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Choi HD, Chang MJ. Eye, hepatobiliary, and renal disorders of erlotinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234818. [PMID: 32663210 PMCID: PMC7360022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treat EGFR mutation positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Skin rash and diarrhea are well-known and common adverse events in patients receiving erlotinib, whereas other adverse events, including eye, liver, or renal disorders have not been evaluated adequately. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the ocular, hepatobiliary, and renal toxicities of erlotinib in patients with NSCLC cancers. Methods In total, sixty studies were assessed, and the results of the included studies were quantitatively integrated using meta-analysis. The incidence of ocular, hepatobiliary (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and bilirubin elevations; other hepatic adverse events), and renal adverse events were estimated. Additionally, the erlotinib-treated groups and the control groups (placebo or other treatment) were compared with respect to ocular disorders and ALT elevation. The study protocol has been registered in the International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42018093758. Results The overall incidence of ocular disorders was 3.30% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.20%–5.00%). The incidence of ALT elevation, bilirubin elevation, and other hepatobiliary disorders was 6.40% (95% CI 3.90%–10.4%), 3.80% (95% CI 2.30%–6.10%), and 1.00% (95% 0.60%–1.80%), respectively. The incidence of renal disorder was 3.10% (95% CI 1.90%–5.00%). The risk of ocular toxicity in the erlotinib treatment group was significantly increased (risk ratio = 2.91; 95% CI 1.70–4.98) compared to that in the control group. ALT elevation was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Based on the results, careful monitoring of ocular toxicity in patients receiving erlotinib should be recommended and closer monitoring of hepatic toxicity should be also recommended in patients with liver-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Duck Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Jung Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li P, Gao Q, Jiang X, Zhan Z, Yan Q, Li Z, Huang C. Comparison of Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis between ALK Rearrangements and EGFR Mutations in Surgically Resected Early-stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:61-71. [PMID: 30662526 PMCID: PMC6329857 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A number of mutations in key oncogenes have been identified as important for the initiation and maintenance of lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). This study elucidated the prevalence and prognostic significance of mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) and rearrangements in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) in patients with surgically resected primary LAC. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 675 consecutive patients who underwent radical resection at a single institution. We concurrently analyzed mutations in EGFR and the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog gene (KRAS) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and investigated ALK rearrangements by immunohistochemistry. LAC with or without various oncogenic mutations was studied for clinicopathological features and their association with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Result: ALK rearrangements and EGFR mutations were detected in 75 and 312 patients, respectively, with coexistence in 5 cases. ALK rearrangements and mutations in EGFR and KRAS were mutually exclusive. Compared with patients with EGFR mutations, ALK rearrangements were more common in younger patients, and those with advanced tumors, lymph node metastases, and higher rates of postoperative adjuvant therapy. Histologically, EGFR mutations were more common than ALK rearrangements in patients with the acinar predominant subtype and the lepidic predominant subtype of LAC, whereas ALK rearrangements were more frequent in the solid predominant subtype with mucin production and invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas. ALK-positive patients had a significantly worse DFS than those with EGFR mutations and wild-type (WT) patients. The mean OS after surgical procedures was significantly longer in EGFR-mutated versus WT patients. No significant differences were found in patients with ALK-positive tumors compared with EGFR-mutated and WT patients. Conclusion: Clinicopathological features of LAC with ALK rearrangements differ from those of LAC with EGFR mutations. Patients with ALK rearrangements had a significantly worse DFS than those harboring EGFR mutations. Thus, ALK rearrangements are an adverse prognostic factor in surgically-resected LAC patients, while EGFR mutations are associated with a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupu Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
| | - Qiongqiong Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
| | - Xiangli Jiang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
| | - Zhongli Zhan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Qingna Yan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhaona Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
| | - Chun Huang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
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3
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Bui KT, Cooper WA, Kao S, Boyer M. Targeted Molecular Treatments in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Clinical Guide for Oncologists. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E192. [PMID: 30065223 PMCID: PMC6111731 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7080192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted molecular treatments have changed the way non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is managed. Epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor (EGFR),anaplasticlymphomakinase (ALK),v-rafmurine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF), and c-rosoncogene 1 (ROS1) mutations are now used to guide specific anti-cancer therapies to improve patient outcomes. New targeted molecular treatments are constantly being developed and evaluated as a means to improve efficacy, overcome resistance, or minimise toxicity. This review article summarises the current evidence for the efficacy, resistance mechanisms, and safety of targeted molecular treatments against specific mutations in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Tam Bui
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, 119-143 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Steven Kao
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, 119-143 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Michael Boyer
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, 119-143 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Road Camperdown, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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4
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Erlotinib in routine clinical practice for first-line maintenance therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1375-1383. [PMID: 29687154 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The controlled phase III trial SATURN demonstrated that maintenance therapy with erlotinib after the first-line platinum-based chemotherapy prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with advanced, non-progressive disease. We conducted the non-interventional study SATURN NIS to investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of erlotinib maintenance in daily clinical practice. METHODS This single-arm NIS screened 290 patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC (stage IIIB or IV) and stable disease after standard platinum-based first-line chemotherapy in 95 institutions across Germany. Erlotinib was dosed and administered corresponding to the terms of the marketing authorization at the time of recruitment. The main effectiveness endpoint was subjects' OS at 1 year. Subgroup analyses of survival estimates of OS and PFS were performed. RESULTS 272 patients were eligible for analysis (median age 66 years, 37.1% females, 99.6% Caucasian, median ECOG performance status 1, 61.8% adenocarcinoma, 96.3% of patients with stable disease). Maintenance therapy with erlotinib resulted in median OS comparable to that of the SATURN phase III trial 10.4 months [95% CI: (8.8; 12.5) vs. 11.9 months]. The 1-year survival rate was 45.6% [95% CI: (37.5%; 53.6%)]. No new safety signals were observed. As expected, patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations derived a greater benefit concerning OS and PFS than EGFR-wild-type patients. Moreover, a significant association of OS and PFS and the smoking status was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of this non-interventional study support the current clinical practice of erlotinib switch maintenance in EGFR-mutation-positive patients.
