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Chen MC, Baskaran R, Lee NH, Hsu HH, Ho TJ, Tu CC, Lin YM, Viswanadha VP, Kuo WW, Huang CY. CXCL2/CXCR2 axis induces cancer stem cell characteristics in CPT-11-resistant LoVo colon cancer cells via Gαi-2 and Gαq/11. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11822-11834. [PMID: 30552676 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in colon cancer and exhibit characteristics of stem cells which are due to lineages of tissues where they arise. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-undergoing cancer cells display CSC properties and therapeutic resistance. Cancer and stromal cells comprise of a tumor microenvironment. One way the two populations communicate with each other is to secret CXC ligands (CXCLs). CXCLs are capable of causing chemotaxis of specific types of stromal cells and control angiogenesis. Double immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, and colony-formation assay were carried out to compare parental and CPT-11-resistant LoVo cells. CPT-11-R LoVo colon cancer cells showed increased expression of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8. They displayed significantly increased intracellular protein levels of CXCL2 and CXCR2. CPT-11-R LoVo cells showed significantly elevated expression in aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24), cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). CXCL2 knockdown by short hairpin RNA resulted in reduced expression of CSC proteins, cyclins, EMT markers, G proteins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Finally, Gαi-2 was found to promote expression of CSC genes and tumorigenesis which were more apparent in the resistant cells. In addition, Gαq/11 showed a similar pattern with exceptions of EpCAM and MMP9. Therefore, CXCL2-CXCR2 axis mediates through Gαi-2 and Gαq/11 to promote tumorigenesis and contributes to CSC properties of CPT-11-R LoVo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rathinasamy Baskaran
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Hung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- MacKay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chou Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Armed Force Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yeudall WA, Shahoumi L. A fatter way to metastasize. Oral Dis 2017; 24:679-681. [PMID: 28258602 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W A Yeudall
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - L Shahoumi
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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de Andrade NP, Rodrigues MFSD, Rodini CO, Nunes FD. Cancer stem cell, cytokeratins and epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma derived from ortothopic xenoimplantation of CD44 high cells. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 213:235-244. [PMID: 28214216 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent neoplasia of oral cavity worldwide and prognosis remains unchanged in decades. Recently, different authors reported that head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have a subpopulation of tumor initiating cells that apparently correspond to cancer stem cells (CSC) and are also responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the microscopic and phenotypic characteristics of OSCC tumors induced after orthotopic xenoimplantation of SCC9WT cell line and CSC-enriched subpopulation isolated from SCC9 cell line based on high expression of the putative CSC marker CD44. Different numbers of FACS-sorted SCC9 CD44high and CD44low cells as well as SCC9WT (wild type) were transplanted into the tongue of BALB/C nude (NOD/SCID) mice to evaluate their tumorigenic potential. Sixty days post-induction, tumors were morphologically characterized and immunostained for CSC markers (CD44, Nanog and Bmi-1), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Snail, Slug) and epithelial differentiating cell markers (cytokeratins 4, 13, 15, 17 and 19), as well as E-cadherin and β-catenin. The data presented here shows that SCC9 CD44high cells have higher ability to form tumors than SCC9 CD44low cells, even when significantly lower numbers of SCC9 CD44high cells were transplanted. Immunoassessment of tumors derived from SCC9 CD44high cells revealed high expression of cytokeratin CK19, β-catenin, E-cadherin and CD44, and negative or low expression of CK17, CK4, CK15, CK13, Nanog, Bmi-1, Snail and Slug. While tumors derived from SCC9WT showed high expression of CK17, CK19, CD44, Nanog, Bmi-1, Snail and Slug, and negative or low expression of CK4, CK15, CK13, β-catenin and E-cadherin. Thus, SCC9 CD44high cells were highly tumorigenic, capable of originating heterogeneous tumors and these tumors have a immunohistochemical profile different from those formed by the wild type cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camila Oliveira Rodini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ji N, Yu JW, Ni XC, Wu JG, Wang SL, Jiang BJ. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells increase drug resistance in CD133-expressing gastric cancer cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14637-14651. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Le JM, Squarize CH, Castilho RM. Histone modifications: Targeting head and neck cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:511-525. [PMID: 25426249 PMCID: PMC4178252 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and is responsible for a quarter of a million deaths annually. The survival rate for HNSCC patients is poor, showing only minor improvement in the last three decades. Despite new surgical techniques and chemotherapy protocols, tumor resistance to chemotherapy remains a significant challenge for HNSCC patients. Numerous mechanisms underlie chemoresistance, including genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells that may be acquired during treatment and activation of mitogenic signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer-of activated B cell, that cause reduced apoptosis. In addition to dysfunctional molecular signaling, emerging evidence reveals involvement of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor development and in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These observations have sparked interest in understanding the mechanisms involved in the control of CSC function and fate. Post-translational modifications of histones dynamically influence gene expression independent of alterations to the DNA sequence. Recent findings from our group have shown that pharmacological induction of post-translational modifications of tumor histones dynamically modulates CSC plasticity. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the biology of CSCs in response to epigenetic switches and pharmacological inhibitors of histone function may directly translate to the development of a mechanism-based strategy to disrupt CSCs. In this review, we present and discuss current knowledge on epigenetic modifications of HNSCC and CSC response to DNA methylation and histone modifications. In addition, we discuss chromatin modifications and their role in tumor resistance to therapy.
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Molina-Peña R, Álvarez MM. A simple mathematical model based on the cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests kinetic commonalities in solid tumor growth. PLoS One 2012; 7:e26233. [PMID: 22363395 PMCID: PMC3281810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis has gained credibility within the cancer research community. According to this hypothesis, a small subpopulation of cells within cancerous tissues exhibits stem-cell-like characteristics and is responsible for the maintenance and proliferation of cancer. Methodologies/Principal Findings We present a simple compartmental pseudo-chemical mathematical model for tumor growth, based on the CSC hypothesis, and derived using a “chemical reaction” approach. We defined three cell subpopulations: CSCs, transit progenitor cells, and differentiated cells. Each event related to cell division, differentiation, or death is then modeled as a chemical reaction. The resulting set of ordinary differential equations was numerically integrated to describe the time evolution of each cell subpopulation and the overall tumor growth. The parameter space was explored to identify combinations of parameter values that produce biologically feasible and consistent scenarios. Conclusions/Significance Certain kinetic relationships apparently must be satisfied to sustain solid tumor growth and to maintain an approximate constant fraction of CSCs in the tumor lower than 0.01 (as experimentally observed): (a) the rate of symmetrical and asymmetrical CSC renewal must be in the same order of magnitude; (b) the intrinsic rate of renewal and differentiation of progenitor cells must be half an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding intrinsic rates for cancer stem cells; (c) the rates of apoptosis of the CSC, transit amplifying progenitor (P) cells, and terminally differentiated (D) cells must be progressively higher by approximately one order of magnitude. Simulation results were consistent with reports that have suggested that encouraging CSC differentiation could be an effective therapeutic strategy for fighting cancer in addition to selective killing or inhibition of symmetric division of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Molina-Peña
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mario Moisés Álvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The majority of deaths from carcinoma are caused by secondary growths that result from tumour invasion and metastasis. The importance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a driver of invasion and metastasis is increasingly recognised, and recent evidence has highlighted a link between EMT and the cancer stem cells that initiate and maintain tumours and have also been implicated in invasion and metastasis. Here, we review cancer stem cells and their link with EMT, and explore the importance of this link in metastasis and therapeutic resistance of tumours. We also discuss new evidence from our laboratory demonstrating that cancer stem cells display a remarkable phenotypic plasticity that enables them to switch between an epithelial phenotype that drives tumour growth and an EMT phenotype that drives metastasis. As successful therapies must eradicate cancer stem cells in all their guises, the identification of sub-types of cancer stem cells that display therapeutic resistance and phenotypic plasticity has important implications for the future design of therapeutic strategies. The ability to assay the responses of different cancer stem cell phenotypes in vitro holds promise for the rapid development of a new generation of targeted therapies that fulfil this objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK,
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Retraction. Cancer stem cell hierarchy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:174. [PMID: 19130319 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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