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Batista UCS, Pereira EFT, Hayashi AH, Silva KR, Purgatto E, Vieira EA, Gaspar M. Unveiling morphophysiological and metabolic adaptive strategies of the CAM epiphytic bromeliad Acanthostachys pitcairnioides to drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109076. [PMID: 39303411 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing climate changes are expected to intensify drought periods in tropical regions, directly impacting epiphytic bromeliads that depend on intermittent water availability. This study aimed to elucidate if Acanthostachys pitcairnioides, an epiphytic bromeliad of Atlantic Forest, tolerates extended drought periods and the potential strategies involved in its tolerance and recovery capacity. We suppressed irrigation for 42 days, rehydrated plants for four days, and evaluated leaf water status, and photochemical, metabolic, and anatomical changes. During the initial 28 days of drought, translocation of water from hydrenchyma to chlorenchyma, higher chlorophyll content, and accumulation of abscisic and salicylic acid and antioxidants contributed to maintaining the cell turgor and functionality of photosynthetic apparatus. At 42 days, a significant reduction in leaf water content to 45.5% was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in non-photochemical quenching and enhanced levels of carotenoids, anthocyanins, osmoregulators (proline, myo-inositol, and trehalose), and phytohormones (abscisic acid and jasmonates). After rewatering, water storage in the hydrenchyma and almost all pigments, hormones, and metabolites were restored to pre-stress conditions. Leaf succulence, carbohydrate and organic acid accumulation, and carbon isotope data (δ13C-14.5‰) provide evidence of induction of CAM metabolism by water limitation in A. pitcairnioides. Our findings indicate the prevalence of water accumulation strategy during the first half of the drought stress. At the end of the drought period, the complete depletion of water from the hydrenchyma favored the osmotic adjustment. Considering this set of tolerance strategies and the rapid recovery after rehydration, A. pitcairnioides can successfully withstand environments with restricted water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Caroline Salvaterra Batista
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Plant Biodiversity and Environment, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everton Fernandes Teodoro Pereira
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Hissae Hayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marilia Gaspar
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Victoriano-Romero E, Figueroa-Castro DM, Morales-Linares J. Network analyses show horizontal and vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes on their hosts in a fragment of cloud forest in Central Mexico. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s10265-024-01569-6. [PMID: 39180625 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Cloud forests figure as one of the most diverse ecosystems, accounting not only for a high number of plant species but also with a great variety of interactions among them. A common interaction in these forests is the one between vascular epiphytes and their hosts. However, few studies have used the network approach to analyze them. Here, we analyze the horizontal and vertical structure of the vascular epiphyte - host network in a cloud forest in central Mexico. We quantified the number of epiphyte stands on each host both total and per-stratum. Complete network, group, and species metrics were estimated at both levels of analysis. The host - epiphyte networks had relatively low network size but were highly connected; moderately nested, with low specialization, and modularity; but higher vulnerability than generality, and high niche overlap. The community was composed by a high number of generalist species. To our knowledge this is the first study in which network analyses are conducted with standardized data and including all host and epiphyte species in the community. The analyses suggest that the networks are robust, and that functional redundancy might be probable, two advantageous characteristics in a very fragmented and threatened cloud forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Victoriano-Romero
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México
| | - Dulce María Figueroa-Castro
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México.
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Ecológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México.
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México.
| | - Jonas Morales-Linares
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio, Edif. 112A, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla C.P., 72570, México
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Manrique-Ascencio A, Prieto-Torres DA, Villalobos F, Mercado Gómez J, Guevara R. Limited drought tolerance in the neotropical seasonally dry forest plants impairs future species richness. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38967240 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Neotropical seasonal dry forest (NSDF) is one of the most threatened ecosystems according to global climate change predictions. Nonetheless, few studies have evaluated the global climate change impacts on diversity patterns of NSDF plants. The lack of whole biome-scale approaches restricts our understanding of global climate change consequences in the high beta-diverse NSDF. We analysed the impact of global climate change on species distribution ranges, species richness, and assemblage composition (beta diversity) for 1,178 NSDF species. We used five representative plant families (in terms of abundance, dominance, and endemism) within the NSDF: Cactaceae, Capparaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, and Zygophyllaceae. We reconstructed potential species distributions in the present and future (2040-2080), considering an intermediate Shared Socioeconomic Pathway and two dispersal ability assumptions on the taxa. Using a resource use scores index, we related climate-induced range contractions with species' water stress tolerance. Even under a favourable dispersal scenario, species distribution and richness showed future significant declines across those sites where mean temperature and precipitation seasonality are expected to increase. Further, changes in species range distribution in the future correlated positively with potential use of resources in Fabaceae. Results suggest that biotic heterogenization will likely be the short-term outcome at biome scale under dispersal limitations. Nonetheless, by 2080, the prevailing effect under both dispersal assumptions will be homogenization, even within floristic nuclei. This information is critical for further defining new areas worth protecting and future planning of mitigation actions for both species and the whole biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manrique-Ascencio