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Inno A, Di Noia V, Martini M, D'Argento E, Di Salvatore M, Arena V, Schinzari G, Orlandi A, Larocca LM, Cassano A, Barone C. Erlotinib for Patients with EGFR Wild-Type Metastatic NSCLC: a Retrospective Biomarkers Analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:513-520. [PMID: 29557085 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Erlotinib is approved for the treatment of patients with EGFR mutation positive, metastatic NSCLC. It is also approved as second/third line therapy for EGFR mutation negative patients, but in this setting the benefit of erlotinib is modest and there is no validated biomarker for selecting EGFR wild-type patients who may benefit the most from the treatment. We retrospectively assessed EGFR and K-RAS mutational status, and EGFR, c-MET and IGF1-R expression in tumor samples of 72 patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with erlotinib after at least one prior line of chemotherapy, from 2008 to 2012. We analyzed the association between biomarkers and outcome (RR, PFS, and OS). EGFR mutated patients achieved a better RR (56% vs 8%, p = .002), PFS (10 vs 3 months, HR 0.53, p = 0.48) and OS (20 vs 6 months, HR 0.55, p = .07), compared to EGFR wild-type patients. Among 63 EGFR wild-type patients, those with EGFR high-expression had a better outcome in terms of RR (40% vs 2%, p = .002), PFS (7.5 vs 2 months, HR 0.45, p = .007) and OS (30 vs 5 months, HR 0.34, p < .001) compared to patients with EGFR intermediate or low/negative-expression. IGF1-R expression, c-MET expression and K-RAS mutational status did not significantly affect the outcome; however, no patients with K-RAS mutation or c-MET high-expression achieved an objective response. In patients with metastatic, chemo-refractory EGFR wild-type NSCLC, EGFR high-expression may represent a positive predictor of activity for erlotinib, whereas K-RAS mutation and c-MET high-expression may predict lack of activity. These findings deserve further prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Inno
- Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Care Center, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Via don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar, Verona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Noia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Argento
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Orlandi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Cassano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Barone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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6
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Forcella M, Oldani M, Epistolio S, Freguia S, Monti E, Fusi P, Frattini M. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), EGFR downstream pathway activation and TKI targeted therapies sensitivity: Effect of the plasma membrane-associated NEU3. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187289. [PMID: 29088281 PMCID: PMC5663482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a severe disease. Patients carrying EGFR mutations may benefit from EGFR targeted therapies (e.g.: gefitinib). Recently, it has been shown that sialidase NEU3 directly interacts and regulates EGFR. In this work, we investigate the effect of sialidase NEU3 overexpression on EGFR pathways activation and EGFR targeted therapies sensitivity, in a series of lung cancer cell lines. NEU3 overexpression, forced after transfection, does not affect NSCLC cell viability. We demonstrate that NEU3 overexpression stimulates the ERK pathway but this activation is completely abolished by gefitinib treatment. The Akt pathway is also hyper-activated upon NEU3 overexpression, but gefitinib is able only to decrease, and not to abolish, such activation. These findings indicate that NEU3 can act directly on the ERK pathway through EGFR and both directly and indirectly with respect to EGFR on the Akt pathway. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a healthy mucosa cell line (with EGFR wild-type gene sequence) is slightly sensitive to gefitinib, especially in the presence of NEU3 overexpression, thus hypothesizing that NEU3 overexpressing patients may benefit from EGFR targeted therapies also in absence of EGFR point mutations. Overall, the expression of NEU3 may be a novel diagnostic marker in NSCLC because, by its ability to stimulate EGFR downstream pathways with direct and indirect mechanisms, it may help in the identification of patients who can profit from EGFR targeted therapies in absence of EGFR activating mutations or from new combinations of EGFR and Akt inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Forcella
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Oldani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Samantha Epistolio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Freguia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- * E-mail: (EM); (MF)
| | - Paola Fusi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Milo Frattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Locarno, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (EM); (MF)
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7
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Phase I study of the combination of quinacrine and erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 2017; 36:435-441. [PMID: 28971268 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Preclinical data suggest quinacrine acts as an inhibitor of FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex, which may play a role in TKI (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) resistance. The aim of this Phase I study was to study the safety and assess the maximum tolerated dose of quinacrine in combination with erlotinib in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods This was a phase I study with standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design with the primary aim of determining the maximum tolerated dose. Two of 3 patients enrolled at dose level 1 experienced dose limiting toxicity (DLT). The next 6 patients were enrolled at dose level - 1 and none of these 6 patients experienced DLT. The dose of 50 mg of quinacrine every other day with 150 mg of erlotinib was established as the maximum tolerated and the recommended phase II dose. One of 3 patients treated at dose level 1 had stable disease. One of 6 patients treated at dose level - 1 had partial response for 6 months, the rest had progressive disease at the time of first assessment. Conclusion Combination of quinacrine and erlotinib was well tolerated but showed limited efficacy in advanced NSCLC.
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8
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Sztankay M, Giesinger JM, Zabernigg A, Krempler E, Pall G, Hilbe W, Burghuber O, Hochmair M, Rumpold G, Doering S, Holzner B. Clinical decision-making and health-related quality of life during first-line and maintenance therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): findings from a real-world setting. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:565. [PMID: 28835219 PMCID: PMC5569463 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintenance therapy (MT) with pemetrexed has been shown to improve overall and progression-free survival of patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), without impairing patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQOL) substantially. Comprehensive data on HRQOL under real-life conditions are necessary to enable informed decision-making. This study aims to (1) assess HRQOL during first-line chemotherapy and subsequent MT and (2) record patients’ and physicians’ reasons leading to clinical decisions on MT. Methods Patients treated for NSCLC at three Austrian medical centres were included. HRQOL was assessed at every chemotherapy cycle using the EORTC QLQ-C30/+LC13 questionnaire. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before MT initiation and at the time of discontinuation to evaluate patients’ and physicians’ reasons for treatment decisions. Longitudinal QOL analysis was based on linear mixed models. Results Sixty-one (73%) out of 84 patients were considered for MT. Thirty-six patients (43%) received MT and 29 (35%) discontinued therapy. Decisions on MT initiation (in 20 cases by the physician vs 4 by the patient) and discontinuation (19 vs 10) were mainly voiced by the physician. Treatment toxicity of first-line chemotherapy was the main reason for rejection of MT in patients with stable disease and was more often indicated by patients than clinicians. HRQOL data were collected from 83 patients at 422 assessment time points and indicated significantly lower symptom severity during MT compared with first-line therapy for nausea and vomiting (p = 0.006), sleep disturbances (p < 0.001), appetite loss (p = 0.043), constipation (p = 0.017) and chest pain (p = 0.022), and a deterioration in emotional functioning (p = 0.023) and cognitive functioning (p = 0.044) during MT. Conclusions Our results indicate that HRQOL and symptom burden improve between first-line treatment to MT in some respects, although some late toxicity persists. Discrepancies between patients’ and physicians’ perception of reasons for rejecting MT were evident. Thus, the integration of patient-reported outcomes, such as HRQOL, is required to enable shared decision-making and personalised healthcare based on mutual understanding of treatment objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sztankay
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Johannes Maria Giesinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - August Zabernigg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kufstein County Hospital, Kufstein, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Krempler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Pall
- Waldburg-Zeil Akutkliniken GmbH & Co. KG, Wangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Haematology and Oncology), Wilhelminenspital Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Burghuber
- Respiratory Oncology Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Respiratory Oncology Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Otto-Wagner-Spital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Rumpold
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Doering
- Department of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Holzner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Chung SW, Kweon S, Lee BS, Kim GC, Mahmud F, Lee H, Cho YS, Choi JU, Jeon OC, Kim JW, Kim SW, Kim IS, Kim SY, Byun Y. Radiotherapy-assisted tumor selective metronomic oral chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Chung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Beom Suk Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Gui Chul Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Foyez Mahmud
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hanul Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | | | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan; Seoul South Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul South Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology; Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences; Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
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10
