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Song SH, Kim HM, Jung YJ, Kook HR, Jeon S, Bhak J, Kim JH, Lee H, Oh JJ, Lee S, Hong SK, Byun SS. Germline DNA-Repair Genes and HOXB13 Mutations in Korean Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Data from a Large Korean Cohort. World J Mens Health 2023; 41:960-968. [PMID: 37118955 PMCID: PMC10523122 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Germline mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes such as BRCA2 have been associated with prostate cancer (PC) risk but has not been thoroughly evaluated for metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) in Asian men. This study attempts to evaluate frequency of DDR mutations in the largest cohort of Koreans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 340 patients with mPC unselected for family history of cancer and compared to 495 controls. Whole genome sequencing was applied to assess germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PV/LPVs) in 26 DDR genes and HOXB13, including 7 genes (ATM, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, BRIP1, PALB2, and NBN) associated with hereditary PC. Comparisons to published Caucasian and Japanese cohorts were performed. RESULTS Total of 28 PV/LPVs were identified in 30 (8.8%) patients; mutations were found in 13 genes, including BRCA2 (15 men [4.41%]), ATM (2 men [0.59%]), NBN (2 men [0.59%], and BRIP1 (2 men [0.59%]). Only one patient had HOXB13 mutation (0.29%). A lower rate of overall germline variant frequency was observed in Korean mPC compared to Caucasians (8.8% vs. 11.8%), but individual variants notably differed from Caucasian and geographically similar Japanese cohorts. PV/LPVs in DDR genes tended to increase gradually with higher Gleason scores (GS 7, 7.1%; GS 8, 7.5%; GS 9-10, 9.9%). CONCLUSIONS BRCA2 was the most frequently mutated gene common to different cohorts supporting its importance, but differences in variant distribution in Korean mPC underscore the need for ethnic-specific genetic models. Future ethnic-specific analyses are warranted to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Song
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Rim Kook
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul N Urology Clinic, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Korean Genomics Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
- Clinomics Inc., Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Korean Genomics Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
- Clinomics Inc., Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan, Korea
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Osong, Korea
| | - Jin Hyuck Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakmin Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Jin Oh
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Procagen, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Stella S, Vitale SR, Martorana F, Massimino M, Pavone G, Lanzafame K, Bianca S, Barone C, Gorgone C, Fichera M, Manzella L. Mutational Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Breast Cancer Patients from Eastern Sicily. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1341-1352. [PMID: 35411189 PMCID: PMC8994564 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s348529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Germline mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with a defined lifetime risk of breast (BC), ovarian (OC) and other cancers. Testing BRCA genes is pivotal to assess individual risk, but also to pursue preventive approaches in healthy carriers and tailored treatments in tumor patients. The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations varies broadly across different geographic regions and, despite data about BRCA pathogenic variants among Sicilian families exist, studies specifically addressing eastern Sicily population are lacking. The aim of our study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of BRCA pathogenic germline alterations in a cohort of BC patients from eastern Sicily and to evaluate their associations with specific BC features. Patients and Methods Mutational status was assessed in a cohort of 389 BC patients, using next generation sequencing. The presence of alterations was correlated with tumor grading and proliferation index. Results Overall, 35 patients (9%) harbored a BRCA pathogenic variant, 17 (49%) in BRCA1 and 18 (51%) in BRCA2. BRCA1 alterations were prevalent among triple negative BC patients, whereas BRCA2 mutations were more common in subjects with luminal B BC. Tumor grading and proliferation index were both significantly higher among subjects with BRCA1 variants compared to non-carriers. Conclusion Our findings provide an overview about BRCA mutational status among BC patients from eastern Sicily and confirm the role of NGS analysis to identify hereditary BC patients. Overall, these data are consistent with previous evidences supporting BRCA screening to properly prevent and treat cancer among mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Stella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Correspondence: Stefania Stella, Tel +39 095 378 1946, Email ;
| | - Silvia Rita Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Federica Martorana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Michele Massimino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Giuliana Pavone
- Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Katia Lanzafame
- Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Gorgone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, 94018, Italy
| | - Livia Manzella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
- Center of Experimental Oncology and Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico “G. Rodolico - San Marco”, Catania, 95123, Italy
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3
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Impact of Alternative Splicing Variants on Liver Cancer Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010018. [PMID: 35008179 PMCID: PMC8750444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Among the top ten deadly solid tumors are the two most frequent liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, whose development and malignancy are favored by multifactorial conditions, which include aberrant maturation of pre-mRNA due to abnormalities in either the machinery involved in the splicing, i.e., the spliceosome and associated factors, or the nucleotide sequences of essential sites for the exon recognition process. As a consequence of cancer-associated aberrant splicing in hepatocytes- and cholangiocytes-derived cancer cells, abnormal proteins are synthesized. They contribute to the dysregulated proliferation and eventually transformation of these cells to phenotypes with enhanced invasiveness, migration, and multidrug resistance, which contributes to the poor prognosis that characterizes these liver cancers. Abstract The two most frequent primary cancers affecting the liver, whose incidence is growing worldwide, are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which are among the five most lethal solid tumors with meager 5-year survival rates. The common difficulty in most cases to reach an early diagnosis, the aggressive invasiveness of both tumors, and the lack of favorable response to pharmacotherapy, either classical chemotherapy or modern targeted therapy, account for the poor outcome of these patients. Alternative splicing (AS) during pre-mRNA maturation results in changes that might affect proteins involved in different aspects of cancer biology, such as cell cycle dysregulation, cytoskeleton disorganization, migration, and adhesion, which favors carcinogenesis, tumor promotion, and progression, allowing cancer cells to escape from pharmacological treatments. Reasons accounting for cancer-associated aberrant splicing include mutations that create or disrupt splicing sites or splicing enhancers or silencers, abnormal expression of splicing factors, and impaired signaling pathways affecting the activity of the splicing machinery. Here we have reviewed the available information regarding the impact of AS on liver carcinogenesis and the development of malignant characteristics of HCC and iCCA, whose understanding is required to develop novel therapeutical approaches aimed at manipulating the phenotype of cancer cells.
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Hamdi Y, Boujemaa M, Mighri N, Mejri N, Jaidane O, Ben Nasr S, Bouaziz H, Hassouna JB, Zribi A, Berrazaga Y, Rachdi H, Daoud N, El Benna H, Labidi S, Haddaoui A, Rahal K, Benna F, Boussen H, Abdelhak S, Boubaker S. Identification of BRCA2 Cis Double Heterozygous Breast Cancer Cases Using Whole Exome Sequencing: Phenotypic Expression and Impact on Personalized Oncology. Front Genet 2021; 12:674990. [PMID: 34456966 PMCID: PMC8397457 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.674990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most commonly mutated breast cancer susceptibility genes that convey a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Most BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers have inherited a single heterozygous mutation. In recent years, very rare cases with biallelic or trans double heterozygous mutations on BRCA1 and or BRCA2 have been identified and seem to be associated with distinctive phenotypes. Given that this genotype-phenotype correlation in cancer predisposing hereditary conditions is of relevance for oncological prevention and genetic testing, it is important to investigate these rare BRCA genotypes for better clinical management of BRCA mutation carriers. Here we present the first report on Cis double heterozygosity (Cis DH) on BRCA2 gene identified using Whole exome sequencing (WES) in a Tunisian family with two BRCA2 mutations namely: c.632-1G>A and c.1310_1313DelAAGA that are both reported as pathogenic in ClinVar database. Subsequent analysis in 300 high-risk Tunisian breast cancer families detected this Cis double heterozygous genotype in 8 additional individuals belonging to 5 families from the same geographic origin suggesting a founder effect. Moreover, the observed Cis DH seems to be associated with an early age of onset (mean age = 35.33 years) and severe phenotype of the disease with high breast cancer grade and multiple cancer cases in the family. The identification of unusual BRCA genotypes in this Tunisian cohort highlights the importance of performing genetic studies in under-investigated populations. This will also potentially help avoiding erroneous classifications of genetic variants in African population and therefore avoiding clinical misdiagnosis of BRCA related cancers. Our findings will also have an impact on the genetic testing and the clinical management of North African breast cancer patients as well as patients from different other ethnic groups in regard to several emerging target therapies such as PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosr Hamdi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maroua Boujemaa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najah Mighri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Mejri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Jaidane
