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Škaloud P, Jadrná I, Dvořák P, Škvorová Z, Pusztai M, Čertnerová D, Bestová H, Rengefors K. Rapid diversification of a free-living protist is driven by adaptation to climate and habitat. Curr Biol 2024; 34:92-105.e6. [PMID: 38103550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial eukaryotes (protists) have major functional roles in aquatic ecosystems, including the biogeochemical cycling of elements as well as occupying various roles in the food web. Despite their importance for ecosystem function, the factors that drive diversification in protists are not known. Here, we aimed to identify the factors that drive differentiation and, subsequently, speciation in a free-living protist, Synura petersenii (Chrysophyceae). We sampled five different geographic areas and utilized population genomics and quantitative trait analyses. Habitat and climate were the major drivers of diversification on the local geographical scale, while geography played a role over longer distances. In addition to conductivity and temperature, precipitation was one of the most important environmental drivers of differentiation. Our results imply that flushing episodes (floods) drive microalgal adaptation to different niches, highlighting the potential for rapid diversification in protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Škaloud
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Jadrná
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Škvorová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pusztai
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic; Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Dora Čertnerová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Bestová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Praha, Czech Republic; Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Cang FA, Welles SR, Wong J, Ziaee M, Dlugosch KM. Genome size variation and evolution during invasive range expansion in an introduced plant. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13624. [PMID: 38283607 PMCID: PMC10810172 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants demonstrate exceptional variation in genome size across species, and their genome sizes can also vary dramatically across individuals and populations within species. This aspect of genetic variation can have consequences for traits and fitness, but few studies attributed genome size differentiation to ecological and evolutionary processes. Biological invasions present particularly useful natural laboratories to infer selective agents that might drive genome size shifts across environments and population histories. Here, we test hypotheses for the evolutionary causes of genome size variation across 14 invading populations of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis, in California, United States. We use a survey of genome sizes and trait variation to ask: (1) Is variation in genome size associated with developmental trait variation? (2) Are genome sizes smaller toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with selection for "colonizer" traits? Or alternatively, does genome size increase toward the leading edge of the expansion, consistent with predicted consequences of founder effects and drift? (3) Finally, are genome sizes smaller at higher elevations, consistent with selection for shorter development times? We found that 2C DNA content varied 1.21-fold among all samples, and was associated with flowering time variation, such that plants with larger genomes reproduced later, with lower lifetime capitula production. Genome sizes increased toward the leading edge of the invasion, but tended to decrease at higher elevations, consistent with genetic drift during range expansion but potentially strong selection for smaller genomes and faster development time at higher elevations. These results demonstrate how genome size variation can contribute to traits directly tied to reproductive success, and how selection and drift can shape that variation. We highlight the influence of genome size on dynamics underlying a rapid range expansion in a highly problematic invasive plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Alice Cang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Shana R. Welles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Utah Valley UniversityOremUtahUSA
| | - Jenny Wong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Maia Ziaee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Mills CollegeOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katrina M. Dlugosch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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3
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Martín-Martín RP, Salvador-Soler N, Lluch JR, Garreta AG. Nuclear DNA Content Estimation of Seaweed by Fluorimetry Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2672:65-77. [PMID: 37335469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3226-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorimetry analysis of nuclear DNA content allows identification of genome size and ploidy levels of different life phases, tissues, and populations in seaweed species. It is an easy method that saves time and resources compared to more complex techniques. Here we describe the methodology for measuring nuclear DNA content in seaweed species by DAPI fluorochrome staining and its comparison with the standard Gallus gallus erythrocytes nuclear content, one of the preferred internal standards. With this methodology, up to a thousand nuclei can be measured in a single staining session, allowing for a quick analysis of the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Martín-Martín
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Rull Lluch
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Gómez Garreta
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Goecke F, Gómez Garreta A, Martín-Martín R, Rull Lluch J, Skjermo J, Ergon Å. Nuclear DNA Content Variation in Different Life Cycle Stages of Sugar Kelp, Saccharina latissima. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:706-721. [PMID: 35882688 PMCID: PMC9385784 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ploidy variants can be utilized to increase yield, introduce sterility, and modify specific traits with an economic impact. Despite economic importance of Saccharina species, their nuclear DNA content in different cell types and life stages remain unclear. The present research was initiated to determine the nuclear DNA content and intraindividual variation at different life cycle stages of the Laminarialean kelp Saccharina latissima. Nuclear DNA content in embryonic and mature sporophytes, released and unreleased zoospores, female, and male gametophytes from Sør-Trøndelag county in Norway were estimated by image analysis using the DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI and chicken's red blood cells as a standard. DNA content of a total of 6905 DAPI-stained nuclei was estimated. This is the first study of nuclear DNA content which covered the life cycle of kelp. The lowest level of DNA content (1C) was observed in zoospores with an average of 0.76 pg. Male and female single spore gametophyte cultures presented higher average DNA content, more than double that of zoospores, suggesting the presence of polyteny. Female gametophyte nuclei were slightly larger and more variable in size than those of male gametophytes. The DNA content observed in embryonic sporophytes and in meristoderm cells from older sporophytes (1.51 pg) was 2C as expected and in the range of previously published studies of sporophytes of S. latissima. Mature sporophytes showed intra-plant variation with DNA content values ranging from 2-16C. The main difference was between meristoderm cells (mostly 2C) and cortical and medullary cells (2-16C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Goecke
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Amelia Gómez Garreta
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Martín-Martín
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rull Lluch
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Institut de Recerca de La Biodiversitat (IRBio) & Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal (CeDocBiV), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorunn Skjermo
