1
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Li J, Zhang H, Gao F. Identification of miRNA biomarkers for breast cancer by combining ensemble regularized multinomial logistic regression and Cox regression. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:434. [PMID: 36258162 PMCID: PMC9580207 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. It is necessary to classify breast cancer subtypes because different subtypes need specific treatment. Identifying biomarkers and classifying breast cancer subtypes is essential for developing appropriate treatment methods for patients. MiRNAs can be easily detected in tumor biopsy and play an inhibitory or promoting role in breast cancer, which are considered promising biomarkers for distinguishing subtypes. RESULTS A new method combing ensemble regularized multinomial logistic regression and Cox regression was proposed for identifying miRNA biomarkers in breast cancer. After adopting stratified sampling and bootstrap sampling, the most suitable sample subset for miRNA feature screening was determined via ensemble 100 regularized multinomial logistic regression models. 124 miRNAs that participated in the classification of at least 3 subtypes and appeared at least 50 times in 100 integrations were screened as features. 22 miRNAs from the proposed feature set were further identified as the biomarkers for breast cancer by using Cox regression based on survival analysis. The accuracy of 5 methods on the proposed feature set was significantly higher than on the other two feature sets. The results of 7 biological analyses illustrated the rationality of the identified biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The screened features can better distinguish breast cancer subtypes. Notably, the genes and proteins related to the proposed 22 miRNAs were considered oncogenes or inhibitors of breast cancer. 9 of the 22 miRNAs have been proved to be markers of breast cancer. Therefore, our results can be considered in future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Li
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Fugen Gao
- College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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2
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Procopiou G, Jackson PJM, di Mascio D, Auer JL, Pepper C, Rahman KM, Fox KR, Thurston DE. DNA sequence-selective G-A cross-linking ADC payloads for use in solid tumour therapies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:741. [PMID: 35906376 PMCID: PMC9338023 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are growing in importance for the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies. There is a demand for new payloads with novel mechanisms of action that may offer enhanced therapeutic efficacy, especially in patients who develop resistance. We report here a class of Cyclopropabenzindole-Pyridinobenzodiazepine (CBI-PDD) DNA cross-linking payloads that simultaneously alkylate guanine (G) and adenine (A) bases in the DNA minor groove with a defined sequence selectivity. The lead payload, FGX8-46 (6), produces sequence-selective G-A cross-links and affords cytotoxicity in the low picomolar region across a panel of 11 human tumour cell lines. When conjugated to the antibody cetuximab at an average Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2, an ADC is produced with significant antitumour activity at 1 mg/kg in a target-relevant human tumour xenograft mouse model with an unexpectedly high tolerability (i.e., no weight loss observed at doses as high as 45 mg/kg i.v., single dose). A class of Cyclopropabenzindole-Pyridinobenzodiazepine (CBI-PDD) DNA cross-linking payloads, used in Antibody-Drug Conjugates, alkylate guanine and adenine bases in the DNA minor groove with a defined sequence selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Procopiou
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul J M Jackson
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Daniella di Mascio
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building B85, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jennifer L Auer
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Keith R Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building B85, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK. .,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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3
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Alder A, Struck NS, Xu M, Johnson JW, Wang W, Pallant D, Cook MA, Rambow J, Lemcke S, Gilberger TW, Wright GD. A non-reactive natural product precursor of the duocarmycin family has potent and selective antimalarial activity. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:840-853.e6. [PMID: 34710358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We identify a selective nanomolar inhibitor of blood-stage malarial proliferation from a screen of microbial natural product extracts. The responsible compound, PDE-I2, is a precursor of the anticancer duocarmycin family that preserves the class's sequence-specific DNA binding but lacks its signature DNA alkylating cyclopropyl warhead. While less active than duocarmycin, PDE-I2 retains comparable antimalarial potency to chloroquine. Importantly, PDE-I2 is >1,000-fold less toxic to human cell lines than duocarmycin, with mitigated impacts on eukaryotic chromosome stability. PDE-I2 treatment induces severe defects in parasite nuclear segregation leading to impaired daughter cell formation during schizogony. Time-of-addition studies implicate parasite DNA metabolism as the target of PDE-I2, with defects observed in DNA replication and chromosome integrity. We find the effect of duocarmycin and PDE-I2 on parasites is phenotypically indistinguishable, indicating that the DNA binding specificity of duocarmycins is sufficient and the genotoxic cyclopropyl warhead is dispensable for the parasite-specific selectivity of this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Alder
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Cellular Parasitology, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole S Struck