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Ben Nasr
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Ben Hassouna
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aref Zribi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Military Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yossra Berrazaga
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Rachdi
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Nouha Daoud
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Houda El Benna
- Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Labidi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | | | - Khaled Rahal
- Surgical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute of Cancer, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farouk Benna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Boussen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Medical Oncology Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, LR20IPT05, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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5
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Five Italian Families with Two Mutations in BRCA Genes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121451. [PMID: 33287145 PMCID: PMC7761639 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Double heterozygosity (DH) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and double mutation (DM) in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are extremely rare events in the general population, and few cases have been reported worldwide so far. Here, we describe five probands, all women, with breast and/or ovarian cancer and their families. Particularly, we identified two probands with DH in the BRCA1/2 genes with a frequency of 0.3% and three probands with DM in the BRCA2 gene with a frequency of 0.5%. The DH BRCA1 c.547+2T>A (IVS8+2T>A)/BRCA2 c.2830A>T (p.Lys944Ter) and BRCA1 c.3752_3755GTCT (p.Ser1253fs)/BRCA2 c.425+2T>C (IVS4+2T>C) have not been described together so far. The DM in BRCA2, c.631G>A (p.Val211Ile) and c.7008-2A>T (IVS13-2A>T), found in three unrelated probands, was previously reported in further unrelated patients. Due to its peculiarity, it is likely that both pathogenic variants descend from a common ancestor and, therefore, are founder mutations. Interestingly, analyzing the tumor types occurring in DH and DM families, we observed ovarian cancer only in DH families, probably due to the presence in DH patients of BRCA1 pathogenic variants, which predispose one more to ovarian cancer onset. Furthermore, male breast cancer and pancreatic cancer ensued in families with DM but not with DH. These data confirm that BRCA2 pathogenic variants have greater penetrance to develop breast cancer in men and are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
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6
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Melas M, Subbiah S, Saadat S, Rajurkar S, McDonnell KJ. The Community Oncology and Academic Medical Center Alliance in the Age of Precision Medicine: Cancer Genetics and Genomics Considerations. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2125. [PMID: 32640668 PMCID: PMC7408957 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent public policy, governmental regulatory and economic trends have motivated the establishment and deepening of community health and academic medical center alliances. Accordingly, community oncology practices now deliver a significant portion of their oncology care in association with academic cancer centers. In the age of precision medicine, this alliance has acquired critical importance; novel advances in nucleic acid sequencing, the generation and analysis of immense data sets, the changing clinical landscape of hereditary cancer predisposition and ongoing discovery of novel, targeted therapies challenge community-based oncologists to deliver molecularly-informed health care. The active engagement of community oncology practices with academic partners helps with meeting these challenges; community/academic alliances result in improved cancer patient care and provider efficacy. Here, we review the community oncology and academic medical center alliance. We examine how practitioners may leverage academic center precision medicine-based cancer genetics and genomics programs to advance their patients' needs. We highlight a number of project initiatives at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center that seek to optimize community oncology and academic cancer center precision medicine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Melas
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA;
| | - Shanmuga Subbiah
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Glendora, CA 91741, USA;
| | - Siamak Saadat
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Colton, CA 92324, USA;