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Abernethy AP, Arunachalam A, Burke T, McKay C, Cao X, Sorg R, Carbone DP. Real-world first-line treatment and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer without known EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements in US community oncology setting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178420. [PMID: 28644837 PMCID: PMC5482433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a baseline for care and overall survival (OS) based upon contemporary first-line treatments prescribed in the era before the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, for people with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without common actionable mutations. METHODS Using a nationally representative electronic health record data from the Flatiron dataset which included 162 practices from different regions in US, we identified patients (≥18 years old) newly diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC initiating first-line anticancer therapy (November 2012- January 2015, with follow-up through July 2015). Patients with documented epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation were excluded. Anti-cancer drug therapy and overall survival were described overall, and by histology. RESULTS A total of 2,014 patients with stage IV NSCLC without known EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations initiated systemic anticancer therapy, 22% with squamous and 78% with nonsquamous histology. Their mean (SD) age was 67 (10) years, 55% were male, and 87% had a smoking history. In nonsquamous NSCLC, carboplatin plus pemetrexed either without (25.7%) or with bevacizumab (16%) were the most common regimens; 26.6% of nonsquamous patients receiving induction therapy also received continuation maintenance therapy. In squamous NSCLC, carboplatin plus paclitaxel (37.6%) or nab-paclitaxel (21.1%) were the most commonly used regimens. Overall median OS was 9.7 months (95% CI: 9.1, 10.3), 8.5 months (95% CI: 7.4, 10.0) for squamous, and 10.0 months (95% CI: 9.4, 10.8) for nonsquamous NSCLC. CONCLUSION The results provide context for evaluating the effect of shifting treatment patterns of NSCLC treatments on patient outcomes, and for community oncology benchmarking initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P. Abernethy
- Flatiron Health, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashwini Arunachalam
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thomas Burke
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Caroline McKay
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiting Cao
- Center for Observational & Real World Evidence (CORE), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rachael Sorg
- Flatiron Health, Inc., New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David P. Carbone
- James Thoracic Oncology Center, Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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11
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Raimbourg J, Joalland MP, Cabart M, de Plater L, Bouquet F, Savina A, Decaudin D, Bennouna J, Vallette FM, Lalier L. Sensitization of EGFR Wild-Type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Erlotinib. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1634-1644. [PMID: 28522592 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of EGFR-TKI in non-small cell lung cancer has been demonstrated in mutant EGFR tumors as first-line treatment but the benefit in wild-type EGFR tumors is marginal as well as restricted to maintenance therapy in pretreated patients. This work aimed at questioning the effects of cisplatin initial treatment on the EGFR pathway in non-small cell lung cancer and the functional consequences in vitro and in in vivo animal models of patient-derived xenografts (PDX). We establish here that cisplatin pretreatment specifically sensitizes wild-type EGFR-expressing cells to erlotinib, contrary to what happens in mutant EGFR cells and with a blocking EGFR antibody, both in vitro and in vivo The sensitization entails the activation of the kinase Src upstream of EGFR, thereafter transactivating EGFR through a ligand-independent activation. We propose a combination of markers that enable to discriminate between the tumors sensitized to erlotinib or not in PDX models, which should be worth testing in patients. These markers might be useful for the selection of patients who would benefit from erlotinib as a maintenance therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1634-44. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Raimbourg
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Joalland
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, France
| | - Mathilde Cabart
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ludmilla de Plater
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Didier Decaudin
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jaafar Bennouna
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, France
| | - François M Vallette
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, France
| | - Lisenn Lalier
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, France
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12
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Han K, Claret L, Sandler A, Das A, Jin J, Bruno R. Modeling and simulation of maintenance treatment in first-line non-small cell lung cancer with external validation. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:473. [PMID: 27412292 PMCID: PMC4944249 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintenance treatment (MTx) in responders following first-line treatment has been investigated and practiced for many cancers. Modeling and simulation may support interpretation of interim data and development decisions. We aimed to develop a modeling framework to simulate overall survival (OS) for MTx in NSCLC using tumor growth inhibition (TGI) data. Methods TGI metrics were estimated using longitudinal tumor size data from two Phase III first-line NSCLC studies evaluating bevacizumab and erlotinib as MTx in 1632 patients. Baseline prognostic factors and TGI metric estimates were assessed in multivariate parametric models to predict OS. The OS model was externally validated by simulating a third independent NSCLC study (n = 253) based on interim TGI data (up to progression-free survival database lock). The third study evaluated pemetrexed + bevacizumab vs. bevacizumab alone as MTx. Results Time-to-tumor-growth (TTG) was the best TGI metric to predict OS. TTG, baseline tumor size, ECOG score, Asian ethnicity, age, and gender were significant covariates in the final OS model. The OS model was qualified by simulating OS distributions and hazard ratios (HR) in the two studies used for model-building. Simulations of the third independent study based on interim TGI data showed that pemetrexed + bevacizumab MTx was unlikely to significantly prolong OS vs. bevacizumab alone given the current sample size (predicted HR: 0.81; 95 % prediction interval: 0.59–1.09). Predicted median OS was 17.3 months and 14.7 months in both arms, respectively. These simulations are consistent with the results of the final OS analysis published 2 years later (observed HR: 0.87; 95 % confidence interval: 0.63–1.21). Final observed median OS was 17.1 months and 13.2 months in both arms, respectively, consistent with our predictions. Conclusions A robust TGI-OS model was developed for MTx in NSCLC. TTG captures treatment effect. The model successfully predicted the OS outcomes of an independent study based on interim TGI data and thus may facilitate trial simulation and interpretation of interim data. The model was built based on erlotinib data and externally validated using pemetrexed data, suggesting that TGI-OS models may be treatment-independent. The results supported the use of longitudinal tumor size and TTG as endpoints in early clinical oncology studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2455-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Han
- GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling & Simulations, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Laurent Claret
- Genentech/Roche, 84 Chemin des Grives, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Alan Sandler
- Genentech Inc, Product Development Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Asha Das
- Tocagen Inc, Clinical Development and Medical Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jin Jin
- Genentech Inc, Clinical Pharmacology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rene Bruno
- Genentech/Roche, 84 Chemin des Grives, 13013, Marseille, France.
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Kulkarni S, Vella ET, Coakley N, Cheng S, Gregg R, Ung YC, Ellis PM. The Use of Systemic Treatment in the Maintenance of Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:989-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Escalante CP, Chang YC, Liao K, Rouleau T, Halm J, Bossi P, Bhadriraju S, Brito-Dellan N, Sahai S, Yusuf SW, Zalpour A, Elting LS. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular toxicity risks in cancer patients on selected targeted agents. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:4057-74. [PMID: 27344327 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to estimate the risk and severity of cardiovascular toxicities associated with selected targeted agents. METHODS We searched English-language literature for randomized clinical trials published between January 1, 2000 and November 30, 2013 of targeted cancer therapy drugs approved by the FDA by November 2010. One hundred ten studies were eligible. Using meta-analytic methods, we calculated the relative risks of several cardiovascular toxicities [congestive heart failure (CHF), decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (DLVEF), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia, and hypertension (HTN)], adjusting for sample size using the inverse-variance technique. For each targeted agent and side effect, we calculated the number needed to harm. RESULTS Regarding CHF, trastuzumab showed significantly greater risk of all-grade and high-grade CHF. There was significant increased risk of all-grade DLVEF with sorafenib, sunitinib, and trastuzumab and high-grade DLVEF with bevacizumab and trastuzumab. Sorafenib was associated with significant increased all-grade risk of MI based on one study. None was associated with high-grade risk of MI or increased risk of arrhythmia. Bevacizumab, sorafenib, and sunitinib had significant increased risk of all-grade and high-grade HTN. CONCLUSIONS Several of the targeted agents were significantly associated with increased risk of specific cardiovascular toxicities, CHF, DLVEF, and HTN. Several had significant increased risk for high-grade cardiovascular toxicities (CHF, DLVEF, and HTN). Patients receiving such therapy should be closely monitored for these toxicities and early and aggressive treatment should occur. However, clinical experience has demonstrated that some of these toxicities may be reversible and due to secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Escalante
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Y C Chang
- Houston Independent School District, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Liao
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T Rouleau
- Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - J Halm
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Bossi
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S Bhadriraju
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Brito-Dellan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Sahai
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S W Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Zalpour
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L S Elting