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Cellular Parasitology, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Min Xu
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jarrod W Johnson
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Wenliang Wang
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Daniel Pallant
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Michael A Cook
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Janis Rambow
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Cellular Parasitology, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Lemcke
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Cellular Parasitology, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim W Gilberger
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Cellular Parasitology, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gerard D Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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4
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Spatially-resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of bystander effects of a nitrochloromethylbenzindoline hypoxia-activated prodrug. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:673-687. [PMID: 34245333 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) have the potential for eliminating chemo- and radiation-resistant hypoxic tumour cells, but their activity is often compromised by limited penetration into hypoxic zones. Nitrochloromethylbenzindoline (nitroCBI) HAPs are reduced in hypoxic cells to highly cytotoxic DNA minor groove alkylating aminoCBI metabolites. In this study, we investigate whether a lead nitroCBI, SN30548, generates a significant bystander effect through the diffusion of its aminoCBI metabolite and whether this compensates for any diffusion limitations of the prodrug in tumour tissue. METHODS Metabolism and uptake of the nitroCBI in oxic and anoxic cells, and diffusion through multicellular layer cultures, was characterised by LC-MS/MS. To quantify bystander effects, clonogenic cell killing of HCT116 cells was assessed in multicellular spheroid co-cultures comprising cells transfected with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) or E. coli nitroreductase NfsA. Spatially-resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, parameterised by the above measurements, were developed for spheroids and tumours using agent-based and Green's function modelling, respectively. RESULTS NitroCBI was reduced to aminoCBI by POR under anoxia and by NfsA under oxia, and was the only significant cytotoxic metabolite in both cases. In spheroid co-cultures comprising 30% NfsA-expressing cells, non-metabolising cells were as sensitive as the NfsA cells, demonstrating a marked bystander effect. Agent-based PK/PD models provided good prediction of cytotoxicity in spheroids, while use of the same parameters in a Green's function model for a tumour microregion demonstrated that local diffusion of aminoCBI overcomes the penetration limitation of the prodrug. CONCLUSIONS The nitroCBI HAP SN30548 generates a highly efficient bystander effect through local diffusion of its active metabolite in tumour tissue.
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5
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Yao HP, Zhao H, Hudson R, Tong XM, Wang MH. Duocarmycin-based antibody-drug conjugates as an emerging biotherapeutic entity for targeted cancer therapy: Pharmaceutical strategy and clinical progress. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1857-1874. [PMID: 34224904 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Duocarmycins are a class of DNA minor-groove-binding alkylating molecules. For the past decade, various duocarmycin analogues have been used as payloads in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Currently, more than 15 duocarmycin-based ADCs have been studied preclinically, and some of them such as SYD985 have been granted Fast-Track Designation status. Nevertheless, progress in duocarmycin-based ADCs also faces challenges, with setbacks including the termination of BMS-936561/MDX-1203. In this review, we discuss issues associated with the efficacy, pharmacokinetic profile, and toxicological activity of these biotherapeutics. Furthermore, we summarize the latest advances in duocarmycin-based ADCs that have different target specificities and linker chemistries. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has indicated that duocarmycin-based ADCs are promising biotherapeutics for oncological application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Office of Scientific Research, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rachel Hudson
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Xiang-Min Tong
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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6
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Selective Targeting of Breast Cancer by Tafuramycin A Using SMA-Nanoassemblies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123532. [PMID: 34207832 PMCID: PMC8227162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of tumors that tests negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and excess HER2 protein. The mainstay of treatment remains chemotherapy, but the therapeutic outcome remains inadequate. This paper investigates the potential of a duocarmycin derivative, tafuramycin A (TFA), as a new and more effective chemotherapy agent in TNBC treatment. To this extent, we optimized the chemical synthesis of TFA, and we encapsulated TFA in a micellar system to reduce side effects and increase tumor accumulation. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that both TFA and SMA–TFA possess high anticancer effects in TNBC models. Finally, the encapsulation of TFA offered a preferential avenue to tumor accumulation by increasing its concentration at the tumor tissues by around four times in comparison with the free drug. Overall, the results provide a new potential strategy useful for TNBC treatment.