| | - Swapnil Rajurkar
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Upland, CA 91786, USA;
| | - Kevin J. McDonnell
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Center for Precision Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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7
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Nguyen-Dumont T, MacInnis RJ, Steen JA, Theys D, Tsimiklis H, Hammet F, Mahmoodi M, Pope BJ, Park DJ, Mahmood K, Severi G, Bolton D, Milne RL, Giles GG, Southey MC. Rare germline genetic variants and risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2142-2149. [PMID: 32338768 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Few genetic risk factors have been demonstrated to be specifically associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa). Here, we report a case-case study of PrCa comparing the prevalence of germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) genetic variants in 787 men with aggressive disease and 769 with nonaggressive disease. Overall, we observed P/LP variants in 11.4% of men with aggressive PrCa and 9.8% of men with nonaggressive PrCa (two-tailed Fisher's exact tests, P = .28). The proportion of BRCA2 and ATM P/LP variant carriers in men with aggressive PrCa exceeded that observed in men with nonaggressive PrCa; 18/787 carriers (2.3%) and 4/769 carriers (0.5%), P = .004, and 14/787 carriers (0.02%) and 5/769 carriers (0.01%), P = .06, respectively. Our findings contribute to the extensive international effort to interpret the genetic variation identified in genes included on gene-panel tests, for which there is currently an insufficient evidence-base for clinical translation in the context of PrCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Steen
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derrick Theys
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Tsimiklis
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fleur Hammet
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard J Pope
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J Park
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP Inserm U1018, Faculté de Médecine - Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine - UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Vietri MT, Caliendo G, D'Elia G, Resse M, Casamassimi A, Minucci PB, Cioffi M, Molinari AM. BRCA and PALB2 mutations in a cohort of male breast cancer with one bilateral case. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103883. [PMID: 32058061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male Breast Cancer (MBC) is a rare disease, about 1% of all breast cancers worldwide and less than 1% of cancers occurring in men. The bilateral male breast cancer (bMBC) is extremely rare. Germline mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2 genes are associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer in MBC; the role of PALB2 remains to be clarified. Our main goal was to provide contribution on characterization of BRCA1/BRCA2 and PALB2 mutations in MBC patients. METHODS We observed 28 MBC cases; one of them was a bMBC. Screening for BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes was performed on all 28 MBC patients. Mutational analysis was extended to family members of mutated patients. RESULTS In our study, the MBC incidence was 5.2% and for bMBC was 3.6%. Mutation analysis showed pathogenic mutations in 11/28 (39.3%) patients; 2/28 (7.1%) displayed a mutation in BRCA1, 8/28 (28.6%) in BRCA2 and 1/28 (3.6%) in PALB2. Out of 11 mutated patients, one (9.1%) reported a double mutation in BRCA2. Personal history of other cancers was reported in 2/28 (7.1%) patients affected by bladder cancer. A first/second degree family history of breast/ovarian and other cancers occurred in 23/28 (82.1%) patients. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate BRCA2 as the main MBC susceptibility gene and describe an increased risk of bMBC and bladder cancer in mutated patients. The identification of mutations in MBC susceptibility genes supports the usage of oncology prevention programs in affected patients and their relatives carrying the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Elia
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Resse
- U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michele Cioffi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Clinical and Molecular Pathology, A.O.U. University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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9
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Scarpitta R, Zanna I, Aretini P, Gambino G, Scatena C, Mei B, Ghilli M, Rossetti E, Roncella M, Congregati C, Bonci F, Naccarato AG, Palli D, Caligo MA. Germline investigation in male breast cancer of DNA repair genes by next-generation sequencing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:557-564. [PMID: 31512090 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to better define the breast cancer (BC) genetic risk factors in men, a germline investigation was carried out on 81 Male BC cases by screening the 24 genes involved in BC predisposition, genome stability maintenance and DNA repair mechanisms by next-generation sequencing. METHODS Germline DNAs were tested in a custom multi-gene panel focused on all coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of 