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Ávila-Hernández JG, Cárdenas-Aquino MDR, Camas-Reyes A, Martínez-Antonio A. Sex determination in papaya: Current status and perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111814. [PMID: 37562730 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically significant plant that produces fruit consumed worldwide due to its organoleptic characteristics. Since their commercial production, papaya fruits have faced several problems, such as pests, which have been partly resolved using transgenic varieties. Nevertheless, a principal challenge in this cultivation is the plant's sex determination. The sex issue in papaya is complex because papaya flowers can bear three sex forms: male, female, and hermaphrodite, which affects their fruit production, shape, and yield. Fruits from hermaphrodite plants are preferred more by consumers than female ones, and male plants rarely produce fruits without commercial value. Chromosomes are responsible for sex determination in papaya, denoted as XY for male, XX for female, and XYh for hermaphrodite. However, genes related to sex have been reported but are not conclusive. Factors such as the environment, hormones, and genetic and epigenetic background can also affect sex expression. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss recent research on the sex of papaya, from reported genes to date, their biology, and sexing approaches using molecular markers and their advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guadalupe Ávila-Hernández
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department. Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato Unit, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - María Del Rosario Cárdenas-Aquino
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department. Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato Unit, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camas-Reyes
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department. Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato Unit, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Agustino Martínez-Antonio
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department. Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato Unit, 36824, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico..
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Jiang L, Geng D, Zhi F, Li Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Shen X, Liu X, Yang Y, Xu Y, Tang Y, Du R, Ma F, Guan Q, Zhang J. A genome-wide association study provides insights into fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in Malus fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7467-7476. [PMID: 36112134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a precursor of aromatic compounds, fatty acids play important roles in apple fruit quality; however, the genetic and molecular basis underlying fatty acid synthesis and metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of seven fatty acids using genomic data of 149 Malus accessions and identified 232 significant signals (-log10P>5) associated with 99 genes from GWAS of four fatty acids across 2 years. Among these, a significant GWAS signal associated with linoleic acid was identified in the transcriptional regulator SUPERMAN-like (SUP) MD13G1209600 at chromosome 13 of M. × domestica. Transient overexpression of MdSUP increased the contents of linoleic and linolenic acids and of three aromatic components in the fruit. Our study provides genetic and molecular information for improving the flavor and nutritional value of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dali Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yusen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Vocational Technology, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yange Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Tang
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Innovation and Experiment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Zerpa-Catanho D, Wai J, Wang ML, Yu L, Nguyen J, Ming R. Differential gene expression among three sex types reveals a MALE STERILITY 1 (CpMS1) for sex differentiation in papaya. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:545. [PMID: 31818257 PMCID: PMC6902354 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carica papaya is a trioecious plant species with a genetic sex-determination system defined by sex chromosomes. Under unfavorable environmental conditions male and hermaphrodite exhibit sex-reversal. Previous genomic research revealed few candidate genes for sex differentiation in this species. Nevertheless, more analysis is still needed to identify the mechanism responsible for sex flower organ development in papaya. RESULTS The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes among male, female and hermaphrodite flowers in papaya during early (pre-meiosis) and later (post-meiosis) stages of flower development. RNA-seq was used to evaluate the expression of differentially expressed genes and RT-qPCR was used to verify the results. Putative functions of these genes were analyzed based on their homology with orthologs in other plant species and their expression patterns. We identified a Male Sterility 1 gene (CpMS1) highly up-regulated in male and hermaphrodite flower buds compared to female flower buds, which expresses in small male flower buds (3-8 mm), and that might be playing an important role in male flower organ development due to its homology to MS1 genes previously identified in other plants. This is the first study in which the sex-biased expression of genes related to tapetum development in the anther developmental pathway is being reported in papaya. Besides important transcription factors related to flower organ development and flowering time regulation, we identified differential expression of genes that are known to participate in ABA, ROS and auxin signaling pathways (ABA-8-hydroxylases, AIL5, UPBEAT 1, VAN3-binding protein). CONCLUSIONS CpMS1 was expressed in papaya male and hermaphrodite flowers at early stages, suggesting that this gene might participate in male flower organ development processes, nevertheless, this gene cannot be considered a sex-determination gene. Due to its homology with other plant MS1 proteins and its expression pattern, we hypothesize that this gene participates in anther development processes, like tapetum and pollen development, downstream gender specification. Further gene functional characterization studies in papaya are required to confirm this hypothesis. The role of ABA and ROS signaling pathways in papaya flower development needs to be further explored as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessireé Zerpa-Catanho