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industries, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åshild Ergon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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5
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Tucker AE, Brown SP. Sampling a gradient of red snow algae bloom density reveals novel connections between microbial communities and environmental features. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10536. [PMID: 35732638 PMCID: PMC9217940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Snow algae blooms and associated microbial communities play large roles in snow ecosystem processes. Patterns and mechanisms underpinning snow algae bloom spatial distribution and associated microbial community assembly dynamics are poorly understood. Here we examine associations of microbial communities and environmental measures between/within snow algae blooms. Snows from the Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains (USA) were collected from medial (M), peripheral (P), and adjacent (A) zones of red snow algae blooms. Medial snow shows increased levels of pollen, lower oxidation–reduction potential, decreased algal and increased bacterial richness, and increased levels of potassium when compared to A and P within the same bloom. Between the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, fungal communities are distinct but bacterial and algal communities show little differentiation. A weighted OTU co-expression analysis (WOCNA) explores OTU modules and their differential correlation with environmental features, suggesting certain subcommunities may be altered by ecological patterns. Individual OTU interaction networks (fungi and bacteria) show high levels of connectivity compared to networks based on the red snow alga Sanguina nivaloides, which underscores associative differences between algal dominated networks and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery E Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA. .,Center for Biodiversity Research, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - Shawn P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.,Center for Biodiversity Research, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
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6
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Kornaliková M, Hampl V, Treitli SC. Investigation of the Genome Sizes and Ploidy Within the Genus
Monocercomonoides. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12925. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kornaliková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science Charles University, BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Hampl
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science Charles University, BIOCEV Vestec Czech Republic
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7
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Čertnerová D, Čertner M, Škaloud P. Alternating nuclear DNA content in chrysophytes provides evidence of their isomorphic haploid-diploid life cycle. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Suarez-Montes D, Borrell YJ, Gonzalez JM, Rico JM. Isolation and identification of microalgal strains with potential as carotenoids producers from a municipal solid waste landfill. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149755. [PMID: 34525767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Derived from their great capacity of adaptation, microalgae have several industrial applications, including pigment production for nutraceutical sector. However, the scarcity of studies on the diversity and life histories from several environments, highlight the need for more research on new species and habitats. Based on this, the present study assessed the microalgal diversity in water bodies of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Asturias (Spain). A total of 14 strains were successfully isolated and scaled up in liquid monocultures. They were identified through a combination of morphologic features with molecular assignation by DNA barcoding via the 18S and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 genes. The results of the genetic procedures (BLAST assignments and the 18S and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 genealogies) showed that 10 of the 14 assayed isolates were identified at the species level. The available genetic data were not sufficient for species classifications of the remaining isolates. It is possible that some might be new species not previously studied or described. Indeed, a new species, Coelastrella cogersae, was proposed in this study. Moreover, 3 of the 14 isolates (including the newly proposed species) exhibited caretogenic activity under specific conditions during the culture. These results are a great step forward in both the screening of lesser-known environments and the discovery of new sources of bioactive compounds. The study could be of great value to the nutraceutical industries and markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suarez-Montes
- Neoalgae Micro Seaweed Products, C/ Carmen Leal Mata 191, 33211 Gijón, Spain; Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, C/ Catedrático Valentín Andrés Álvarez s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Yaisel Juan Borrell
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/ Catedrático Valentín Andrés Álvarez s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Jose Manuel Rico
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, C/ Catedrático Valentín Andrés Álvarez s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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9
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Sliwinska E, Loureiro J, Leitch IJ, Šmarda P, Bainard J, Bureš P, Chumová Z, Horová L, Koutecký P, Lučanová M, Trávníček P, Galbraith DW. Application-based guidelines for best practices in plant flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 101:749-781. [PMID: 34585818 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is currently the most widely-used method to establish nuclear DNA content in plants. Since simple, 1-3-parameter, flow cytometers, which are sufficient for most plant applications, are commercially available at a reasonable price, the number of laboratories equipped with these instruments, and consequently new FCM users, has greatly increased over the last decade. This paper meets an urgent need for comprehensive recommendations for best practices in FCM for different plant science applications. We discuss advantages and limitations of establishing plant ploidy, genome size, DNA base composition, cell cycle activity, and level of endoreduplication. Applications of such measurements in plant systematics, ecology, molecular biology research, reproduction biology, tissue cultures, plant breeding, and seed sciences are described. Advice is included on how to obtain accurate and reliable results, as well as how to manage troubleshooting that may occur during sample preparation, cytometric measurements, and data handling. Each section is followed by best practice recommendations; tips as to what specific information should be provided in FCM papers are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Kew Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jillian Bainard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chumová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Horová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Koutecký
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - David W Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Henan University, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Kaifeng, China
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10
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Čertnerová D. Meet the challenges of analyzing small genomes using flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 101:707-709. [PMID: 34302423 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Čertnerová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Čertnerová D, Galbraith DW. Best practices in the flow cytometry of microalgae. Cytometry A 2021; 99:359-364. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Čertnerová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- Henan University School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Jin Ming Avenue Kaifeng China
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