24 selected genes using two amplicon-based assays on PGM-Ion Torrent (ThermoFisher Scientific) and MiSeq (Illumina) platforms. All variants were recorded and classified by using a custom pipeline. RESULTS Clinical pathological data and the family history of 81 Male BC cases were gathered and analysed, revealing the average age of onset to be 61.3 years old and that in 35 cases there was a family history of BC. Our genetic screening allowed us to identify a germline mutation in 22 patients (23%) in 4 genes: BRCA2, BRIP1, MUTYH and PMS2. Moreover, 12 variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) in 9 genes (BARD1, BRCA1, BRIP1, CHEK2, ERCC1, NBN, PALB2, PMS1, RAD50) were predicted as potentially pathogenic by in silico analysis bringing the mutation detection rate up to 40%. CONCLUSION As expected, a positive family history is a strong predictor of germline BRCA2 mutations in male BC. Understanding the potential pathogenicity of VUS represents an extremely urgent need for the management of BC risk in Male BC cases and their own families.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scarpitta
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Zanna
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - P Aretini
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gambino
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Scatena
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Mei
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Ghilli
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Rossetti
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Roncella
- Breast Cancer Center, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Congregati
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bonci
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - A G Naccarato
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141, Florence, Italy
| | - M A Caligo
- Section of Genetic Oncology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Fraile-Bethencourt E, Valenzuela-Palomo A, Díez-Gómez B, Goina E, Acedo A, Buratti E, Velasco EA. Mis-splicing in breast cancer: identification of pathogenic BRCA2 variants by systematic minigene assays. J Pathol 2019; 248:409-420. [PMID: 30883759 DOI: 10.1002/path.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Splicing disruption is a common mechanism of gene inactivation associated with germline variants of susceptibility genes. To study the role of BRCA2 mis-splicing in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC), we performed a comprehensive analysis of variants from BRCA2 exons 2-9, as well as the initial characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of such exons. A pSAD-based minigene with exons 2-9 was constructed and validated in MCF-7 cells, producing the expected transcript (1016-nt/V1-BRCA2_exons_2-9-V2). DNA variants from mutational databases were analyzed by NNSplice and Human Splicing Finder softwares. To refine ESE-variant prediction, we mapped the regulatory regions through a functional strategy whereby 26 exonic microdeletions were introduced into the minigene and tested in MCF-7 cells. Thus, we identified nine spliceogenic ESE-rich intervals where ESE-variants may be located. Combining bioinformatics and microdeletion assays, 83 variants were selected and genetically engineered in the minigene. Fifty-three changes impaired splicing: 28 variants disrupted the canonical sites, four created new ones, 10 abrogated enhancers, eight created silencers and three caused a double-effect. Notably, nine spliceogenic-ESE variants were located within ESE-containing intervals. Capillary electrophoresis and sequencing revealed more than 23 aberrant transcripts, where exon skipping was the most common event. Interestingly, variant c.67G>A triggered the usage of a noncanonical GC-donor 4-nt upstream. Thirty-six variants that induced severe anomalies (>60% aberrant transcripts) were analyzed according to the ACMG guidelines. Thus, 28 variants were classified as pathogenic, five as likely pathogenic and three as variants of uncertain significance. Interestingly, 13 VUS were reclassified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. In conclusion, a large fraction of BRCA2 variants (∼64%) provoked splicing anomalies lending further support to the high prevalence of this disease-mechanism. The low accuracy of ESE-prediction algorithms may be circumvented by functional ESE-mapping that represents an optimal strategy to identify spliceogenic ESE-variants. Finally, systematic functional assays by minigenes depict a valuable tool for the initial characterization of splicing anomalies and the clinical interpretation of variants. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valenzuela-Palomo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Gómez
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Goina
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Acedo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eladio A Velasco
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
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11
