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McKee K, Rothschild D, Young SR, Uttal DH. Looking Ahead: Advancing Measurement and Analysis of the Block Design Test Using Technology and Artificial Intelligence. J Intell 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38921688 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The block design test (BDT) has been used for over a century in research and clinical contexts as a measure of spatial cognition, both as a singular ability and as part of more comprehensive intelligence assessment. Traditionally, the BDT has been scored using methods that do not reflect the full potential of individual differences that could be measured by the test. Recent advancements in technology, including eye-tracking, embedded sensor systems, and artificial intelligence, have provided new opportunities to measure and analyze data from the BDT. In this methodological review, we outline the information that BDT can assess, review several recent advancements in measurement and analytic methods, discuss potential future uses of these methods, and advocate for further research using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley McKee
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Ruth Young
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David H Uttal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Ek L, Elwin M, Neander K. Neuropsychological longitudinal study of patients with low-grade gliomas: Cognitive impairment. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38470840 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2325546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This study is part of a longitudinal research program, in which patients diagnosed with low-grade gliomas (LGG: n = 13), as well as healthy controls (n = 13), were consecutively recruited and neuropsychologically followed for 7 years. The patients are followed up regardless of variations in treatment. A composite score is used (Global Deficit Score: GDS) included cognitive measures where at least five patients had a negative change: information processing speed, speed of naming, construction ability, verbal fluency, non-verbal thinking, and immediate non-verbal memory. The most important finding in this 7-year follow-up study is that two-thirds of the patients developed cognitive impairment. The remaining third of the patients showed stability in their cognitive ability and were still alive 17 years after diagnosis. Younger patients with tumors in the right frontal or posterior regions showed a more favorable development. Patients with frontal tumors and a declined GDS show also significant changes in executive functions. Given the limited number, no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the impact of tumor localization. The impact of LGG on cognition and the survival time after diagnosis varies considerably between patients. However, most of the patients (69%) showed cognitive impairment during the seven years we followed them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ek
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hässleholm Hospital, Hässleholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Elwin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Neander
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Dezza IC, Noel X, Cleeremans A, Yu AJ. Distinct motivations to seek out information in healthy individuals and problem gamblers. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:408. [PMID: 34312367 PMCID: PMC8313706 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As massive amounts of information are becoming available to people, understanding the mechanisms underlying information-seeking is more pertinent today than ever. In this study, we investigate the underlying motivations to seek out information in healthy and addicted individuals. We developed a novel decision-making task and a novel computational model which allows dissociating the relative contribution of two motivating factors to seek out information: a desire for novelty and a general desire for knowledge. To investigate whether/how the motivations to seek out information vary between healthy and addicted individuals, in addition to healthy controls we included a sample of individuals with gambling disorder-a form of addiction without the confound of substance consumption and characterized by compulsive gambling. Our results indicate that healthy subjects and problem gamblers adopt distinct information-seeking "modes". Healthy information-seeking behavior was mostly motivated by a desire for novelty. Problem gamblers, on the contrary, displayed reduced novelty-seeking and an increased desire for accumulating knowledge compared to healthy controls. Our findings not only shed new light on the motivations driving healthy and addicted individuals to seek out information, but they also have important implications for the treatment and diagnosis of behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cogliati Dezza
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noel
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angela J. Yu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
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Joung H, Yi D, Ahn H, Lee Y, Byun MS, Sung K, Han D, Lee DY. Normative Study of the Block Design Test for Adults Aged 55 Years and Older in Korean Aging Population. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:539-544. [PMID: 34130440 PMCID: PMC8256137 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Block Design Test (BDT) is known to be an effective measure in diagnosing age-related cognitive decline of visuospatial function. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of age, education years, and gender on the performance of the BDT and to provide normative data in Korean community-dwelling participants who are 55 to 90 years old. METHODS The participants were 432 non-demented adults aging from 55 to 90 years old. The BDT was administered to participants according to its manual. Multiple linear regressions and analyses of variance were conducted, including age, gender, and educations were used as covariates. RESULTS Age, educational years, and gender were found to be significantly associated with performance on the BDT. As age increased, BDT performance decreased. Educational years were associated with BDT performance. Men showed higher performance (29.9±10.3) compare to women (26.1±8.7). The BDT is influenced by age, educational years, and gender. CONCLUSION Unlike the previous study, the current study shows that gender has a significant influence in visuospatial ability in the old population. Present normative data will be useful for clinicians in evaluating aging participants with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejung Joung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Sung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyun Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Clemmensen L, Jepsen JRM, Os J, Blijd‐Hoogewys EMA, Rimvall MK, Olsen EM, Rask CU, Bartels‐Velthuis AA, Skovgaard AM, Jeppesen P. Are theory of mind and bullying separately associated with later academic performance among preadolescents? BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 90:62-76. [DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Clemmensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services The Capital Region of Denmark Glostrup Denmark
