantitation were 12.0 and 14.8 ng/g in albumen and yolk, respectively. Results are discussed in light of the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in experimentally exposed hens, accounting for the top soil intake in such free grazing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Guedes AGP, Morisseau C, Sole A, Soares JHN, Ulu A, Dong H, Hammock BD. Use of a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor as an adjunctive analgesic in a horse with laminitis. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:440-8. [PMID: 23463912 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HISTORY A 4-year old, 500 kg Thoroughbred female horse diagnosed with bilateral forelimb laminitis and cellulitis on the left forelimb became severely painful and refractory to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy (flunixin meglumine on days 1, 2, 3 and 4; and phenylbutazone on days 5, 6 and 7) alone or in combination with gabapentin (days 6 and 7). PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Pain scores assessed independently by three individuals with a visual analog scale (VAS; 0 = no pain and 10 = worst possible pain) were 8.5 on day 6, and it increased to 9.5 on day 7. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring revealed severe hypertension. MANAGEMENT As euthanasia was being considered for humane reasons, a decision was made to add an experimental new drug, trans-4-{4-[3-(4-Trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzoic acid (t-TUCB), which is a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, to the treatment protocol. Dose and frequency of administration were selected based on the drug potency against equine sEH to produce plasma concentrations within the range of 30 nmol L(-1) and 2.5 μmol L(-1) . Pain scores decreased sharply and remarkably following t-TUCB administration and blood pressure progressively decreased to physiologic normal values. Plasma concentrations of t-TUCB, measured daily, were within the expected range, whereas phenylbutazone and gabapentin plasma levels were below the suggested efficacious concentrations. FOLLOW UP No adverse effects were detected on clinical and laboratory examinations during and after t-TUCB administration. No new episodes of laminitis have been noted up to the time of writing (120 days following treatment). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of sEH with t-TUCB was associated with a significant improvement in pain scores in one horse with laminitis whose pain was refractory to the standard of care therapy. No adverse effects were noticed. Future studies evaluating the analgesic and protective effects of these compounds in painful inflammatory diseases in animals are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso G P Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Wang CC, Hartmann-Fischbach P, Krueger TR, Wells TL, Feineman AR, Compton JC. Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone in Equine Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:327-33. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Boruta DT, Sotgiu G, Golder FJ. Effects of intraperitoneal administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in adult male rats. Lab Anim 2012; 46:108-13. [PMID: 22238291 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.011127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gabapentin has been used to treat a variety of conditions in both human and veterinary medicine, including seizures, neuropathies and chronic pain. However, little information is known about the effects of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of volatile anaesthetics. In this study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal administration of gabapentin on isoflurane MAC in adult male rats and hypothesized that gabapentin would decrease MAC in a dose-dependent manner. Using a standard MAC study protocol, we compared five treatment groups (G) receiving 0 (G(0)), 30 (G(30)), 100 (G(100)), 300 (G(300)) and 1000 (G(1000)) mg/kg gabapentin intraperitoneally and compared post-drug MAC values among groups and with corresponding baseline MAC values determined in each group prior to drug testing. The average baseline isoflurane MAC value was 1.45 ± 0.17%, which did not differ significantly between groups (1.47 ± 0.23% [G(30)], 1.46 ± 0.23% [G(100)], 1.48 ± 0.18% [G(300)] and 1.42 ± 0.2% [G(1000)]). In the G(300) and G(1000) groups, the isoflurane MAC value decreased significantly by 19% and 18%, respectively, from corresponding baseline values (P< 0.05, when compared with G(0)). Linear regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between blood gabapentin concentration and percent change in MAC (R(2) = 0.43; P< 0.05) but not dose. In conclusion, high-dose intraperitoneal gabapentin decreased isoflurane MAC. However, the effect was small and not dose-dependent, and is unlikely to be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Boruta
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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