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Goss GD, Spaans JN. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in the Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung. Oncologist 2016; 21:205-13. [PMID: 26768483 PMCID: PMC4746081 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Molecular therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have had a profound impact on the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR inhibition with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in squamous NSCLC (sqNSCLC) remains controversial in patients whose tumors are not known to harbor EGFR mutations. Recent meta-analyses of EGFR-inhibition randomized trials that are adequately powered for histological subgroup analysis and anti-EGFR trials limited to patients with squamous histology afford the opportunity to revisit EGFR treatment in sqNSCLC. In unselected patients with sqNSCLC who are not eligible for chemotherapy, EGFR-TKI therapy is a valid treatment option over placebo or best supportive care, with improved progression-free survival noted in randomized controlled trials in both the first- and second-line setting and improved overall survival (OS) in the second-line setting. In patients eligible for chemotherapy, first-line combination regimens with anti-EGFR mAbs have been shown to improve OS over chemotherapy alone in patients with squamous histology in meta-analysis and more recently in the SQUIRE sqNSCLC trial (chemotherapy with and without necitumumab). In sqNSCLC patients who respond to induction chemotherapy, maintenance therapy with erlotinib delays disease progression and may improve the survival of patients with stable disease. In the second-line setting, survival outcomes are comparable between chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs in meta-analysis, with the latter being more tolerable as a second-line therapy. Newer-generation EGFR-TKI therapies may further benefit patients with sqNSCLC who have failed first-line chemotherapy, given the positive trial results from LUX-Lung 8 (afatinib vs. erlotinib). EGFR is a valid therapeutic target in unselected/EGFR wild-type patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. With the recent approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the second-line management of advanced sqNSCLC and their adoption as a new standard of care, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to increase therapeutic efficacy and durable tumor control. As more targeted agents are approved, combination regimens that include an anti-EGFR agent should be evaluated, and the optimal sequencing of targeted therapies should be defined. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies remain controversial in unselected/wild-type EGFR squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent meta-analyses and squamous-only NSCLC EGFR-inhibition trials have overcome the power limitations of early trials and can now inform the management of squamous NSCLC with anti-EGFR therapies. With the approval of immunotherapeutics in the second-line management of squamous NSCLC, there exists an opportunity for novel combination therapies to improve efficacy and durable tumor control. The optimal timing and sequencing of available second-line targeted therapies, however, have yet to be defined. This review analyzes randomized clinical trials of EGFR inhibition in NSCLC and meta-analyses of these trials, with a focus on patients with squamous histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenwood D Goss
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Raval SH, Singh RD, Joshi DV, Patel HB, Mody SK. Recent developments in receptor tyrosine kinases targeted anticancer therapy. Vet World 2016; 9:80-90. [PMID: 27051190 PMCID: PMC4819356 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.80-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel concepts and understanding of receptors lead to discoveries and optimization of many small molecules and antibodies as anti-cancerous drugs. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are such a promising class of receptors under the investigation in past three decades. RTKs are one of the essential mediators of cell signaling mechanism for various cellular processes. Transformations such as overexpression, dysregulation, or mutations of RTKs may result into malignancy, and thus are an important target for anticancer therapy. Numerous subfamilies of RTKs, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptors, insulin-like growth factor receptor, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor, have been being investigated in recent years as target for anticancer therapy. The present review focuses several small molecules drugs as well as monoclonal antibodies targeting aforesaid subfamilies either approved or under investigation to treat the various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H. Raval
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Ratn D. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Dilip V. Joshi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitesh B. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailesh K. Mody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Banaskantha - 385 506, Gujarat, India
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17
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Kus T, Aktas G, Sevinc A, Kalender ME, Yilmaz M, Kul S, Oztuzcu S, Oktay C, Camci C. Prognostic impact of initial maximum standardized uptake value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT on treatment response in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma treated with erlotinib. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3749-56. [PMID: 26719702 PMCID: PMC4689261 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s94945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether the initial maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has a prognostic significance in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Patients and methods Sixty patients (24 females, mean age: 57.9±12 years) with metastatic stage lung adenocarcinoma who used erlotinib and underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT at the time of diagnosis between May 2010 and May 2014 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients were stratified according to the median SUVmax value, which was found as 11. Progression-free survival (PFS) rates for 3, 6, and 12 months were examined for SUVmax values and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status. Results The number of EGFR-sensitizing mutation positive/negative/unknown was 26/17/17, respectively, and the number of patients using erlotinib at first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy was 15, 31, and 14 consecutively. The PFS rates of EGFR mutation positive, negative, and unknown patients for 3 months were 73.1%, 35.3%, and 41.2% (P=0.026, odds ratio [OR]=4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.45–13.26), respectively. The PFS rates of EGFR positive, negative, and unknown patients for 6 months were 50%, 29.4%, and 29.4% (P=0.267, OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 0.82–6.96), respectively. The PFS rates of EGFR positive, negative, and unknown patients for 12 months were 42.3%, 29.4%, 23.5% (P=0.408, OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 0.42–5.26), respectively. Thirty-one of 60 patients had SUVmax values ≤11. The PFS rates for 3, 6, and 12 months were 70.5%/28% (P=0.001, OR=9.0; 95% CI: 2.79–29.04), 61.7%/8% (P<0.001, OR=28.35; 95% CI: 5.5–143), and 52.9%/8% (P<0.001, OR=18.69; 95% CI: 3.76–92.9) for low SUVmax (≤11) group/high SUVmax (>11) group, respectively. Conclusion Initial SUVmax value on 18F-FDG PET/CT is found to be a prognostic factor anticipating the response to erlotinib for 3, 6, and 12-month rates of PFS in both EGFR-sensitizing mutation and wild-type tumor group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Kus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Aktas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Alper Sevinc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Kalender
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yilmaz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Seval Kul
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Serdar Oztuzcu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Cemil Oktay
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Celaletdin Camci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
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18
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Tan PS, Lopes G, Acharyya S, Bilger M, Haaland B. Bayesian network meta-comparison of maintenance treatments for stage IIIb/IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with good performance status not progressing after first-line induction chemotherapy: results by performance status, EGFR mutation, histology and response to previous induction. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2330-44. [PMID: 26364517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent trials have suggested that maintenance treatments improve outcomes for patients not progressing after first-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, physicians have little guidance on selecting which patients benefit the most and what drug or regimen is optimal. Here, we report a systematic review and network meta-analysis of maintenance treatments in subgroups determined by performance status (PS), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, histology and response to induction. METHODS PubMed and conference proceedings were reviewed and individual study relative efficacy measures were meta-analysed in a Bayesian hierarchical model. The primary outcome, overall survival (OS), was evaluated in terms of (i) posterior surface under cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), (ii) probability of being best treatment, (iii) probability of outperforming no maintenance, and (iv) posterior median hazard ratio (95% credible interval). Secondary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse events. FINDINGS Twelve trials evaluating eight maintenance treatments in 3850 patients were meta-analysed. Selected maintenance treatments showed clinically meaningful benefits of ⩾20% reduction in hazards of death with ⩾90% probability of outperforming no maintenance in terms of OS: (i) switch to or continue pemetrexed (nonsquamous), continue gemcitabine, or switch to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for PS 0 patients, (ii) switch to pemetrexed (nonsquamous) for PS 1 patients, (iii) switch to EGFR TKI for EGFR mutation positive patients, (iv) switch to or continue pemetrexed or switch to EGFR TKI for nonsquamous patients, (v) continue gemcitabine for squamous patients, (vi) switch to docetaxel or continue gemcitabine for responders to induction, or (vii) switch to or continue pemetrexed (nonsquamous) or switch to EGFR TKI for patients with stable disease post-induction. INTERPRETATION Maintenance treatments show clinically meaningful survival benefits in good performance status patients with advanced NSCLC not progressing after first-line chemotherapy. Benefits are optimised by targeting specific maintenance to individual patients guided by PS, EGFR mutation status, histology and response to induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui San Tan
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gilberto Lopes
- Hospital do Coração Cancer Center (HCor Onco), and Research Institute, Brazil; Centro Paulista de Oncologia, Brazil; Oncoclinicas do Brasil, Brazil; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanchalika Acharyya
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Marcel Bilger
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
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20
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Zhao H, Zhang L. Reply: To PMID 25546556. J Thorac Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26200292 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China, Sun-Yat Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Kim YH, Mishima M. Maintenance Treatment with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor after First-Line Chemotherapy in Mutation-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26200291 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hak Kim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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QoL analyses from INFORM study, a phase III study of gefitinib versus placebo as maintenance therapy in advanced NSCLC. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11934. [PMID: 26137916 PMCID: PMC4490396 DOI: 10.1038/srep11934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This report aimed to provide the full results of QoL assessment in INFORM study. QoL was assessed by FACT-L questionnaire. QoL improvement ratio in gefitinib arm was higher than placebo arm (FACT-L: 46% vs. 22%, p < 0.001; TOI: 41% vs. 18%, p < 0.001; LCS: 46% vs. 22%, p < 0.001). Gefitinib prolonged time-to-worsening of QoL (FACT-L: 2.8 m vs 1.4 m, p = 0.019; TOI: 3.5 m vs 1.4 m, p = 0.006; LCS: 2.8 vs 1.4 m, p = 0.028). Patients with an improvement in QoL had longer PFS (FACT-L: 9.4 m vs. 2.8 m vs. 2.7 m, P < 0.001; TOI: 9.9 m vs. 2.8 m vs. 2.1 m, P < 0.001; LCS: 9.4 m vs. 2.9 m vs. 2.1 m, P < 0.001) and OS (FACT-L: 25.4 m vs. 19.9 m vs. 14.4 m, P = 0.003; TOI: 25.7 m vs. 19.0 m vs. 12.7 m, P = 0.002; LCS: 25.4 m vs. 19.3 m vs. 14.7 m, P = 0.004) compared with patients with stable or worsened QoL. Furthermore, in patients with good QoL at baseline, the treatment of gefitinib couldn't improve OS compared to placebo, whereas patients with low QoL experienced marginal significant improvement in OS (20.6 m vs 14.4, p = 0.051). Our study indicated that gefitinib could improve patients' QoL, confirmed the prognostic value of QoL changes during treatment, and implied patients with low QoL at baseline may be the potential population which will gain OS benefit from maintenance EGFR-TKI therapy.