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Jennifer Wai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ming Li Wang
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Kunia, HI 96759 USA
| | - Li’ang Yu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Breuil-Broyer S, Trehin C, Morel P, Boltz V, Sun B, Chambrier P, Ito T, Negrutiu I. Analysis of the Arabidopsis superman allelic series and the interactions with other genes demonstrate developmental robustness and joint specification of male-female boundary, flower meristem termination and carpel compartmentalization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:905-23. [PMID: 27098089 PMCID: PMC4845806 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS SUPERMAN is a cadastral gene controlling the sexual boundary in the flower. The gene's functions and role in flower development and evolution have remained elusive. The analysis of a contrasting SUP allelic series (for which the names superman, superwoman and supersex have been coined) makes it possible to distinguish early vs. late regulatory processes at the flower meristem centre to which SUP is an important contributor. Their understanding is essential in further addressing evolutionary questions linking bisexuality and flower meristem homeostasis. METHODS Inter-allelic comparisons were carried out and SUP interactions with other boundary factors and flower meristem patterning and homeostasis regulators (such as CLV, WUS, PAN, CUC, KNU, AG, AP3/PI, CRC and SPT) have been evaluated at genetic, molecular, morphological and histological levels. KEY RESULTS Early SUP functions include mechanisms of male-female (sexual) boundary specification, flower mersitem termination and control of stamen number. A SUP-dependent flower meristem termination pathway is identified and analysed. Late SUP functions play a role in organ morphogenesis by controlling intra-whorl organ separation and carpel medial region formation. By integrating early and late SUP functions, and by analyzing in one single experiment a series of SUP genetic interactions, the concept of meristematic 'transference' (cascade) - a regulatory bridging process redundantly and sequentially co-ordinating the triggering and completion of flower meristem termination, and carpel margin meristem and placenta patterning - is proposed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results strongly support the view that SUP(-type) function(s) have been instrumental in resolving male/female gradients into sharp male and female identities (whorls, organs) and in enforcing flower homeostasis during evolution. This has probably been achieved by incorporating the meristem patterning system of the floral axis into the female/carpel programme.
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Key Words
- Arabidopsis
- SUPERMAN gene: superman, clark-kent/superwoman, supersex, AG, CLV, CRC, CUC2, KNU, PAN, SPT, WUS
- allelic series
- carpel
- evo-devo
- flower homeostasis
- flower meristem determinacy
- flower pattern
- meristematic ‘cascade’/transference
- pistillody/carpelloidy
- placenta
- stamen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Véronique Boltz
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China 210093 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604 Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ioan Negrutiu
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
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Unisexual cucumber flowers, sex and sex differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:1-55. [PMID: 23809434 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex is a universal phenomenon in the world of eukaryotes. Attempts have been made to understand regulatory mechanisms for plant sex determination by investigating unisexual flowers. The cucumber plant is one of the model systems for studying how sex determination is regulated by phytohormones. A systematic investigation of the development of unisexual cucumber flowers is summarized here, and it is suggested that the mechanism of the unisexual flower can help us to understand how the process leading to one type of gametogenesis is prevented. Based on these findings, we concluded that the unisexual cucumber flowers is not an issue of sex differentiation, but instead a mechanism for avoiding self-pollination. Sex differentiation is essentially the divergent point(s) leading to heterogametogenesis. On the basis of analyses of sex differentiation in unicellular organisms and animals as well as the core process of plant life cycle, a concept of "sexual reproduction cycle" is proposed for understanding the essential role of sex and a "progressive model" for future investigations of sex differentiation in plants.
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Becker A, Alix K, Damerval C. The evolution of flower development: current understanding and future challenges. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1427-31. [PMID: 21793247 PMCID: PMC3108812 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- University of Bremen, Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group, Leobener Str., UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Damerval
- CNRS – UMR 0320/8120 Génétique Végétale INRA/Univ. Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- For correspondence. E-mail
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