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7
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Ortuzar N, Karu K, Presa D, Morais GR, Sheldrake HM, Shnyder SD, Barnieh FM, Loadman PM, Patterson LH, Pors K, Searcey M. Probing cytochrome P450 (CYP) bioactivation with chloromethylindoline bioprecursors derived from the duocarmycin family of compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116167. [PMID: 33932713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The duocarmycins belong to a class of agent which has great potential for use in cancer therapy. Their exquisite potency means they are too toxic for systemic use, and targeted approaches are required to unlock their clinical potential. In this study, we have explored seco-OH-chloromethylindoline (CI) duocarmycin-based bioprecursors for their potential for cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated cancer cell kill. We report on synthetic and biological explorations of racemic seco-CI-MI, where MI is a 5-methoxy indole motif, and dehydroxylated analogues. We show up to a 10-fold bioactivation of de-OH CI-MI and a fluoro bioprecursor analogue in CYP1A1-transfected cells. Using CYP bactosomes, we also demonstrate that CYP1A2 but not CYP1B1 or CYP3A4 has propensity for potentiating these compounds, indicating preference for CYP1A bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortuzar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Daniela Presa
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Goreti R Morais
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Helen M Sheldrake
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Steve D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Francis M Barnieh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Laurence H Patterson
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Mark Searcey
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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8
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Jukes Z, Morais GR, Loadman PM, Pors K. How can the potential of the duocarmycins be unlocked for cancer therapy? Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:577-584. [PMID: 33232841 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The duocarmycins belong to a class of agent that has fascinated scientists for over four decades. Their exquisite potency, unique mechanism of action, and efficacy in multidrug-resistant tumour models makes them attractive to medicinal chemists and drug hunters. However, despite great advances in fine-tuning biological activity through structure-activity relationship studies (SARS), no duocarmycin-based therapeutic has reached clinical approval. In this review, we provide an overview of the most promising strategies currently used and include both tumour-targeted prodrug approaches and antibody-directed technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Jukes
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Wang S, Chen B, Dragovich P, Pillow T, Staben L, Guo J, Su D, Zhang C, Bobba S, Ma Y, Wang J, Sangaraju D, Wei B, Phillips GL, Khojasteh C, Zhang D. A Novel Depurination Methodology to Assess DNA Alkylation of Chloro-Bis-Seco-Cyclopropylbenzoindoles Allowed for Comparison of Minor-Groove Reactivity. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:547-555. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Boyle KE, Boger DL, Wroe A, Vazquez M. Duocarmycin SA, a potent antitumor antibiotic, sensitizes glioblastoma cells to proton radiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2688-2692. [PMID: 29650288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
New treatment modalities for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are urgently needed. Proton therapy is considered one of the most effective forms of radiation therapy for GBM. DNA alkylating agents such as temozolomide (TMZ) are known to increase the radiosensitivity of GBM to photon radiation. TMZ is a fairly impotent agent, while duocarmycin SA (DSA) is an extremely potent cytotoxic agent capable of inducing a sequence-selective alkylation of duplex DNA. Here, the effects of sub-nM concentrations of DSA on the radiosensitivity of a human GBM cell line (U-138) to proton irradiation were examined. Radiation sensitivity was determined by viability, apoptosis, necrosis and clonogenic assays. DSA concentrations as low as 0.001 nM significantly sensitized U-138 cells to proton irradiation. DSA demonstrates synergistic cytotoxicity against GBM cells treated with proton radiation in vitro, which may represent a novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E Boyle
- School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, 24745 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Andrew Wroe
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, Radiation Medicine Dept., 11234 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Loma Linda University Medical Center, Radiation Medicine Dept., 11234 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States.
