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Zou Y, Gigli-Bisceglia N, van Zelm E, Kokkinopoulou P, Julkowska MM, Besten M, Nguyen TP, Li H, Lamers J, de Zeeuw T, Dongus JA, Zeng Y, Cheng Y, Koevoets IT, Jørgensen B, Giesbers M, Vroom J, Ketelaar T, Petersen BL, Engelsdorf T, Sprakel J, Zhang Y, Testerink C. Arabinosylation of cell wall extensin is required for the directional response to salinity in roots. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3328-3343. [PMID: 38691576 PMCID: PMC11371136 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major contributor to crop yield losses. To improve our understanding of root responses to salinity, we developed and exploited a real-time salt-induced tilting assay. This assay follows root growth upon both gravitropic and salt challenges, revealing that root bending upon tilting is modulated by Na+ ions, but not by osmotic stress. Next, we measured this salt-specific response in 345 natural Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions and discovered a genetic locus, encoding the cell wall-modifying enzyme EXTENSIN ARABINOSE DEFICIENT TRANSFERASE (ExAD) that is associated with root bending in the presence of NaCl (hereafter salt). Extensins are a class of structural cell wall glycoproteins known as hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins, which are posttranslationally modified by O-glycosylation, mostly involving Hyp-arabinosylation. We show that salt-induced ExAD-dependent Hyp-arabinosylation influences root bending responses and cell wall thickness. Roots of exad1 mutant seedlings, which lack Hyp-arabinosylation of extensin, displayed increased thickness of root epidermal cell walls and greater cell wall porosity. They also showed altered gravitropic root bending in salt conditions and a reduced salt-avoidance response. Our results suggest that extensin modification via Hyp-arabinosylation is a unique salt-specific cellular process required for the directional response of roots exposed to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van Zelm
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pinelopi Kokkinopoulou
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Besten
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thu-Phuong Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hongfei Li
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Lamers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Cheng
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Iko T Koevoets
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Vroom
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Elicitation of Roots and AC-DC with PEP-13 Peptide Shows Differential Defense Responses in Multi-Omics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162605. [PMID: 36010682 PMCID: PMC9406913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The root extracellular trap (RET) has emerged as a specialized compartment consisting of root AC-DC and mucilage. However, the RET’s contribution to plant defense is still poorly understood. While the roles of polysaccharides and glycoproteins secreted by root AC-DC have started to be elucidated, how the low-molecular-weight exudates of the RET contribute to root defense is poorly known. In order to better understand the RET and its defense response, the transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes of roots, root AC-DC and mucilage of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr, var. Castetis) upon elicitation with the peptide PEP-13 were investigated. This peptide is derived from the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae. In this study, the root and the RET responses to elicitation were dissected and sequenced using transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic approaches. The major finding is increased synthesis and secretion of specialized metabolites upon induced defense activation following PEP-13 peptide elicitation. This study provides novel findings related to the pivotal role of the root extracellular trap in root defense.