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Zhao Q, Yang J, Li L, Cao D, Yu M, Shen K. Germline and somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes among Chinese ovarian cancer patients detected using next-generation sequencing. J Gynecol Oncol 2017; 28:e39. [PMID: 28541631 PMCID: PMC5447142 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2017.28.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define genetic profiling of homologous recombination (HR) deficiency in Chinese ovarian cancer patients. METHODS we have applied next-generation sequencing to detect deleterious mutations through all exons in 31 core HR genes. Paired whole blood and frozen tumor samples from 50 Chinese women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinomas were tested to identify both germline and somatic variants. RESULTS Deleterious germline HR-mutations were identified in 36% of the ovarian cancer patients. Another 5 patients had only somatic mutations. BRCA2 was most frequently mutated. Three out of the 5 somatic mutations were in RAD genes and a wider distribution of other HR genes was involved in non-serous carcinomas. BRCA1/2-mutation carriers had favorable platinum sensitivity (relative risk, 1.57, p<0.05), resulting in a 100% remission probability and survival rate. In contrast, mutations in other HR genes predicted poor prognosis. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that platinum sensitivity and optimal cytoreduction were the independent impact factors influencing survival (hazards ratio, 0.053) and relapse (hazards ratio, 0.247), respectively. CONCLUSION our results suggest that a more comprehensive profiling of HR defect than merely BRCA1/2 could help elucidate tumor heterogeneity and lead to better stratification of ovarian cancer patients for individualized clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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Minucci A, De Bonis M, Costella A, Scambia G, Scandurra G, Capoluongo E. Multidisciplinary team for elucidation of any new mutation and how this approach can be useful to individualize any genetic result: the case of BRCA2 c.631G>A/c.7008-2A>T genotype Response to: Nagy PL, Mansukhani M. The role of clinical genomic testing in diagnosis and discovery of pathogenic mutations. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015;15(9):1101-5. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:715-7. [PMID: 27125725 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1184573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Minucci
- a Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria De Bonis
- a Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandra Costella
- a Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Catholic University , Rome , Italy.,c Foundation Giovanni Paolo II and Molipharma s.r.l. , Campobasso , Italy
| | - Giuseppa Scandurra
- d Division of Gynecological and Medical Oncology, Department of Maternal and Child , Cannizzaro Hospital , Catania , Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- a Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry , Catholic University , Rome , Italy.,c Foundation Giovanni Paolo II and Molipharma s.r.l. , Campobasso , Italy
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13
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Comparative in vitro and in silico analyses of variants in splicing regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and characterization of novel pathogenic mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57173. [PMID: 23451180 PMCID: PMC3579815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several unclassified variants (UVs) have been identified in splicing regions of disease-associated genes and their characterization as pathogenic mutations or benign polymorphisms is crucial for the understanding of their role in disease development. In this study, 24 UVs located at BRCA1 and BRCA2 splice sites were characterized by transcripts analysis. These results were used to evaluate the ability of nine bioinformatics programs in predicting genetic variants causing aberrant splicing (spliceogenic variants) and the nature of aberrant transcripts. Eleven variants in BRCA1 and 8 in BRCA2, including 8 not previously characterized at transcript level, were ascertained to affect mRNA splicing. Of these, 16 led to the synthesis of aberrant transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs), 2 to the up-regulation of naturally occurring alternative transcripts containing PTCs, and one to an in-frame deletion within the region coding for the DNA binding domain of BRCA2, causing the loss of the ability to bind the partner protein DSS1 and ssDNA. For each computational program, we evaluated the rate of non-informative analyses, i.e. those that did not recognize the natural splice sites in the wild-type sequence, and the rate of false positive predictions, i.e., variants incorrectly classified as spliceogenic, as a measure of their specificity, under conditions setting sensitivity of predictions to 100%. The programs that performed better were Human Splicing Finder and Automated Splice Site Analyses, both exhibiting 100% informativeness and specificity. For 10 mutations the activation of cryptic splice sites was observed, but we were unable to derive simple criteria to select, among the different cryptic sites predicted by the bioinformatics analyses, those actually used. Consistent with previous reports, our study provides evidences that in silico tools can be used for selecting splice site variants for in vitro analyses. However, the latter remain mandatory for the characterization of the nature of aberrant transcripts.