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Tercel M, Lee HH, Mehta SY, Youte Tendoung JJ, Bai SY, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Influence of a Basic Side Chain on the Properties of Hypoxia-Selective Nitro Analogues of the Duocarmycins: Demonstration of Substantial Anticancer Activity in Combination with Irradiation or Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new series of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins was prepared and evaluated for hypoxia-selective anticancer activity. The compounds incorporate 13 different amine-containing side chains designed to bind in the minor groove of DNA while spanning a wide range of base strength from pKa 9.64 to 5.24. The most favorable in vitro properties were associated with strongly basic side chains, but the greatest in vivo antitumor activity was found for compounds containing a weakly basic morpholine. This applies to single-agent activity and for activity in combination with irradiation or chemotherapy (gemcitabine or docetaxel). In combination with a single dose of γ irradiation 50 at 42 μmol/kg eliminated detectable clonogens in some SiHa cervical carcinoma xenografts, and in combination with gemcitabine using a well-tolerated multidose schedule, the same compound caused regression of all treated A2780 ovarian tumor xenografts. In the latter experiment, three of seven animals receiving the combination treatment were completely tumor free at day 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ho H Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Y Mehta
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Jacques Youte Tendoung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sally Y Bai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - H D Sarath Liyanage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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12
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Guo C, Asamitsu S, Kashiwazaki G, Sato S, Bando T, Sugiyama H. DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by H-pin Polyamide (S
)-seco
-CBI Conjugates. Chembiochem 2016; 18:166-170. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Guo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sato
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University; Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University; Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
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13
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Owonikoko TK, Hussain A, Stadler WM, Smith DC, Kluger H, Molina AM, Gulati P, Shah A, Ahlers CM, Cardarelli PM, Cohen LJ. First-in-human multicenter phase I study of BMS-936561 (MDX-1203), an antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD70. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 77:155-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Colmegna B, Uboldi S, Erba E, D'Incalci M. Resistance to minor groove binders. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 11:73-79. [PMID: 24847656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper multiple resistance mechanisms to minor groove binders (MGBs) are overviewed. MGBs with antitumor properties are natural products or their derivatives and, as expected, they are all substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). However, a moderate expression of P-gp does not appear to reduce the sensitivity to trabectedin, the only MGB so far approved for clinical use. Resistance to this drug is often related to transcriptional mechanisms and to DNA repair pathways, particularly defects in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER). Therefore tumors resistant to trabectedin may become hypersensitive to UV rays and other DNA damaging agents acting in the major groove, such as Platinum (Pt) complexes. If this is confirmed in clinic, that will provide the rationale to combine trabectedin sequentially with Pt derivates.
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Malhas AN, Vaux DJ. Nuclear envelope invaginations and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:523-35. [PMID: 24563364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. The NE is not a passive structural component, but rather contributes to various cellular processes such as genome organization, transcription, signaling, and stress responses. Although the NE is mostly a smooth surface, it also forms invaginations that can reach deep into the nucleoplasm and may even traverse the nucleus completely. Cancer cells are generally characterized by irregularities and invaginations of the NE that are of diagnostic and prognostic significance. In the current chapter, we describe the link between nuclear invaginations and irregularities with cancer and explore possible mechanistic roles they might have in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf N Malhas
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK,
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Aberrant sporogonic development of Dmc1 (a meiotic recombinase) deficient Plasmodium berghei parasites. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52480. [PMID: 23285059 PMCID: PMC3528682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Plasmodium, meiosis occurs in diploid zygotes as they develop into haploid motile ookinetes inside the mosquito. Further sporogonic development involves transformation of ookinetes into oocysts and formation of infective sporozoites. Methodology/Principal Findings Reverse genetics was employed to examine the role of the meiotic specific recombinase Dmc1, a bacterial RecA homolog during sporogony in Plasmodium berghei. PbDmc1 knockout (KO) parasites showed normal asexual growth kinetics compared to WT parasites; however oocyst formation in mosquitoes was reduced by 50 to 80%. Moreover, the majority of oocysts were retarded in their growth and were smaller in size compared to WT parasites. Only a few Dmc1 KO parasites completed maturation resulting in formation of fewer sporozoites which were incapable of infecting naive mice or hepatocytes in vitro. PbDmc1 KO parasites were shown to be approximately 18 times more sensitive to Bizelesin, a DNA alkylating drug compared to WT parasites as reflected by impairment of oocyst formation and sporogonic development in the mosquito vector. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that PbDmc1 plays a critical role in malaria transmission biology.