- Red Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - D A Prieto-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (LABIOCG), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCyT de Biología del Cambio Climático, CONAHCYT, INECOL, Ciudad de México, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - F Villalobos
- Red Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCyT de Biología del Cambio Climático, CONAHCYT, INECOL, Ciudad de México, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - J Mercado Gómez
- Departamento de Biología y Química, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
| | - R Guevara
- Red Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Manson S, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Campera M. Effect of shade on biodiversity within coffee farms: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169882. [PMID: 38215842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Aligning crop production with conservation initiatives has long been a topic of debate, with agricultural intensification threatening biodiversity across the globe. Shade-grown coffee allows farmers to preserve biodiversity by providing viable habitat, but its conservation value remains unclear. In this meta-analysis, we screened existing literature using the PRISMA protocol to compare the effect of three shade intensities on species diversity and individual abundance: sun, low shade (LS) and high shade (HS). Furthermore, we examine differences between taxa, within taxa and between regions to establish which species benefit most from shade and whether these benefits vary dependent on geographical location. Out of 1889 studies, we included 69 studies in the analysis, and performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Overall, we found that species diversity was significantly higher in HS when compared to sun and LS, and species diversity in LS tended to be higher than in sun. In each treatment, the species diversity of birds was higher in the higher shade treatment, i.e., HS and LS. In addition, mammal and epiphyte species diversity was higher in HS when compared to LS. Similarly, studies from Latin America showed significantly higher species diversity and abundance in shaded farms when compared to sun farms. Studies conducted in Africa detailed the opposite relationship, with abundance being significantly higher in less shaded systems, highlighting that land-use strategies must be region-specific. Moving forward, strategies to conserve biodiversity within coffee farms should: 1) account for region-specific variables; 2) end further encroachment; 3) maintain connectivity; and 4) optimise yield through prioritising faunal and floral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Manson
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - K A I Nekaris
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Marco Campera
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Holtum JAM, Sage RF, Silvera K, Winter K, Edwards EJ. The CAM lineages of planet Earth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:627-654. [PMID: 37698538 PMCID: PMC10799995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE The growth of experimental studies of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in diverse plant clades, coupled with recent advances in molecular systematics, presents an opportunity to re-assess the phylogenetic distribution and diversity of species capable of CAM. It has been more than two decades since the last comprehensive lists of CAM taxa were published, and an updated survey of the occurrence and distribution of CAM taxa is needed to facilitate and guide future CAM research. We aimed to survey the phylogenetic distribution of these taxa, their diverse morphology, physiology and ecology, and the likely number of evolutionary origins of CAM based on currently known lineages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found direct evidence (in the form of experimental or field observations of gas exchange, day-night fluctuations in organic acids, carbon isotope ratios and enzymatic activity) for CAM in 370 genera of vascular plants, representing 38 families. Further assumptions about the frequency of CAM species in CAM clades and the distribution of CAM in the Cactaceae and Crassulaceae bring the currently estimated number of CAM-capable species to nearly 7 % of all vascular plants. The phylogenetic distribution of these taxa suggests a minimum of 66 independent origins of CAM in vascular plants, possibly with dozens more. To achieve further insight into CAM origins, there is a need for more extensive and systematic surveys of previously unstudied lineages, particularly in living material to identify low-level CAM activity, and for denser sampling to increase phylogenetic resolution in CAM-evolving clades. This should allow further progress in understanding the functional significance of this pathway by integration with studies on the evolution and genomics of CAM in its many forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katia Silvera
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Zotz G, Armenia L, Einzmann HJR. A new approach to an old problem: how to categorize the habit of ferns and lycophytes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:513-522. [PMID: 37642212 PMCID: PMC10666995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Substrate preferences are often treated as species traits and are used to distinguish different habits, i.e. an epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial habit. Such a categorization, however, ignores substantial intraspecific variation. An approach that takes biological variability within a species into account is needed. METHODS We focused on four large genera of ferns and lycophytes and found relevant information in >500 sources, such as online databases, checklists, floras and species descriptions. Translating textual information into a quantitative index, we quantified the propensity to grow on either substrate as a continuous trait for 1475 species. KEY RESULTS Only a minority of species exhibited strict substrate fidelity, but a majority of them showed clear habitat preferences. The relative frequencies of intermediates between strict lithophytes, epiphytes and terrestrials does not support the frequent notion of ecological similarity of the lithophytic and epiphytic habitat. CONCLUSIONS The compiled data are useful immediately for ecological and evolutionary studies with the focal taxa. More importantly, we propose the replacement of the concept of distinct habits with one of gradual differences. This should have a profound impact on any such study with plants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Lisa Armenia
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Box 2503, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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