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Chudasama T, Dangar K, Gadhvi K, Vyas S, Dudhagara D. Multivariate statistical analysis of bioavailability of heavy metals and mineral characterization in selected species of coastal flora. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11282. [PMID: 38760440 PMCID: PMC11101636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a thorough investigation into the concentration of heavy metals and mineral composition within four distinct coastal flora species: Cyperus conglomeratus, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sericostem pauciflorum, and Salvadora persica. Employing rigorous statistical methodologies such as Pearson coefficient correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and interclass correlation (ICC), we aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of heavy metals, minerals, and relevant physical characteristics. The analysis focused on essential elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-), all of which are known to play pivotal roles in the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Through PCA, we discerned distinctive patterns within PC1 to PC4, collectively explaining an impressive 99.65% of the variance observed in heavy metal composition across the studied flora species. These results underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on the mineral composition of coastal flora, offering critical insights into the ecological processes shaping these vital ecosystems. Furthermore, significant correlations among mineral contents in H. mucronatum; K+ with content of Na+ (r = 0.989) and Mg2+ (r = 0.984); as revealed by ICC analyses, contributed to a nuanced understanding of variations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH levels, and ash content among the diverse coastal flora species. By shedding light on heavy metal and mineral dynamics in coastal flora, this study not only advances our scientific understanding but also provides a foundation for the development of targeted environmental monitoring and management strategies aimed at promoting the ecological sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarla Chudasama
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Dangar
- Savaj Junagadh Dist. Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Ltd, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Kamlesh Gadhvi
- Gujarat Forestry Research Foundation, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Suhas Vyas
- Department of Life Sciences, Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dushyant Dudhagara
- Department of Life Sciences, Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
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Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Guerin GR, Andrae JW, Welti N, Caddy-Retalic S, Atkins R, Sparrow B. Plant families exhibit unique geographic trends in C4 richness and cover in Australia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271603. [PMID: 35994485 PMCID: PMC9394836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have analysed the relationship between C4 plant cover and climate. However, few have examined how different C4 taxa vary in their response to climate, or how environmental factors alter C4:C3 abundance. Here we investigate (a) how proportional C4 plant cover and richness (relative to C3) responds to changes in climate and local environmental factors, and (b) if this response is consistent among families. Proportional cover and richness of C4 species were determined at 541 one-hectare plots across Australia for 14 families. C4 cover and richness of the most common and abundant families were regressed against climate and local parameters. C4 richness and cover in the monocot families Poaceae and Cyperaceae increased with latitude and were strongly positively correlated with January temperatures, however C4 Cyperaceae occupied a more restricted temperature range. Seasonal rainfall, soil pH, soil texture, and tree cover modified proportional C4 cover in both families. Eudicot families displayed considerable variation in C4 distribution patterns. Proportional C4 Euphorbiaceae richness and cover were negatively correlated with increased moisture availability (i.e. high rainfall and low aridity), indicating they were more common in dry environments. Proportional C4 Chenopodiaceae richness and cover were weakly correlated with climate and local environmental factors, including soil texture. However, the explanatory power of C4 Chenopodiaceae models were poor, suggesting none of the factors considered in this study strongly influenced Chenopodiaceae distribution. Proportional C4 richness and cover in Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Portulacaceae increased with latitude, suggesting C4 cover and richness in these families increased with temperature and summer rainfall, but sample size was insufficient for regression analysis. Results demonstrate the unique relationships between different C4 taxa and climate, and the significant modifying effects of environmental factors on C4 distribution. Our work also revealed C4 families will not exhibit similar responses to local perturbations or climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. M. Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca A. McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg R. Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jake W. Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Xu J, Chai N, Zhang T, Zhu T, Cheng Y, Sui S, Li M, Liu D. Prediction of temperature tolerance in Lilium based on distribution and climate data. iScience 2021; 24:102794. [PMID: 34355143 PMCID: PMC8324855 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are plenty publications providing guidance for resistant taxa selection by experimental researches while the number of experimental taxa is often restricted. In this study, we presented a concise method to predict the temperature tolerance of wild Lilium in China based on open access botanical and associated environmental datasets. We divided all taxa into five groups to present an overview of Lilium's adaptability to temperature stress. Furthermore, according to the environmental conditions, the prediction of heat and cold tolerance in Lilium was made based on the combined multi-sources data at taxon level. Thirteen taxa with potential temperature tolerance were predicted of 42 taxa. The results showed that not only is tolerance prediction created by large-scale data analysis possible, but that it may supplement traditional laboratory researches with a comprehensive list of taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Chai