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidic prodrugs of highly potent bifunctional duocarmycin derivatives for selective treatment of cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:7336-9. [PMID: 20799305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidische Prodrugs hochpotenter difunktioneller Duocarmycin-Derivate für eine selektive Tumortherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
There are many significant morphological alterations of a nucleus of cancer cell that are detectable by light microscopy on routine staining. These changes are often associated with deranged cellular functions of cancer cell. It is difficult to understand the exact relationship between nuclear morphology and alteration of nuclear structural organization in cancer. Herein, the salient visual and subvisual morphological changes of cancer nuclei and their possible etiology and significance have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Dey
- Department of Cytology, PGIMER, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Raphaël M, le Deley MC, Vassal G, Paoletti X. Operating characteristics of two independent sample design in phase I trials in paediatric oncology. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1392-8. [PMID: 20176476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The European medicines agency (EMEA) has stated that the degree of pre-treatment could modify the patient's tolerance to new treatments in paediatric oncology. It is current practice to divide a phase I trial into two groups to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in each group separately. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of this approach. METHODS We reanalysed a large phase I trial of Irinotecan that included 80 children (32 heavily pretreated patients and 48 less heavily pretreated). An extended simulation study was performed to investigate the robustness of the conclusions in the context of small sample sizes. Dose recommendations were studied according to scenarios with group differences, as measured by odds ratio (OR), ranging from 1 (no difference) to 10 (large difference) and sample sizes increasing from 20 x 2 to 60 x 2 patients. RESULTS This study shows a high risk of misidentification of the MTD in each of the two groups, regardless of the group difference. With a group difference corresponding to OR=8 and balanced sample sizes (20 x 2 patients), the same MTD was identified in 11% of the simulations. Even with larger sample sizes (40 x 2 patients), this figure reached 24% for OR=3. There is also a very high risk of identifying two different MTD (52% for 40 x 2 patients) although the risk is similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Two independent sample designs in paediatric phase I trials should be avoided or reserved to limited situations when there is a strong rationale possibly based on adult data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Raphaël
- Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Egris R, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Vinylation of Nitro-Substituted Indoles, Quinolinones, and Anilides with Grignard Reagents. Chemistry 2009; 15:10930-9. [PMID: 19746364 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Egris
- Departmento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Farmacia, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Russo D, Fronza G, Ottaggio L, Monti P, Inga A, Iyer P, Gold B, Menichini P. High frequency of genomic deletions induced by Me-lex, a sequence selective N3-adenine methylating agent, at the Hprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 2009; 671:58-66. [PMID: 19729030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the mutagenicity induced at the Hprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with increasing concentrations of Me-lex, a minor groove selective methylating agent that efficiently generates more than 90-95% of 3-MeA DNA adducts. Me-lex treatment was cytotoxic but weakly mutagenic, resulting in up to 7-fold induction above background in the Hprt mutation frequency. The molecular nature of 43 Hprt mutations induced by Me-lex was determined by sequence analysis of the Hprt cDNA and genomic analysis of the gene locus. Base pair substitutions represented about 25% of Me-lex induced mutations. The mutation spectrum revealed a high percentage of genomic deletions (51%) comprising single/multiple exon(s) and even the loss of the complete locus. When the distribution of mutations among different classes was considered, the difference between the spontaneous and Me-lex induced CHO spectra was statistically significant (p<0.012), indicating that the sites where mutations occurred were Me-lex specific. Based upon these results we hypothesize that a large proportion of mutations may result from the processing of 3-MeA, the main adduct induced by Me-lex, within A/T rich sequences in non-coding regions of the Hprt gene. The processing of these lesions by DNA polymerases could result in recombination and genomic deletions, thus representing a severe threat for genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Russo