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Tamura T, Kurishima K, Nakazawa K, Ishikawa H, Satoh H, Hizawa N. Similar survival benefits of a good response and stable disease to platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1135-1140. [PMID: 26622639 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the similar survival benefits of a good response [complete response or partial response (CR/PR)] and stable disease (SD) to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in clinical practice. All 322 patients who were treated between 1999 and 2012 with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor responses were classified according to the response evaluation criteria for solid tumors. A total of 67 (20.8%) patients experienced CR/PR and 165 (51.2%) achieved SD. There was no difference in progression-free survival between the patients with CR/PR and those with SD (P=0.347). There was also no difference between the two groups with regard to overall survival time (P=0.878). In multivariate analysis, disease-control (more than SD) was one of the favorable prognostic factors. In clinical practice, a survival benefit would be provided not only for the patients who have good response, but also for those with SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tamura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Kurishima
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakazawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ishikawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Satoh
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Mito Medical Center, University of Tsukuba, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Minemura H, Yokouchi H, Azuma K, Hirai KI, Sekine S, Oshima K, Kanazawa K, Tanino Y, Inokoshi Y, Ishii T, Katsuura Y, Oishi A, Ishida T, Munakata M. A phase II trial of erlotinib monotherapy for pretreated elderly patients with advanced EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:220. [PMID: 26043909 PMCID: PMC4467621 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is an effective treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially those harboring activating EGFR mutations. A previous phase III trial suggested that patients with EGFR wild-type (EGFR-wt) NSCLC or elderly patients with disease progression after cytotoxic chemotherapy might benefit from erlotinib monotherapy. However, few studies have prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of second- or third-line erlotinib monotherapy for elderly patients with EGFR-wt advanced or recurrent NSCLC. METHODS Pretreated patients aged ≥70 years with EGFR-wt stage IIIB/IV NSCLC or those with postoperative recurrence were enrolled and received oral erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg/day until disease progression. Primary outcome was the objective response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included the disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity profile. RESULTS This study was terminated early because of the results from a Japanese phase III trial (DELTA trial). Sixteen patients were enrolled between April 2010 and May 2013. The median age was 78 years (range 70-84 years). Six patients were female. Five patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0. Eleven (69%) patients had adenocarcinoma. Fifteen (94%) patients were treated with erlotinib as a second-line therapy. The ORR was 0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0-17.1]. DCR was 56.3% (95% CI 33.2-76.9). The median PFS and OS were 1.7 months (95% CI 1.3-2.2) and 7.2 months (95% CI 5.6-8.7), respectively. The most commonly occurring adverse events included acneiform eruption (31.3%) and skin rash (25.0%). One patient developed grade 3 interstitial lung disease, which improved following steroid therapy. CONCLUSIONS In pretreated elderly patients with advanced or recurrent EGFR-wt NSCLC, daily oral erlotinib was well tolerated; however, administration of the drug should not be considered as a second line therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000004561 (Date of registration: November 15th, 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Minemura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yokouchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Ken-ichiro Hirai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Satoko Sekine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Kengo Oshima
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Kenya Kanazawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Tanino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Yayoi Inokoshi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saiseikai Fukushima General Hospital, 25 Omori Aza Shimo-harada, Fukushima, 960-1101, Japan.
| | - Taeko Ishii
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saiseikai Fukushima General Hospital, 25 Omori Aza Shimo-harada, Fukushima, 960-1101, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Katsuura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Saiseikai Fukushima General Hospital, 25 Omori Aza Shimo-harada, Fukushima, 960-1101, Japan.
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, 11-31 Irie-cho, Fukushima, 960-8530, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
- Clinical Oncology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Munakata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a heterogeneous class of tumours, represents approximately 85% of all new lung cancer diagnoses. Tobacco smoking remains the main risk factor for developing this disease, but radon exposure and air pollution also have a role. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease owing to inadequate screening programmes and late onset of clinical symptoms; consequently, patients have a very poor prognosis. Several diagnostic approaches can be used for NSCLC, including X-ray, CT and PET imaging, and histological examination of tumour biopsies. Accurate staging of the cancer is required to determine the optimal management strategy, which includes surgery, radiochemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted approaches with anti-angiogenic monoclonal antibodies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors if tumours harbour oncogene mutations. Several of these driver mutations have been identified (for example, in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)), and therapy continues to advance to tackle acquired resistance problems. Also, palliative care has a central role in patient management and greatly improves quality of life. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/rWYFgg.
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Less toxic chemotherapy improves uptake of all lines of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a 10-year retrospective population-based review. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 9:1180-6. [PMID: 25157771 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, well tolerated second-line therapies for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer have been approved including erlotinib and pemetrexed in addition to docetaxel. We hypothesize that the introduction of less toxic chemotherapy has increased treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer resulting in improved survival. METHODS The BC Cancer Agency provides cancer care to 4.5 million. A retrospective review was conducted of all referred Stage IIIB/IV patients in four 1-year time cohorts; C1 baseline (1998) and 6 months after the provincial approval of C2 docetaxel (2001), C3 erlotinib (2006), and C4 pemetrexed (2007). RESULTS Two-thousand six-hundred and twenty-three patients were referred and 720 had systemic therapy. Characteristics: M/F 55%/45%, median age 67 (33-101), ECOG PS <=1/>=2/unknown 33%/56%/11%, squam/nonsquam/NOS 18%/41%/41%. More patients received first-line chemotherapy over time; 16%, 23%, 34%, and 33% C1-C4 respectively. In C1-C4 uptake of second line (21%, 27%, 37% and 55%) increased. Second-line docetaxel was frequently used in C2 (51%) but usage decreased in C4 to 7% versus erlotinib 50% and pemetrexed 26%. The median overall survival in the best supportive care group remained stable over time; however, increased use of systemic therapy was associated with improved survival C1 9.4 m versus C4 11.8 m (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS This population-based data set represents the trend of treatments over time at community and tertiary care cancer treatment sites. Over a 10-year period an increased proportion of patients were treated with first-line chemotherapy and an even greater number with second-/third-line treatment with an associated improvement in overall survival.