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Daofeng Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Bromham L, Hua X, Cardillo M. Macroevolutionary and macroecological approaches to understanding the evolution of stress tolerance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2832-2846. [PMID: 32705700 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress response in plants has been studied using a wide range of approaches, from lab-based investigation of biochemistry and genetics, to glasshouse studies of physiology and growth rates, to field-based trials and ecological surveys. It is also possible to investigate the evolution of environmental stress responses using macroevolutionary and macroecological analyses, analysing data from many different species, providing a new perspective on the way that environmental stress shapes the evolution and distribution of biodiversity. "Macroevoeco" approaches can produce intriguing results and new ways of looking at old problems. In this review, we focus on studies using phylogenetic analysis to illuminate macroevolutionary patterns in the evolution of environmental stress tolerance in plants. We follow a particular thread from our own research-evolution of salt tolerance-as a case study that illustrates a macroevolutionary way of thinking that opens up a range of broader questions on the evolution of environmental stress tolerances. We consider some potential future applications of macroevolutionary and macroecological analyses to understanding how diverse groups of plants evolve in response to environmental stress, which may allow better prediction of current stress tolerance and a way of predicting the capacity of species to adapt to changing environmental stresses over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindell Bromham
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Xia Hua
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Marcel Cardillo
- Macroevolution & Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Hao DC, Xiao PG. Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:104-117. [PMID: 36119793 PMCID: PMC9476761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide botanical and medicinal culture diversity are astonishing and constitute a Pierian spring for innovative drug R&D. Here, the latest awareness and the perspectives of pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics, as well as their expanding utility in botanical drug R&D, are systematically summarized and highlighted. Chemotaxonomy is based on the fact that closely related plants contain the same or similar chemical profiles. Correspondingly, it is better to combine morphological characters, DNA markers and chemical markers in the inference of medicinal plant phylogeny. Medicinal plants within the same phylogenetic groups may have the same or similar therapeutic effects, thus forming the core of pharmacophylogeny. Here we systematically review and comment on the versatile applications of pharmacophylogeny in (1) looking for domestic resources of imported drugs, (2) expanding medicinal plant resources, (3) quality control, identification and expansion of herbal medicines, (4) predicting the chemical constituents or active ingredients of herbal medicine and assisting in the identification and determination of chemical constituents, (5) the search for new drugs sorting out, and (6) summarizing and improving herbal medicine experiences, etc. Such studies should be enhanced within the context of deeper investigations of molecular biology and genomics of traditional medicinal plants, phytometabolites and metabolomics, and ethnomedicine-based pharmacological activity, thus enabling the sustainable conservation and utilization of traditional medicinal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Pei-gen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang S, Leus L, Van Labeke MC, Van Huylenbroeck J. Prediction of Lime Tolerance in Rhododendron Based on Herbarium Specimen and Geochemical Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1538. [PMID: 30405673 PMCID: PMC6206291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendrons are typically known to be calcifuges that cannot grow well in lime soils. Data on lime tolerance of different taxa in Rhododendron are scarce. Habitats of naturally distributed specimens of genus Rhododendron were compiled as Chinese text-based locations from the Chinese Virtual Herbarium. The locations were then geocoded into latitude/longitude pairs and subsequently connected to soil characteristics including pH and CaCO3 from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD). Using the upper quartile values of pH > 7.2 and CaCO3 > 2% weight in topsoil as threshold, we predicted the lime tolerant taxa. A dataset of 31,146 Rhododendron specimens including the information on taxonomy, GPS locations and soil parameters for both top- and subsoil was built. The majority of the specimens were distributed in soils with moderately acidic pH and without presence of CaCO3. 76 taxa with potential lime tolerance were predicted out of 525 taxa. The large scale data analysis based on combined data of geocoded herbarium specimens and HWSD allows identification of valuable Rhododendron species, subspecies or botanical varieties with potential tolerance to lime soils with higher pH. The predicted tolerant taxa are valuable resources for an in-depth evaluation of lime tolerance or for further use in horticulture and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wang
- Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Leen Leus
- Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Johan Van Huylenbroeck
- Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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La Salle J, Williams KJ, Moritz C. Biodiversity analysis in the digital era. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0337. [PMID: 27481789 PMCID: PMC4971189 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores what the virtual biodiversity e-infrastructure will look like as it takes advantage of advances in ‘Big Data’ biodiversity informatics and e-research infrastructure, which allow integration of various taxon-level data types (genome, morphology, distribution and species interactions) within a phylogenetic and environmental framework. By overcoming the data scaling problem in ecology, this integrative framework will provide richer information and fast learning to enable a deeper understanding of biodiversity evolution and dynamics in a rapidly changing world. The Atlas of Living Australia is used as one example of the advantages of progressing towards this future. Living in this future will require the adoption of new ways of integrating scientific knowledge into societal decision making. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
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Affiliation(s)
- John La Salle
- Atlas of Living Australia, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kristen J Williams
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Centre for Biodiversity Analysis and Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
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Nawaz I, Iqbal M, Bliek M, Schat H. Salt and heavy metal tolerance and expression levels of candidate tolerance genes among four extremophile Cochlearia species with contrasting habitat preferences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:731-741. [PMID: 28129909 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To test the concept of a general "mineral stress tolerance", we compared four extremophile Cochlearia species for salt (NaCl), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation, and for expression of candidate tolerance genes for salt and Zn tolerance. Salt tolerance decreased in the order C. anglica>C. x hollandica>C. danica>C. pyrenaica, corresponding with the average salinity levels in the species' natural environments. The glycophytic metallophyte, C. pyrenaica, showed a relatively high level of salt tolerance, compared to other glycophytic Brassicaceae. Salt tolerance was positively correlated with HKT1 expression and the K+ concentration in roots under salt exposure, but uncorrelated with the Na+ concentrations in roots and shoots. All the species accumulated Na+ primarily in their leaves, and exhibited a high NHX1 expression in leaves, in comparison with other glycophytic Brassicaceae, suggesting that salt tolerance in Cochlearia is based on an efficient vacuolar sequestration of Na+ in leaves. The metallicolous C. pyrenaica population was hypertolerant to Zn, but not to Cd, in comparison with the other Cochlearia species. All the Cochlearia species accumulated Zn and Cd primarily in roots, and showed high levels of Cd and Zn tolerance, with unusually low rates of metal accumulation, in comparison with non-metallophytes, or non-metallicolous metallophyte populations, of species belonging to other genera or families. Although Cochlearia, as a genus, shows relatively high levels of tolerance to both salt and heavy metals, this is most probably not due to a common 'mineral stress tolerance' mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismat Nawaz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs Bliek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gil-Loaiza J, White SA, Root RA, Solís-Dominguez FA, Hammond CM, Chorover J, Maier RM. Phytostabilization of mine tailings using compost-assisted direct planting: Translating greenhouse results to the field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:451-461. [PMID: 27183459 PMCID: PMC4921306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Standard practice in reclamation of mine tailings is the emplacement of a 15 to 90cm soil/gravel/rock cap which is then hydro-seeded. In this study we investigate compost-assisted direct planting phytostabilization technology as an alternative to standard cap and plant practices. In phytostabilization the goal is to establish a vegetative cap using native plants that stabilize metals in the root zone with little to no shoot accumulation. The study site is a barren 62-hectare tailings pile characterized by extremely acidic pH as well as lead, arsenic, and zinc each exceeding 2000mgkg(-1). The study objective is to evaluate whether successful greenhouse phytostabilization results are scalable to the field. In May 2010, a 0.27ha study area was established on the Iron King Mine and Humboldt Smelter Superfund (IKMHSS) site with six irrigated treatments; tailings amended with 10, 15, or 20% (w/w) compost seeded with a mix of native plants (buffalo grass, arizona fescue, quailbush, mountain mahogany, mesquite, and catclaw acacia) and controls including composted (15 and 20%) unseeded treatments and an uncomposted unseeded treatment. Canopy cover ranging from 21 to 61% developed after 41 months in the compost-amended planted treatments, a canopy cover similar to that found in the surrounding region. No plants grew on unamended tailings. Neutrophilic heterotrophic bacterial counts were 1.5 to 4 orders of magnitude higher after 41months in planted versus unamended control plots. Shoot tissue accumulation of various metal(loids) was at or below Domestic Animal Toxicity Limits, with some plant specific exceptions in treatments receiving less compost. Parameters including % canopy cover, neutrophilic heterotrophic bacteria counts, and shoot uptake of metal(loids) are promising criteria to use in evaluating reclamation success. In summary, compost amendment and seeding, guided by preliminary greenhouse studies, allowed plant establishment and sustained growth over 4years demonstrating feasibility for this phytostabilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gil-Loaiza