- Molecular Mutagenesis and DNA Repair Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Research Institute (IST), L.go R. Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Cai X, Gray PJ, Von Hoff DD. DNA minor groove binders: back in the groove. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:437-50. [PMID: 19328629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With recent approval of the minor groove binding agent trabectidin in Europe for the treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas, there has been renewed interest in minor groove binders. Though previously considered to be without clinical value due to their initial significant toxicities, new minor groove binders are emerging which are challenging that perception. Toxicities in the most recently completed and ongoing trials have been easily manageable. These agents have demonstrable anti-tumor activity against a wide variety of tumor types including leukemias, sarcomas, melanomas, breast and ovarian cancers. Applying these agents according to a particular tumor's context of vulnerability might reveal previously unconsidered applications for this diverse class of agents. This review provides a look at how minor groove binding agents have progressed from the lab through the clinic with particular emphasis on identifying the contexts of vulnerabilities of patient tumors which increase the effectiveness of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Cai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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Use of KW-2189, a DNA minor groove-binding agent, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a north central cancer treatment group (NCCTG) phase II clinical trial. J Gastrointest Cancer 2009; 38:10-4. [PMID: 19065716 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-007-9007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer in certain portions of the world. Currently no effective therapies exist for patients with advanced or metastatic HCC. KW-2189, a DNA minor groove-binding agent, has shown promising activity against HCC in preclinical evaluations. METHODS A phase II study was conducted to evaluate the activity of KW-2189 in patients with histologic or cytologic confirmed advanced or metastatic HCC who had no prior systemic therapy. Patients received KW-2189 at a dose of 0.5 mg/m2 administered on day 1 of a 6-week cycle. The primary endpoint of the trial was objective regression. Other endpoints included toxicity, disease-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS Due to hematologic toxicity the dose of KW-2189 was reduced to 0.375 mg/m2 after 11 patients had been enrolled into the trial. Due to continued significant hematologic toxicity in the next five patients enrolled at the lower dose the trial was closed to accrual. Two responses were seen in patients enrolled at the higher dose, including one sustained CR. CONCLUSION KW-2189 showed evidence of anti-tumor activity in HCC. However, because of significant and prolonged hematologic toxicity, when given as a single dose every 6 weeks, further development of this drug in HCC is not possible. Further exploration of DNA minor groove-binding agents in the treatment of HCC appears warranted.
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Yanow SK, Purcell LA, Lee M, Spithill TW. Genomics-based drug design targets the AT-rich malaria parasite: implications for antiparasite chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:1267-72. [PMID: 17924840 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.9.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Woynarowski JM, Krugliak M, Ginsburg H: Pharmacogenomic analyses of targeting the AT-rich malaria parasite genome with AT-specific alkylating drugs. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 154(1), 70-81 (2007) [1] . The sequencing of the malaria genome sought to expose the parasite's ability to cause disease and identify new targets for antimalarial drugs and vaccines. In this study, the authors discovered how malaria genomic DNA, which is unusually rich in adenine and thymine nucleotides, is intrinsically a target for a selective class of compounds. AT-specific DNA-binding agents have previously been shown to have potent antimalarial activity in vitro. The authors used high-resolution bioinformatic tools to explore the genomic basis for this drug susceptibility, first at the level of individual DNA-binding sites, then expanding to the entire genomic context of each malaria chromosome. Their findings revealed a nonrandom distribution and organization of drug-binding sites that can be further exploited to target these AT sequences. Based on these findings, comparative bioinformatics analyses with other parasite genomes may lead to the identification of new target organisms for these AT-specific drugs and have wide implications for the treatment of human and animal parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Yanow
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, WMC Rm 2B4.59, 8440 112th Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Tiberghien AC, Evans DA, Kiakos K, Martin CR, Hartley JA, Thurston DE, Howard PW. An asymmetric C8/C8′-tripyrrole-linked sequence-selective pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) dimer DNA interstrand cross-linking agent spanning 11 DNA base pairs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2073-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gluch A, Vidakovic M, Bode J. Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs): relevance for disease and therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:67-103. [PMID: 18491049 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72843-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that processes, such as development, aging and cancer, are governed, to a considerable extent, by epigenetic processes, such as DNA and histone modifications. The sites of these modifications in turn reflect their position and role in the nuclear architecture. Since epigenetic changes are easier to reverse than mutations, drugs that remove or add the chemical tags are at the forefront of research for the treatment of cancerous and inflammatory diseases. This review will use selected examples to develop a unified view that might assist the systematic development of novel therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gluch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung MBIO/Epigenetic Regulation, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany