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Tan HL, Ang YLE, Soo RA. Therapeutic options in advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer Manag 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The management of advanced-stage NSCLC has been dramatically transformed by the recognition of histology-based treatment and the use of targeted therapy for molecular selected patients with adenocarcinoma. While outcomes have improved with adenocarcinoma, treatment options and outcomes are still limited in patients with advanced-stage squamous cell lung cancer. Through advances in the molecular characterization of squamous cell cancers, exciting novel targets have identified. In this paper, we will review the importance of histology in the treatment of NSCLC, existing chemotherapy and targeted therapies, the new molecular subsets and novel inhibitors in squamous cell lung carcinoma and the emerging role of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Lyn Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yvonne LE Ang
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhao H, Fan Y, Ma S, Song X, Han B, Cheng Y, Huang C, Yang S, Liu X, Liu Y, Lu S, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhou C, Wang M, Zhang L. Final Overall Survival Results from a Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of Gefitinib Versus Placebo as Maintenance Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (INFORM; C-TONG 0804). J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:655-64. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tong KM, Laskin J, Ho C. Maintenance chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC: a population-based assessment of eligibility. Lung Cancer 2015; 87:296-302. [PMID: 25601487 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance chemotherapy has been incorporated into treatment paradigms for advanced NSCLC. Eligibility criteria include stable disease/partial response and PS 0-1 after a first line platinum doublet. In practice, maintenance can be difficult to deliver due to patient factors and preferences. We propose to examine the proportion of patients eligible for maintenance and factors associated with the delivery of subsequent lines of chemotherapy. METHODS The BC Cancer Agency provides care to a population of 4.5 million. A retrospective review was conducted of all referred Stage IIIB/IV patients in 2009 who received first line systemic therapy. Baseline characteristics, PS and response after first line and subsequent systemic therapy details were recorded. Patients were deemed potentially maintenance eligible or not based on clinical trial criteria; however maintenance therapy was not delivered to these patients as it was not yet available. RESULTS 330 patients were identified; 98 were potentially maintenance eligible. The reason for maintenance ineligibility in n = 232; no upfront doublet (n = 41), PS ≥ 2 (n = 38), progressive disease (PD) (n = 53), PS ≥ 2 and PD (n = 62), PS ≥ 2 and unknown response (n = 35), PD and unknown PS (n = 3). Further chemotherapy (2nd line or beyond) was administered in maintenance eligible 68% vs ineligible 56%. Reasons for no further chemotherapy were predominantly decline in PS and brain metastasis. Median OS: 7 m for 1st line only versus 16.8m for ≥ 2 nd line (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In our population based study, 30% of advanced NSCLC patients were eligible to receive maintenance chemotherapy based on the clinical trial criteria. Despite a good initial PS and disease control only 68% of maintenance eligible patients received subsequent therapy. A clear survival benefit was seen with ≥ 2 nd line treatment. Maintenance therapy or initiation of early second line therapy should be considered for advanced NSCLC patients to improve survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Mong Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Cheryl Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Herrmann T, Peters P, Williamson C, Rhodes E. Educational outcomes in the era of the Affordable Care Act: impact of personalized education about non-small cell lung cancer. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2015; 35 Suppl 1:S5-S12. [PMID: 26115247 DOI: 10.1002/chp.21292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Affordable Care Act is moving medical care-and medical education-toward a quality-driven environment. Quality medical education must be available when the health care provider is ready to learn, provide feedback, and maximize translation of knowledge from desk to clinic. To best accomplish these goals, medical education must be personalized to clinicians' needs. Research has defined multiple knowledge/performance gaps among oncologists who manage advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness with which a personalized learning approach for oncologists will diminish these gaps. METHODS The authors undertook development, online distribution, and impact measurement of an NSCLC curriculum in which learners' responses to a preeducation self-assessment of knowledge, skills, and attitudes resulted in receipt of a personalized curriculum. Upon completion of the assessment, each learner received a personalized curriculum, which included up to 5 distinct activities selected to address identified knowledge and practice gaps. Feedback was provided at the completion of each activity. RESULTS Ninety-two oncologists completed an individualized learning plan. Analysis shows that completion of the learning plan was associated with a high effect size (d = .70). Significant increases were seen in oncologists' ability to correctly identify the rationale for determining histological subtype (13% increase), prevalence of genetic abnormalities (21% increase, p = .04), appropriate use of maintenance therapy (31% increase, p = .01), and appropriate treatment regimens for squamous cell carcinoma (19% increase, p = .003) and of adenocarcinoma (44% increase, p < .001). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates the feasibility and impact of a personalized targeted curriculum for improving the competence of oncologists treating patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Kuykendall A, Chiappori A. Advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: case report, literature review, and treatment recommendations. Cancer Control 2014; 21:67-73. [PMID: 24357744 DOI: 10.1177/107327481402100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises up to 90% of all lung cancers. Conventional treatment for advanced NSCLC consists of chemotherapy and has a small impact on survival. Molecular targets, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), involved in cell signaling have led to the development of new, targeted therapies over the past 15 years. METHODS Using a case report from our clinical practice, we review the literature and provide guidelines to the approach and management of advanced EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. RESULTS Targeted and/or biologic (small molecules or monoclonal antibodies) cancer therapies have vaulted to the forefront of clinical research and therapeutic use. Our recommendation, backed by strong scientific evidence, is to treat patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC harboring activating EGFR mutation with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) as early as possible. Erlotinib is currently the drug of choice in the United States, although afatinib, due to its recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration, will soon be available. CONCLUSIONS Improved understanding of cell signaling pathways that control cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival combined with our increased ability to screen for specific mutations that drive malignant transformation and oncogenic behavior, has altered our treatment of advanced NSCLC. We can now provide a more individualized approach associated with improved progression-free survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kuykendall
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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32
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Wu G, Zhou C, Bai C, Qian G. Chinese expert consensus on molecularly targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (2013 edition). J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:1489-98. [PMID: 25364528 PMCID: PMC4215143 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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PARAMOUNT: Descriptive subgroup analyses of final overall survival for the phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo following induction treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:205-13. [PMID: 24419418 PMCID: PMC4132027 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The PARAMOUNT phase III trial demonstrated that pemetrexed continuation maintenance significantly reduced the risk of disease progression (hazard ratio = 0.62) and death (hazard ratio = 0.78) versus placebo in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. To further understand the survival data, descriptive subgroup analyses were undertaken. METHODS Nine hundred thirty-nine patients received induction therapy (four 21-day cycles pemetrexed 500 mg/m and cisplatin 75 mg/m), after which 539 nonprogressing patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) of 0/1 were randomized (2:1) to maintenance pemetrexed (500 mg/m) cycles or placebo until disease progression. RESULTS Baseline characteristics of patients surviving for longer periods were comparable to patients surviving shorter periods, suggesting overall survival (OS) benefit for all subgroups of patients on maintenance therapy. An examination of type and severity of induction adverse events also found no association with survival duration. Response to induction (tumor response versus stable disease) was not determinate of pemetrexed maintenance OS outcome as assessed by waterfall plot and scattergrams and by the distribution of patients among various OS intervals. The length of the interval before beginning maintenance therapy (<7 days versus ≥7/≤30 days) also did not impact the survival results. PS, a known prognostic factor, was the only baseline characteristic associated with improved OS; however, both PS 0 and PS 1 patients exhibited a survival benefit from pemetrexed maintenance. CONCLUSIONS In PARAMOUNT, the OS benefit was seen across all subgroups. Other than PS, no baseline or clinical parameter clearly identified a subgroup more likely to benefit. Maintenance treatment decisions should be made on an individual basis.
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Moreno C, Mourelo S, Soler M, Moragas M, Riera E, Garcia J. Predictive value of the early metabolic response in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Zer A, Leighl NB. Second-line therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: the DELTA between different genotypes widens. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:1874-81. [PMID: 24841982 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.54.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alona Zer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dearing KR, Sangal A, Weiss GJ. Maintaining clarity: Review of maintenance therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:103-113. [PMID: 24829857 PMCID: PMC4014782 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the role of maintenance therapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A brief overview about induction chemotherapy and its primary function in NSCLC is provided to address the basis of maintenance therapies foundation. The development of how maintenance therapy is utilized in this population is discussed and current guidelines for maintenance therapy are reviewed. Benefits and potential pitfalls of maintenance therapy are addressed, allowing a comprehensive review of the achieved clinical benefit that maintenance therapy may or may not have on NSCLC patient population. A review of current literature was conducted and a table is provided comparing the results of various maintenance therapy clinical trials. The table includes geographical location of each study, the number of patients enrolled, progression free survival and overall survival statistics, post-treatment regimens and if molecular testing was conducted. The role of molecular testing in relation to therapeutic treatment options for advanced NSCLC patients is discussed. A treatment algorithm clearly depicts first line and second line treatment for management of NSCLC and includes molecular testing, maintenance therapy and the role clinical trials have in treatment of NSCLC. This treatment algorithm has been specifically tailored and developed to assist clinicians in the management of advanced NSCLC.