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Scott A White
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Fernando A Solís-Dominguez
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Ingeniería, Baja California 21900, Mexico
| | - Corin M Hammond
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Moray C, Hua X, Bromham L. Salt tolerance is evolutionarily labile in a diverse set of angiosperm families. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 25985773 PMCID: PMC4436861 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salt tolerance in plants is rare, yet it is found across a diverse set of taxonomic groups. This suggests that, although salt tolerance often involves a set of complex traits, it has evolved many times independently in different angiosperm lineages. However, the pattern of evolution of salt tolerance can vary dramatically between families. A recent phylogenetic study of the Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family) concluded that salt tolerance has a conserved evolutionary pattern, being gained early in the evolution of the lineage then retained by most species in the family. Conversely, a phylogenetic study of the Poaceae (grass family) suggested over 70 independent gains of salt tolerance, most giving rise to only one or a few salt tolerant species. Here, we use a phylogenetic approach to explore the macroevolutionary patterns of salt tolerance in a sample of angiosperm families, in order to ask whether either of these two patterns – deep and conserved or shallow and labile - represents a common mode of salt tolerance evolution. We analyze the distribution of halophyte species across the angiosperms and identify families with more or less halophytes than expected under a random model. Then, we explore the phylogenetic distribution of halophytes in 22 families using phylogenetic comparative methods. Results We find that salt tolerance species have been reported from over one-third of angiosperm families, but that salt tolerant species are not distributed evenly across angiosperm families. We find that salt tolerance has been gained hundreds of times over the history of the angiosperms. In a few families, we find deep and conserved gains of salt tolerance, but in the majority of families analyzed, we find that the pattern of salt tolerant species is best explained by multiple independent gains that occur near the tips of the phylogeny and often give rise to only one or a few halophytes. Conclusions Our results suggest that the pattern of many independent gains of salt tolerance near the tips of the phylogeny is found in many angiosperm families. This suggests that the pattern reported in the grasses of high evolutionary lability may be a common feature of salt tolerance evolution in angiosperms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0379-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile Moray
- Division of Ecology, Macroevolution and Macroecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Brinkin, 0200, Australia.
| | - Xia Hua
- Division of Ecology, Macroevolution and Macroecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Brinkin, 0200, Australia.
| | - Lindell Bromham
- Division of Ecology, Macroevolution and Macroecology, Evolution and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Brinkin, 0200, Australia.
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Flowers TJ, Colmer TD. Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:327-31. [PMID: 25844430 PMCID: PMC4332615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the water on Earth is seawater, each kilogram of which contains about 35 g of salts, and yet most plants cannot grow in this solution; less than 0·2% of species can develop and reproduce with repeated exposure to seawater. These 'extremophiles' are called halophytes. SCOPE Improved knowledge of halophytes is of importance to understanding our natural world and to enable the use of some of these fascinating plants in land re-vegetation, as forages for livestock, and to develop salt-tolerant crops. In this Preface to a Special Issue on halophytes and saline adaptations, the evolution of salt tolerance in halophytes, their life-history traits and progress in understanding the molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance are summarized. In particular, cellular processes that underpin the ability of halophytes to tolerate high tissue concentrations of Na+ and Cl−, including regulation of membrane transport, their ability to synthesize compatible solutes and to deal with reactive oxygen species, are highlighted. Interacting stress factors in addition to salinity, such as heavy metals and flooding, are also topics gaining increased attention in the search to understand the biology of halophytes. CONCLUSIONS Halophytes will play increasingly important roles as models for understanding plant salt tolerance, as genetic resources contributing towards the goal of improvement of salt tolerance in some crops, for re-vegetation of saline lands, and as 'niche crops' in their own right for landscapes with saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Flowers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia and School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN7 1BD, UK
| | - Timothy D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia and School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN7 1BD, UK
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