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Woynarowski JM, Krugliak M, Ginsburg H. Pharmacogenomic analyses of targeting the AT-rich malaria parasite genome with AT-specific alkylating drugs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 154:70-81. [PMID: 17524501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human malaria parasites, including the most lethal Plasmodium falciparum, are increasingly resistant to existing antimalarial drugs. One remarkable opportunity to selectively target P. falciparum stems from the unique AT-richness of its genome (80% A/T, relative to 60% in human DNA). To rationally explore this opportunity, we used drugs (adozelesin and bizelesin) which distinctly target AT-rich minisatellites and an in silico approach for genome-wide analysis previously experimentally validated in human cells [Woynarowski JM, Trevino AV, Rodriguez KA, Hardies SC, Benham CJ. AT-rich islands in genomic DNA as a novel target for AT-specific DNA-reactive antitumor drugs. J Biol Chem 2001;276:40555-66]. Both drugs demonstrate a potent, rapid and irreversible inhibition of the cultured P. falciparum (50% inhibition at 110 and 10+/-2.3 pM, respectively). This antiparasital activity reflects most likely drug binding to specific super-AT-rich regions. Relative to the human genome, the P. falciparum genome shows 3.9- and 7-fold higher frequency of binding sites for adozelesin and bizelesin, respectively. The distribution of these sites is non-random with the most prominent clusters found in large unique minisatellites [median size 3.5 kbp of nearly pure A/T, with multiple converging repeats but no shared consensus other than (A/T)(n)]. Each of the fourteen P. falciparum chromosomes contains only one such "super-AT island" located within approximately 3-7.5 kbp of gene-free and nucleosome-free loci. Important functions of super-AT islands are suggested by their exceptional predicted potential to serve as matrix attachment regions (MARs) and a precise co-localization with the putative centromeres. CONCLUSION Super-AT islands, identified as unique domains in the P. falciparum genome with presumably crucial functions, offer therapeutically exploitable opportunity for new antimalarial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Woynarowski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA.
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Purnell B, Sato A, O'kelley A, Price C, Summerville K, Hudson S, O'hare C, Kiakos K, Asao T, Lee M, Hartley JA. DNA interstrand crosslinking agents: Synthesis, DNA interactions, and cytotoxicity of dimeric achiral seco-amino-CBI and conjugates of achiral seco-amino-CBI with pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5677-81. [PMID: 16919946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of three novel bisalkylating agents derived from the achiral seco-duocarmycin or CC-1065 analogs and pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are described: achiral seco-CBI (cyclopropanebenz[e]indoline)-PBD 11, achiral seco-CI-PBD 12, and achiral seco-CBI dimer 13. Compounds 11 and 12 demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity over the monomer counterparts against the growth of P815 murine mastocytoma cells in culture. Conjugate 11 was found to covalently react with adenine-N3 positions within the minor groove at AT-rich sequences and to produce DNA interstrand crosslinks. Both compounds were found to induce apoptosis in P815 cells. Due to its poor water solubility, dimer 13 did not give any appreciable DNA binding or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Purnell
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Pointsett Highway, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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Balasubramani M, Day BW, Schoen RE, Getzenberg RH. Altered Expression and Localization of Creatine Kinase B, Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein F, and High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in the Nuclear Matrix Associated with Colon Cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:763-9. [PMID: 16424007 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers could lead to the development of effective screening tests for colorectal cancer. A previous study from our laboratory showed specific alterations of nuclear structure in colon cancer. In an effort to characterize these biomarkers, protein spots were selected from separations made by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The sequences obtained from the isolated spots revealed that they have close similarity to creatine kinase B (CKB) isoforms, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (hnRNP F) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) isoforms. To determine the expression of these proteins in colon cancer, expression was studied in 9 tumor and matched adjacent normal pairs, 5 donor colons, 16 polyps, 4 metastatic liver lesions and matched adjacent normal pairs, and 3 liver donors. CKB and hnRNP F were expressed in 78% and 89% of colon tumors, respectively. hnRNP F had a higher frequency of expression than CKB in premalignant polyps. With the establishment of differential expression of the proteins in colon cancer, their subcellular localization was analyzed. The subcellular fractions studied both showed high protein levels of hnRNP F in colon tumors compared with normal colon tissues. Surprisingly, subcellular levels of CKB were decreased in colon tumors, suggesting that the observed high CKB levels in nuclear matrix extracts are caused by the enhanced localization of CKB to the nuclear matrix during colon tumorigenesis. These results suggest an involvement of hnRNP F and CKB in colorectal cancer. Additionally, they suggest that hnRNP F is a potential marker for colorectal cancer progression.