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Yu H, Zhang J, Wu X, Luo Z, Wang H, Sun S, Peng W, Qiao J, Feng Y, Wang J, Chang J. A phase II randomized trial evaluating gefitinib intercalated with pemetrexed/platinum chemotherapy or pemetrexed/platinum chemotherapy alone in unselected patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:832-9. [PMID: 24755888 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pemetrexed/platinum chemotherapy does not produce a satisfactory therapeutic response in advanced lung cancer patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether the administration of gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), intercalated with pemetrexed/platinum could improve the efficacy in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC without subsequent gefitinib maintenance therapy. Treatment-naïve patients with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC were randomly assigned to receive pemetrexed (500 mg/m (2) d1) and either cisplatin (75 mg/m (2) d1) or carboplatin (AUC = 5 d1) plus gefitinib (250 mg/d on days 3 to 16 of a 3-week cycle) (PC-G) or pemetrexed-platinum (PC) alone. Randomization was stratified according to the tobacco smoking status and EGFR mutational status of the patients. The primary endpoint was the non-progression rate (NPR) at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and biosafety. The NPR at 12 weeks was 84.5% for the PC-G treatment arm and 83.1% for the PC treatment arm (P = 0.87). Median PFS was 7.9 months for the PC-G arm and 7.0 months for the PC arm (P = 0.57). The ORR was 50.0% for the PC-G arm and 47.4% for the PC arm (P = 0.78). Median survival was 25.4 mo for the PC-G arm and 20.8 mo for the PC arm (P = 0.54). The incidence of adverse events was similar between the two treatment arms, except for a higher incidence of skin rash with PC-G. Predefined subgroup analyses demonstrated that PC-G significantly increased the PFS compared with the PC regimen in patients with EGFR mutations (P = 0.017). Although gefitinib intercalated with pemetrexed/platinum chemotherapy did not improve the NPR at 12 weeks compared with chemotherapy, an improvement in the PFS for the intercalated treatment arm was seen in the subgroup of patients with EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xianghua Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jialei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianhua Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai, PR China; Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
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Synthetic lethal therapy for KRAS mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma with nanoparticle-mediated CDK4 siRNA delivery. Mol Ther 2014; 22:964-73. [PMID: 24496383 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutation is present in ~20% of lung cancers and has not yet been effectively targeted for therapy. This mutation is associated with a poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) and confers resistance to standard anticancer treatment drugs, including epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we exploited a new therapeutic strategy based on the synthetic lethal interaction between cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) downregulation and the KRAS mutation to deliver micellar nanoparticles (MNPs) containing small interfering RNA targeting CDK4 (MNPsiCDK4) for treatment in NSCLCs harboring the oncogenic KRAS mutation. Following MNPsiCDK4 administration, CDK4 expression was decreased, accompanied by inhibited cell proliferation, specifically in KRAS mutant NSCLCs. However, this intervention was harmless to normal KRAS wild-type cells, confirming the proposed mechanism of synthetic lethality. Moreover, systemic delivery of MNPsiCDK4 significantly inhibited tumor growth in an A549 NSCLC xenograft murine model, with depressed expression of CDK4 and mutational KRAS status, suggesting the therapeutic promise of MNPsiCDK4 delivery in KRAS mutant NSCLCs via a synthetic lethal interaction between KRAS and CDK4.
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Braun E, Bonomi P. Role of erlotinib in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with EGFR wild-type tumors. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have changed the treatment paradigm of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The observation of a rapid response to single-agent EGFR TKIs led to the discovery of EGFR-activating mutations, with subsequent studies showing superior progression-free survival in treatment-naive patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC treated with EGFR TKIs versus platinum doublets. On the basis of these findings it has been suggested that the benefit associated with EGFR TKI therapy in unselected NSCLC patients is limited to the subset of patients with EGFR mutation-positive disease. However, studies with erlotinib, a reversible EGFR TKI, have shown that while the drug is associated with a relatively low response rate in patients with EGFR wild-type tumors there is evidence to suggest that it has a positive impact on survival. Evidence supporting the clinical benefit of erlotinib in patients with EGFR wild-type tumors is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Braun
- Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 821, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Philip Bonomi
- Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 821, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Efficacy of pemetrexed as second-line therapy in advanced NSCLC after either treatment-free interval or maintenance therapy with gemcitabine or erlotinib in IFCT-GFPC 05-02 phase III study. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 8:906-14. [PMID: 23591160 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31828cb505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintenance therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) might lead to resistance to subsequent treatments. IFCT-GFPC 0502 study showed a progression-free survival (PFS) benefit with gemcitabine or erlotinib maintenance compared with observation after cisplatin-gemcitabine chemotherapy. The trial included a pre-defined pemetrexed second-line therapy, allowing post-hoc assessment of its efficacy according to previous maintenance treatment or treatment-free interval. METHODS Stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients were randomized after four cycles of cisplatin-gemcitabine chemotherapy to either observation or to receive maintenance therapy with gemcitabine or erlotinib. Pemetrexed was given as second-line treatment on disease progression in all arms. PFS and overall survival (OS) were assessed from the beginning of pemetrexed therapy according to randomization arm. RESULTS Of the 464 randomized patients, 360 (78 %) received second-line pemetrexed (130 [84%], 114 [74%], and 116 [75%] in observation, gemcitabine, and erlotinib arm, respectively). Median number of pemetrexed cycles was 3 (1-40) in all arms. Median PFS did not differ between gemcitabine and observation arms (4.2 versus 3.9 months, hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81 [0.62-1.06]) or between erlotinib and observation arms (4.2 versus 3.9 months, HR 0.83 [0.64-1.09]). OS data showed a non-significant improvement with gemcitabine arm versus observation arm (8.3 versus 7.5 months, HR 0.81 [0.61-1.07]) or erlotinib arm versus observation arm (9.1 versus 7.5 months, HR 0.80 [0.61-1.05]). Results were similar for non-squamous patients. Grade 3 to 4 treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were comparable in all arms. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance therapy with gemcitabine continuation or erlotinib does not seem to impair efficacy of second-line pemetrexed comparatively to administration after a treatment-free interval.
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Moreno C, Mourelo S, Soler M, Moragas M, Riera E, Garcia JR. [Predictive value of the early metabolic response in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer]. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014; 33:324-5. [PMID: 24418117 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Moreno
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España
| | - S Mourelo
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España
| | - M Soler
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España
| | - M Moragas
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España
| | - E Riera
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España
| | - J R Garcia
- CETIR Unitat PET/TC, Esplugues, Barcelona, España.