- Center for Telepsychiatry Mental Health Services Region of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services The Capital Region of Denmark Glostrup Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) Psychiatric Centre Glostrup Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) Glostrup Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark Mental Health Centre Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jim Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies Institute of Psychiatry King's Health Partners King's College London UK
- Department of Psychiatry Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus Utrecht University Medical Centre The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin K. Rimvall
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services The Capital Region of Denmark Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Else Marie Olsen
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention The Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte U. Rask
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Centre Risskov Aarhus University Hospital Denmark
| | - Agna A. Bartels‐Velthuis
- University Medical Center Groningen University Center for Psychiatry University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anne Mette Skovgaard
- Department of Public Health Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Pia Jeppesen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services The Capital Region of Denmark Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science University of Copenhagen Denmark
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Naumczyk P, Sawicka AK, Brzeska B, Sabisz A, Jodzio K, Radkowski M, Czachowska K, Winklewski PJ, Finc K, Szurowska E, Demkow U, Szarmach A. Cognitive Predictors of Cortical Thickness in Healthy Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1116:51-62. [PMID: 30267304 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to define the role of predictive values of the motor speed, inhibition control, and fluid and crystallized intelligence in estimating the cortical thickness in healthy elderly. Forty-six older healthy subjects (37 women, 9 men) over 60 years of age were included in the study. The participants were examined on 3.0 T MRI scanners. The protocol included standard anatomical sequences, to exclude brain pathology, and a high-resolution T1-weighted sequence used to estimate the cortical thickness. The neuropsychological protocol included fluid intelligence assessment (Raven Progressive Matrices), crystalized intelligence assessment (information or vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R)), and executive functioning (Color Traits Test). The findings unraveled several interdependencies. The higher the intelligence, the thicker was the grey matter in nine regions of both hemispheres, but also some paradoxical reversed associations were found in four areas; all of them were localized along different sections of the cingulate gyrus in both hemispheres. An inverse association was found between crystallized intelligence and the thickness of the pars opecularis of the right hemisphere. The better the executive functioning, the thicker was the grey matter of a given region. The better the motor performance, the thicker was the grey matter of the rostral middle frontal area of the left hemisphere and the lingual gyrus of both hemispheres. In conclusion, the associations unraveled demonstrate that the neural mechanisms underlying healthy aging are complex and heterogenic across different cognitive domains and neuroanatomical regions. No brain aging theory seems to provide a suitable interpretative framework for all the results. A novel, more integrative approach to the brain aging should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika K Sawicka
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Brzeska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.,Second Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- Second Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Czachowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.,Second Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Finc
- Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- Second Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- Second Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
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Cognitive status in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure. Am Heart J 2014; 168:917-23. [PMID: 25458656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent in patients with heart failure and is associated with adverse outcomes. However, whether specific cognitive abilities (eg, memory vs executive function) are impaired in heart failure has not been fully examined. We investigated the prevalence of impairment in 3 cognitive domains in patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and the associations of impairment with demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS The sample included 744 patients hospitalized with ADHF (mean age 72 years, 46% female) at 5 medical centers. Impairment was assessed in 3 cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, executive function) using standardized measures. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from a structured interview and medical record review. RESULTS A total of 593 (80%) of 744 patients were impaired in at least 1 cognitive domain; 32%, 31%, and 17% of patients were impaired in 1, 2, or all 3 cognitive domains, respectively. Patients impaired in more than 1 cognitive domain were significantly older, had less formal education, and had more noncardiac comorbidities (all P values < .05). In multivariable adjusted analyses, patients with older age and lower education had higher odds of impairment in 2 or more cognitive domains. Depressed patients had twice the odds of being impaired in all 3 cognitive domains (odds ratio 1.98, 95% CI 1.08-3.64). CONCLUSION Impairments in executive function, processing speed, and memory are common among patients hospitalized for ADHF. Recognition of these prevalent cognitive deficits is critical for the clinical management of these high-risk patients.