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Weiller F, Schückel J, Willats WGT, Driouich A, Vivier MA, Moore JP. Tracking cell wall changes in wine and table grapes undergoing Botrytis cinerea infection using glycan microarrays. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:527-543. [PMID: 34192306 PMCID: PMC8422895 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea infects a broad range of fruit crops including domesticated grapevine Vitis vinifera cultivars. Damage caused by this pathogen is severely detrimental to the table and wine grape industries and results in substantial crop losses worldwide. The apoplast and cell wall interface is an important setting where many plant-pathogen interactions take place and where some defence-related messenger molecules are generated. Limited studies have investigated changes in grape cell wall composition upon infection with B. cinerea, with much being inferred from studies on other fruit crops. METHODS In this study, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling in combination with monosaccharide compositional analysis was applied for the first time to investigate cell wall compositional changes in the berries of wine (Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon) and table (Dauphine and Barlinka) grape cultivars during Botrytis infection and tissue maceration. This was used in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) to characterize infection progression. KEY RESULTS Grapes infected at veraison did not develop visible infection symptoms, whereas grapes inoculated at the post-veraison and ripe stages showed evidence of significant tissue degradation. The latter was characterized by a reduction in signals for pectin epitopes in the berry cell walls, implying the degradation of pectin polymers. The table grape cultivars showed more severe infection symptoms, and corresponding pectin depolymerization, compared with wine grape cultivars. In both grape types, hemicellulose layers were largely unaffected, as was the arabinogalactan protein content, whereas in moderate to severely infected table grape cultivars, evidence of extensin epitope deposition was present. CONCLUSIONS Specific changes in the grape cell wall compositional profiles appear to correlate with fungal disease susceptibility. Cell wall factors important in influencing resistance may include pectin methylesterification profiles, as well as extensin reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Weiller
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Université de ROUEN Normandie, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie-Végétal’-FED 4277, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Melané A Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - John P Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Mishler-Elmore JW, Zhou Y, Sukul A, Oblak M, Tan L, Faik A, Held MA. Extensins: Self-Assembly, Crosslinking, and the Role of Peroxidases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664738. [PMID: 34054905 PMCID: PMC8160292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The extensin (EXT) network is elaborated by the covalent intermolecular crosslinking of EXT glycoprotein monomers, and its proper assembly is important for numerous aspects of basic wall architecture and cellular defense. In this review, we discuss new advances in the secretion of EXT monomers and the molecular drivers of EXT network self-assembly. Many of the functions of EXTs are conferred through covalent crosslinking into the wall, so we also discuss the different types of known intermolecular crosslinks, the enzymes that are involved, as well as the potential for additional crosslinks that are yet to be identified. EXTs also function in wall architecture independent of crosslinking status, and therefore, we explore the role of non-crosslinking EXTs. As EXT crosslinking is upregulated in response to wounding and pathogen infection, we discuss a potential regulatory mechanism to control covalent crosslinking and its relationship to the subcellular localization of the crosslinking enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mercedes Oblak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Castilleux R, Plancot B, Vicré M, Nguema-Ona E, Driouich A. Extensin, an underestimated key component of cell wall defence? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:709-713. [PMID: 33723574 PMCID: PMC8103801 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensins are plant cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins known to be involved in cell wall reinforcement in higher plants, and in defence against pathogen attacks. The ability of extensins to form intra- and intermolecular cross-links is directly related to their role in cell wall reinforcement. Formation of such cross-links requires appropriate glycosylation and structural conformation of the glycoprotein. SCOPE Although the role of cell wall components in plant defence has drawn increasing interest over recent years, relatively little focus has been dedicated to extensins. Nevertheless, new insights were recently provided regarding the structure and the role of extensins and their glycosylation in plant-microbe interactions, stimulating an interesting debate from fellow cell wall community experts. We have previously revealed a distinct distribution of extensin epitopes in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type roots and in mutants impaired in extensin arabinosylation, in response to elicitation with flagellin 22. That study was recently debated in a Commentary by Tan and Mort (Tan L, Mort A. 2020. Extensins at the front line of plant defence. A commentary on: 'Extensin arabinosylation is involved in root response to elicitors and limits oomycete colonization'. Annals of Botany 125: vii-viii) and several points regarding our results were discussed. As a response, we herein clarify the points raised by Tan and Mort, and update the possible epitope structure recognized by the anti-extensin monoclonal antibodies. We also provide additional data showing differential distribution of LM1 extensin epitopes in roots between a mutant defective in PEROXIDASES 33 and 34 and the wild type, similarly to previous observations from the rra2 mutant defective in extensin arabinosylation. We propose these two peroxidases as potential candidates to specifically catalyse the cross-linking of extensins within the cell wall. CONCLUSIONS Extensins play a major role within the cell wall to ensure root protection. The cross-linking of extensins, which requires correct glycosylation and specific peroxidases, is most likely to result in modulation of cell wall architecture that allows enhanced protection of root cells against invading pathogens. Study of the relationship between extensin glycosylation and their cross-linking is a very promising approach to further understand how the cell wall influences root immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Castilleux
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Maité Vicré
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale–Pôle Stress Biotiques, 18 avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint Malo, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
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