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14
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Yang M, Sun Y, Ma L, Wang C, Wu JM, Bi A, Liao DJ. Complex alternative splicing of the smarca2 gene suggests the importance of smarca2-B variants. J Cancer 2011; 2:386-400. [PMID: 21811517 PMCID: PMC3148773 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BRM is an ATPase component of the SWI/SNF complex that regulates chromatin remodeling and cell proliferation and is considered a tumor suppressor. In this study we characterized transcripts from the Smarca2 gene that encodes the BRM protein. We found that the human Smarca2 gene (hSmarca2), like its mouse counterpart (mSmarca2), also initiated a short transcript from intron 27 of the long transcript. We name the long and short transcripts as Smarca2-a and Smarca2-b, respectively. Like its human counterpart, mSmarca2-a also underwent alternative splicing at the 54-bp exon 29. The hSmarca2-b had two alternative initiation sites and underwent alternative splicing at three different 3' sites of exon 1 and at exons 2, 3 and/or 5. We identified nine hSmarca2-b mRNA variants that might produce five different proteins. mSmarca2-b also underwent alternative splicing at exon 3 and/or exon 5, besides alternatively retaining part of intron 1 in exon 1. Smarca2-b was expressed more abundantly than Smarca2-a in many cell lines and was more sensitive to serum starvation. Moreover, cyclin D1 also regulated the expression of both Smarca2-a and Smarca2-b in a complex manner. These data suggest that the functions of the Smarca2 gene may be very complex, not just simply inhibiting cell proliferation, and in certain situations may be elicited mainly by expressing the much less known Smarca2-b, not the better studied Smarca2-a and its products BRM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- 1. Hormel Institute, The University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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15
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Mucaki EJ, Ainsworth P, Rogan PK. Comprehensive prediction of mRNA splicing effects of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:735-42. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Vargas AC, Reis-Filho JS, Lakhani SR. Phenotype-genotype correlation in familial breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:27-40. [PMID: 21400086 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial breast cancer accounts for a small but significant proportion of breast cancer cases worldwide. Identification of the candidate genes is always challenging specifically in patients with little or no family history. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team is required for the proper detection and further management of these patients. Pathologists have played a pivotal role in the cataloguing of genotypic-phenotypic correlations in families with hereditary cancer syndromes. These efforts have led to the identification of histological and phenotypic characteristics that can help predict the presence or absence of germline mutations of specific cancer predisposition genes. However, the panoply of cancer phenotypes associated with mutations of genes other than in BRCA1 is yet to be fully characterised; in fact, many cancer syndromes, germline mutations and gene sequence variants are under investigation for their possible morphological associations. Here we review the current understanding of phenotype-genotype correlation in familial breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Vargas
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Vargas AC, Da Silva L, Lakhani SR. The contribution of breast cancer pathology to statistical models to predict mutation risk in BRCA carriers. Fam Cancer 2011; 9:545-53. [PMID: 20577821 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated breast cancer comprises a small but important group of hereditary breast cancer. Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 has significant clinical and personal implications for the patients in terms of therapy and follow-up of individual family members. The sequencing of the genes is expensive and since the information derived may have a profound effect on the individual and family members, it is important that testing is done only when the risk of carrying a mutation is thought to be high. Over the last decade, researchers have developed a number of statistical models for predicting risk for harboring mutations in these genes and the risk of subsequently developing breast and ovarian cancer. These models usually take into account the type of tumor and age at occurrence as well as family history. Data from pathological analysis show that although breast tumours are heterogeneous, there are histological characteristics that are seen more frequently in carriers of BRCA1 germ line mutations compared to BRCA2 and sporadic breast cancers. A number of authors have suggested that the addition of pathological data to risk algorithms may improve the predictive power of these models and provide a more accurate way of identifying individuals who may benefit from testing. Here we review the pathology of familial breast cancer and assess the evidence to justify the use of pathology in refining risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Vargas
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Building 71/918, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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18
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Steffensen AY, Jønson L, Ejlertsen B, Gerdes AM, Nielsen FC, Hansen TVO. Identification of a Danish breast/ovarian cancer family double heterozygote for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Fam Cancer 2010; 9:283-7. [PMID: 20455026 PMCID: PMC2921502 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the two breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Patients with mutations in both genes are rarely reported and often involve Ashkenazi founder mutations. Here we report the first identification of a Danish breast and ovarian cancer family heterozygote for mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The BRCA1 nucleotide 5215G > A/c.5096G > A mutation results in the missense mutation Arg1699Gln, while the BRCA2 nucleotide 859 + 4A > G/c.631 + 4A > G is novel. Exon trapping experiments and reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR analysis revealed that the BRCA2 mutation results in skipping of exon 7, thereby introducing a frameshift and a premature stop codon. We therefore classify the mutation as disease causing. Since the BRCA1 Arg1699Gln mutation is also suggested to be disease-causing, we consider this family double heterozygote for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Y Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry 4111, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Díez O, Gutiérrez-Enríquez S. BRCA2 splice site mutations in an Italian breast/ovarian cancer family. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1285. [PMID: 19542536 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Colombo M, Ripamonti CB, Pensotti V, Foglia C, Peissel B, Pierotti MA, Manoukian S, Radice P. An unusual BRCA2 allele carrying two splice site mutations. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:1143-4. [PMID: 19423647 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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