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Maestri M, Odel J, Hegdé J. Semantic descriptor ranking: a quantitative method for evaluating qualitative verbal reports of visual cognition in the laboratory or the clinic. Front Psychol 2014; 5:160. [PMID: 24624102 PMCID: PMC3941477 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For scientific, clinical, and machine learning purposes alike, it is desirable to quantify the verbal reports of high-level visual percepts. Methods to do this simply do not exist at present. Here we propose a novel methodological principle to help fill this gap, and provide empirical evidence designed to serve as the initial "proof" of this principle. In the proposed method, subjects view images of real-world scenes and describe, in their own words, what they saw. The verbal description is independently evaluated by several evaluators. Each evaluator assigns a rank score to the subject's description of each visual object in each image using a novel ranking principle, which takes advantage of the well-known fact that semantic descriptions of real life objects and scenes can usually be rank-ordered. Thus, for instance, "animal," "dog," and "retriever" can be regarded as increasingly finer-level, and therefore higher ranking, descriptions of a given object. These numeric scores can preserve the richness of the original verbal description, and can be subsequently evaluated using conventional statistical procedures. We describe an exemplar implementation of this method and empirical data that show its feasibility. With appropriate future standardization and validation, this novel method can serve as an important tool to help quantify the subjective experience of the visual world. In addition to being a novel, potentially powerful testing tool, our method also represents, to our knowledge, the only available method for numerically representing verbal accounts of real-world experience. Given that its minimal requirements, i.e., a verbal description and the ground truth that elicited the description, our method has a wide variety of potential real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Maestri
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Odel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jay Hegdé
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
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Gawron N, Łojek E, Kijanowska-Haładyna B, Nestorowicz J, Harasim A, Pluta A, Sobańska M. Cognitive patterns of normal elderly subjects are consistent with frontal cortico-subcortical and fronto-parietal neuropsychological models of brain aging. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2013; 21:195-209. [PMID: 25084844 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2013.789965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three neuropsychological theories have been developed according to a possible existence of a similar pattern of cognitive decline in elderly individuals and patients with brain damage. The respective neuropsychological theories attribute age-related deficits to: (a) dysfunction of the frontal lobes, (b) temporo-parietal dysfunction, or (c) decline of right-hemisphere functions. In the present study, we examined which of these theories best explains the cognitive patterns of normal elderly subjects older than 80 years of age (old elderly). Thirty normal old elderly subjects, 14 patients with subcortical vascular dementia, 14 with mild Alzheimer's disease, 15 with damage of the right hemisphere of the brain, and 20 young elderly controls participated. A test battery covering the main cognitive domains was administered to all participants. A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed five groups of individuals with different cognitive patterns across the whole sample. Old elderly subjects were assigned to four groups according to: (a) preserved overall cognitive performance, (b) processing speed decline, (c) attention decline, or (d) executive impairment. The results of the study are most congruent with models emphasizing frontal-lobe cortical-subcortical and fronto-parietal changes in old age. The results also indicate considerable heterogeneity in the cognitive patterns of normal old elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gawron
- a Faculty of Psychology , University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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Libon DJ, Swenson R, Ashendorf L, Bauer RM, Bowers D. Edith Kaplan and the Boston Process Approach. Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 27:1223-33. [PMID: 23984756 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2013.833295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The history including some of the intellectual origins of the Boston Process Approach and some misconceptions about the Boston Process Approach are reviewed. The influence of Gestalt psychology and Edith Kaplan's principal collaborators regarding the development of the Boston Process Approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Libon
- a Department of Neurology , Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Abstract
Traditional accounts of right-posterior brain injury describe a syndrome of low-level perceptual sequelae producing marked acute dependency and transient safety concerns. The syndrome is also held to spare cognition and to carry a generally favorable long-term prognosis. The present paper reviews publications and anecdotal data that challenge this picture. Recent theoretical expositions and empirical studies stipulate three major cognitive functions of the right posterior association cortex: processing novel input, guiding reactions to emergencies, and anticipating consequences. Appearing benign after acute recovery, the impairment of these processes produces vocational, social and marital dysfunctions that increase as a function of chronicity, ultimately becoming more broadly disabling than focal injuries in other cortical loci. The unique symptom picture and serious implications suggest that the long-term syndrome should be labeled (Broad-Perspective Perceptual Disorder) and incorporated in future clinical taxonomies, underscoring the need for extraordinary long-term assistance and specialized therapeutics. Procedures for assessment and differential diagnosis are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Schutz
- Rehabilitation Neuropsychology Associates of Orlando, Florida 32819, USA.
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