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Hartley JA, Spanswick VJ, Brooks N, Clingen PH, McHugh PJ, Hochhauser D, Pedley RB, Kelland LR, Alley MC, Schultz R, Hollingshead MG, Schweikart KM, Tomaszewski JE, Sausville EA, Gregson SJ, Howard PW, Thurston DE. SJG-136 (NSC 694501), a novel rationally designed DNA minor groove interstrand cross-linking agent with potent and broad spectrum antitumor activity: part 1: cellular pharmacology, in vitro and initial in vivo antitumor activity. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6693-9. [PMID: 15374986 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SJG-136 (NSC 694501) is a rationally designed pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer that binds in the minor groove of DNA. It spans 6 bp with a preference for binding to purine-GATC-pyrimidine sequences. The agent has potent activity in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) anticancer drug screen with 50% net growth inhibition conferred by 0.14 to 320 nmol/L (7.4 nmol/L mean). Sensitive cell lines exhibit total growth inhibition and 50% lethality after treatment with as little as 0.83 and 7.1 nmol/L SJG-136, respectively. COMPARE and molecular target analysis of SJG-136 data versus that of >60,000 compounds tested in the NCI 60 cell line screen shows that, although the agent has similarity to other DNA binding agents, the pattern of activity for SJG-136 does not fit within the clusters of any known agents, suggesting that SJG-136 possesses a distinct mechanism of action. Testing in the NCI standard hollow fiber assay produced prominent growth inhibition in 20 of 24 i.p. and 7 of 24 s.c. test combinations with 5 of 12 cell lines exhibiting cell kill. In addition, SJG-136 produced antitumor activity in mice bearing CH1 and CH1cisR xenografts, a cisplatin-resistant human ovarian tumor model, and also in mice bearing LS174T xenografts, a human colon tumor model. SJG-136 produces DNA interstrand cross-links between two N-2 guanine positions on opposite strands and separated by 2 bp. In human tumor cell lines, the cross-links form rapidly and persist compared with those produced by conventional cross-linking agents such as nitrogen mustards. In mice bearing the LS174T human colon xenograft, DNA interstrand cross-links can be detected in tumor cells using a modification of the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay after administration of a therapeutic dose. Cross-links in the tumor increase with dose and are clearly detectable at 1 hour after i.v. administration. The level of cross-linking persists over a 24-hour period in this tumor in contrast to cross-links produced by conventional cross-linking agents observed over the same time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Nuclear architecture - the spatial arrangement of chromosomes and other nuclear components - provides a framework for organizing and regulating the diverse functional processes within the nucleus. There are characteristic differences in the nuclear architectures of cancer cells, compared with normal cells, and some anticancer treatments restore normal nuclear structure and function. Advances in understanding nuclear structure have revealed insights into the process of malignant transformation and provide a basis for the development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zink
- University of Munich (LMU), Department of Biology II, Goethestr. 31, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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