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Lee JE, Chung CU. Update on the evidence regarding maintenance therapy. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2014; 76:1-7. [PMID: 24523811 PMCID: PMC3919959 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2014.76.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance therapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic paradigm for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Maintenance therapy that aims to sustain a clinically favorable state after first-line chemotherapy has two strategies. Switch maintenance therapy entails switching to a new and non-cross-resistant agent in an alternating or sequential manner, on completion of first-line chemotherapy. Continuous maintenance therapy keeps ongoing administration of a component of the current regimen after four to six cycles of chemotherapy, if there is a stable disease, or better response. Both maintenance therapies can be continued, until disease progression. The potential evidence regarding maintenance therapy includes providing the opportunity to receive additional treatment, through sustaining tumor shrinkage, and delayed emergence of tumor-related symptom. Thus far, debates over the parameters used to predict the effectiveness of maintenance therapy, financial burden, and uncertainty of improving the quality of life exist. Despite many debates, maintenance therapy, which is currently recommended, has been disclosed to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chae-Uk Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Asami K, Okishio K, Kawaguchi T, Atagi S. Personalized maintenance therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2013; 2:452-6. [PMID: 25806269 PMCID: PMC4367627 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance therapy is a treatment strategy that can prolong survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The increased survival achieved with maintenance therapy has led to new treatment options that should be chosen in accordance with the preferences of patients and physicians. Personalized maintenance therapy involves identification of histological subtypes and molecular features of tumors, thereby improving treatment outcomes. Many clinical trials have been conducted to establish new treatment strategies for patients with advanced NSCLC with non-squamous cell histology. The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations was the most significant innovation for personalized therapy in NSCLC patients. First generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib and erlotinib have significantly contributed to greatly increased survival in specific patients harboring activating EGFR mutations such as exon 19 deletion and L858R point mutation. Based on clinical trials of different maintenance therapy strategies, we identified the regimen is the most promising and highlighted for patients whom should be given specific kinds of therapy now and in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Asami
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Okishio
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Shinji Atagi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
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Optimizing Endobronchial Ultrasound for Molecular Analysis. How Many Passes Are Needed? Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10:636-43. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201305-130oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lal R, Bourayou N, Hillerdal G, Nicolson M, Vikstrom A, Lorenzo M, D'yachkova Y, Barriga S, Visseren-Grul C. Home administration of maintenance pemetrexed for patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer: rationale, practicalities and phase II feasibility study design. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013; 11:163. [PMID: 24090033 PMCID: PMC3852573 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-11-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home-based care in oncology is mainly reserved for patients at the end of life. Regulations regarding home delivery of cytotoxics differ across Europe, with a notable lack of practice guidelines in most countries. This has led to a lack of data addressing the feasibility of home-based administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy. In advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, pemetrexed is approved as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy. In this setting, patients have the potential to be treated long-term with maintenance therapy, which, in the absence of unacceptable toxicity, is continued until disease progression. The favourable safety profile of pemetrexed and the ease of its administration by 10-minute intravenous infusion every 3 weeks make this drug a suitable candidate for administration in a home setting. METHODS Literature and regulations relevant to the home-based delivery of cytotoxic therapy were reviewed, and a phase II feasibility study of home administration of pemetrexed maintenance therapy was designed. At least 50 patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 and no progressive disease after four cycles of platinum-based first-line therapy are required to allow investigation of the feasibility of home-based administration of pemetrexed maintenance therapy (500 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity). Feasibility is being assessed as adherence to the home-based administration process (primary endpoint), patient safety, impact on patients' quality of life, patient and physician satisfaction with home care, and healthcare resource use and costs. Enrolment of patients from the UK and Sweden, where home-based care is relatively well developed, commenced in December 2011. DISCUSSION This feasibility study addresses an important aspect of maintenance therapy, that is, patient comfort during protracted home-based chemotherapy. The study design requires unusual methodology and specific logistics to address outcomes relevant to the home-delivery approach. This article presents a study design that offers a novel and reproducible model for home-based chemotherapy, and provides an up-to-date overview of the literature regarding this type of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01473563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Lal
- Eli Lilly, Neuilly sur Seine, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Laurie
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ensslin CJ, Rosen AC, Wu S, Lacouture ME. Pruritus in patients treated with targeted cancer therapies: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:708-720. [PMID: 23981682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pruritus has been anecdotally described in association with targeted cancer therapies. The risk of pruritus has not been systematically ascertained. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted for axitinib, cetuximab, dasatinib, erlotinib, everolimus, gefitinib, imatinib, ipilimumab, lapatinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, pazopanib, rituximab, sorafenib, temsirolimus, tositumomab, vandetanib, and vemurafenib. METHODS Databases from PubMed, Web of Science (January 1998 through July 2012), and American Society of Clinical Oncology abstracts (2004 through 2012) were searched. Incidence and relative risk of pruritus were calculated using random- or fixed-effects model. RESULTS The incidences of all-grade and high-grade pruritus were 17.4% (95% confidence interval 16.0%-19.0%) and 1.4% (95% confidence interval 1.2%-1.6%), respectively. There was an increased risk of all-grade pruritus (relative risk 2.90 [95% confidence interval 1.76-4.77, P < .001]) and variation among different drugs (P < .001). LIMITATIONS The reporting of pruritus may vary, resulting from concomitant medications, comorbidities, and underlying malignancies. We found a higher incidence of pruritus in patients with solid tumors, concordant with those targeted therapies with the highest pruritus incidences. CONCLUSION There is a significant risk of developing pruritus in patients receiving targeted therapies. To prevent suboptimal dosing and decreased quality of life, patients should be counseled and treated against this untoward symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Ensslin
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alyx C Rosen
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shenhong Wu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mario E Lacouture
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Paz-Ares LG, de Marinis F, Dediu M, Thomas M, Pujol JL, Bidoli P, Molinier O, Sahoo TP, Laack E, Reck M, Corral J, Melemed S, John W, Chouaki N, Zimmermann AH, Visseren-Grul C, Gridelli C. PARAMOUNT: Final overall survival results of the phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo immediately after induction treatment with pemetrexed plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2895-902. [PMID: 23835707 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.47.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the phase III PARAMOUNT trial, pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy reduced the risk of disease progression versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.79; P < .001). Here we report final overall survival (OS) and updated safety data. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 939 patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received four cycles of pemetrexed-cisplatin induction therapy; then, 539 patients with no disease progression and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1 were randomly assigned (2:1) to maintenance pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2) on day 1 of 21-day cycles; n = 359) or placebo (n = 180). Log-rank test compared OS between arms as measured from random assignment (α = .0498). RESULTS The mean number of maintenance cycles was 7.9 (range, one to 44) for pemetrexed and 5.0 (range, one to 38) for placebo. After 397 deaths (pemetrexed, 71%; placebo, 78%) and a median follow-up of 24.3 months for alive patients (95% CI, 23.2 to 25.1 months), pemetrexed therapy resulted in a statistically significant 22% reduction in the risk of death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.96; P = .0195; median OS: pemetrexed, 13.9 months; placebo, 11.0 months). Survival on pemetrexed was consistently improved for all patient subgroups, including induction response: complete/partial responders (n = 234) OS HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.11 and stable disease (n = 285) OS HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.01). Postdiscontinuation therapy use was similar: pemetrexed, 64%; placebo, 72%. No new safety findings emerged. Drug-related grade 3 to 4 anemia, fatigue, and neutropenia were significantly higher in pemetrexed-treated patients. CONCLUSION Pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy is well-tolerated and offers superior OS compared with placebo, further demonstrating that it is an efficacious treatment strategy for patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC and good performance status who did not progress during pemetrexed-cisplatin induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Paz-Ares
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.
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Cai H, Lin Y, Li W, Li X. Maintenance treatment with different strategies in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 14:333-41. [PMID: 23276822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to assess the role of maintenance therapy with either a continuation or a switch strategy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and to investigate improvement in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Depending on the tumor histologic type (squamous or nonsquamous), OS and PFS were also investigated. We used electronic databases to search for publications reporting RCTs comparing maintenance therapy and placebo or observation from January 1990 to March 2012. The primary endpoint of OS and the secondary endpoint of PFS were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived. Eleven trials of 4790 patients were eligible for this analysis. A trend of improved OS was found in continuation maintenance therapy, despite a lack of statistical significance (HR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-1.01; P = .06). Improved OS with statistical significance was seen in switch maintenance therapy (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72-0.90; P = .0002). PFS benefit was found with both continuation (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.46-0.63; P < .00001) and switch maintenance therapy (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.59-0.70; P < .00001). The squamous subgroup analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences in either OS (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.63-1.30; P = .60) or PFS (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.58-1.10; P = .17), whereas the nonsquamous subgroup analysis revealed an improvement in both OS (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.94; P = .009) and PFS (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.50-0.63; P < .00001). Maintenance therapy was associated with higher drug-related grade 3 or greater toxic effects but without harming the patients' quality of life. Maintenance therapy with either a continuation or a switch strategy significantly increased PFS but OS was significantly improved only with the switch strategy. Patients with a nonsquamous histologic subgroup seemed to be more suitable for maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Berardi R, Santoni M, Morgese F, Ballatore Z, Savini A, Onofri A, Mazzanti P, Pistelli M, Pierantoni C, De Lisa M, Caramanti M, Pagliaretta S, Pellei C, Cascinu S. Novel small molecule EGFR inhibitors as candidate drugs in non-small cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:563-76. [PMID: 23723712 PMCID: PMC3665567 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, better understanding of the role of epidermal growth factor receptor in the pathogenesis and progression of non-small cell lung cancer has led to a revolution in the work-up of these neoplasms. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as erlotinib and gefitinib, have been approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, demonstrating an improvement in progression-free and overall survival, particularly in patients harboring activating EGFR mutations. Nevertheless, despite initial responses and long-lasting remissions, resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors invariably develops, most commonly due to the emergence of secondary T790M mutations or to the amplification of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met), which inevitably leads to treatment failure. Several clinical studies are ongoing (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of combined approaches and to develop novel irreversible or multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mutant-selective inhibitors to overcome such resistance. This review is an overview of ongoing Phase I, II, and III trials of novel small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and combinations in non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - GM Lancisi - G Salesi, Ancona, Italy
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