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delCacho-Tena A, Christ BR, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Perrin PB, Rivera D, Olabarrieta-Landa L. Normative Data Estimation in Neuropsychological Tests: A Systematic Review. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 39:383-398. [PMID: 37950923 PMCID: PMC11042921 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the evolution, impact, and importance of normative data (ND) calculation by identifying trends in the research literature and what approaches need improvement. METHODS A PRISMA-guideline systematic review was performed on literature from 2000 to 2022 in PubMed, Pub-Psych, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included scientific articles about ND in neuropsychological tests with clear data analysis, published in any country, and written in English or Spanish. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included. Bibliometric analysis was used to examine the growth, productivity, journal dispersion, and impact of the topic. VOSViewer compared keyword co-occurrence networks between 1952-1999 and 2000-2022. RESULTS Four hundred twelve articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most studied predictors were age, education, and sex. There were a greater number of studies/projects focusing on adults than children. The Verbal Fluency Test (12.7%) was the most studied test, and the most frequently used variable selection strategy was linear regression (49.5%). Regression-based approaches were widely used, whereas the traditional approach was still used. ND were presented mostly in percentiles (44.2%). Bibliometrics showed exponential growth in publications. Three journals (2.41%) were in the Core Zone. VOSViewer results showed small nodes, long distances, and four ND-related topics from 1952 to 1999, and there were larger nodes with short connections from 2000 to 2022, indicating topic spread. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should be conducted on children's ND, and alternative statistical methods should be used over the widely used regression approaches to address limitations and support growth of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana delCacho-Tena
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
| | - Bryan R Christ
- School of Data Science and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Paul B Perrin
- School of Data Science and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Diego Rivera
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laiene Olabarrieta-Landa
- Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Soldevila-Domenech N, De Toma I, Forcano L, Diaz-Pellicer P, Cuenca-Royo A, Fagundo B, Lorenzo T, Gomis-Gonzalez M, Sánchez-Benavides G, Fauria K, Sastre C, Fernandez De Piérola Í, Molinuevo JL, Verdejo-Garcia A, de la Torre R. Intensive assessment of executive functions derived from performance in cognitive training games. iScience 2023; 26:106886. [PMID: 37260752 PMCID: PMC10227423 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuropsychological tests accurately describe the current cognitive state but fall short to characterize cognitive change over multiple short time periods. We present an innovative approach to remote monitoring of executive functions on a monthly basis, which leverages the performance indicators from self-administered computerized cognitive training games (NUP-EXE). We evaluated the measurement properties of NUP-EXE in N = 56 individuals (59% women, 60-80 years) at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (APOE-ϵ4 carriers with subjective cognitive decline) who completed a 12-month multimodal intervention for preventing cognitive decline. NUP-EXE presented good psychometric properties and greater sensitivity to change than traditional tests. Improvements in NUP-EXE correlated with improvements in functionality and were affected by participants' age and gender. This novel data collection methodology is expected to allow a more accurate characterization of an individual's response to a cognitive decline preventive intervention and to inform development of outcome measures for a new generation of intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soldevila-Domenech
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrícia Diaz-Pellicer
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fagundo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Lorenzo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gomis-Gonzalez
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Neurosciences Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Iñesta C, Oltra-Cucarella J, Sitges-Maciá E. Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Verbal Fluency Tests and Boston Naming Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11445. [PMID: 36141718 PMCID: PMC9517509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An increased cognitive reserve is associated with changes in the pattern of cognitive decline during aging. Thus, normative data adapted to the characteristics of the target population are needed to reduce the possibility of false diagnoses. The aim of this work was to develop normative data for the Phonemic Verbal Fluency test, the Semantic Verbal Fluency test and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). METHOD Regression-based normative data were calculated from a sample of 118 non-depressed, cognitively active, independent community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older (64.4% women) from SABIEX (University for Seniors at the Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche). Raw scores were regressed on age, sex, and education. RESULTS The effects of age and education varied across neuropsychological measures. No effect of sex was found in any of the tests assessed. Statistically significant differences were found in the proportion of low scores using SABIEX or population-based normative datasets. The level of agreement identifying individuals labeled as showing one or more low scores was only fair-to-good. CONCLUSIONS Normative data obtained from the general population might not be sensitive to identify low scores in cognitively active older adults, increasing the risk of misdiagnoses. A friendly calculator is available for neuropsychological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Iñesta
- SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Oltra-Cucarella
- SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Esther Sitges-Maciá
- SABIEX, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Av. de la Universidad, 03207 Elche, Spain
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Mesa-Herrera F, Marín R, Torrealba E, Santos G, Díaz M. Neuronal ER-Signalosome Proteins as Early Biomarkers in Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease Independent of Amyloid-β Production and Tau Phosphorylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:879146. [PMID: 35600079 PMCID: PMC9119323 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.879146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists considerable interest to unveil preclinical period and prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by significant memory and/or other cognitive domains impairments, and is often considered the prodromal phase of AD. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid (βA), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been used as biomarkers of AD albeit their significance as indicators during early stages of AD remains far from accurate. The new biomarkers are being intensively sought as to allow identification of pathological processes underlying early stages of AD. Fifty-three participants (75.4 ± 8.3 years) were classified in three groups as cognitively normal healthy controls (HC), MCI, and subjective memory complaints (SMC). The subjects were subjected to a battery of neurocognitive tests and underwent lumbar puncture for CSF extraction. The CSF levels of estrogen-receptor (ER)-signalosome proteins, βA, t-tau and p-tau, were submitted to univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses. We have found that the components of the ER-signalosome, namely, caveolin-1, flotilin-1, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), insulin growth factor-1 receptor β (IGF1Rβ), prion protein (PrP), and plasmalemmal voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC) could be detected in the CSF from all subjects of the HC, MCI, and SMC groups. The six proteins appeared elevated in MCI and slightly increased in SMC subjects compared to HC, suggesting that signalosome proteins undergo very early modifications in nerve cells. Using a multivariate approach, we have found that the combination of ERα, IGF-1Rβ, and VDAC are the main determinants of group segregation with resolution enough to predict the MCI stage. The analyses of bivariate relationships indicated that collinearity of ER-signalosome proteins vary depending on the stage, with some pairs displaying opposed relationships between HC and MCI groups, and the SMC stage showing either no relationships or behaviors similar to either HC or MCI stages. The multinomial logistic regression models of changes in ER-signalosome proteins provide reliable predictive criteria, particularly for the MCI. Notably, most of the statistical analyses revealed no significant relationships or interactions with classical AD biomarkers at either disease stage. Finally, the multivariate functions were highly correlated with outcomes from neurocognitive tests for episodic memory. These results demonstrate that alterations in ER-signalosome might provide useful diagnostic information on preclinical stages of AD, independently from classical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, Biology Section, Science School, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine Section, Health Sciences School, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC “Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases”, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Eduardo Torrealba
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Guido Santos
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modelling Group, Department of Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics Biology Section, Science School, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Mesa-Herrera F, Marín R, Torrealba E, Díaz M. Multivariate Assessment of Lipoxidative Metabolites, Trace Biometals, and Antioxidant and Detoxifying Activities in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Define a Fingerprint of Preclinical Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:387-402. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: There exists considerable interest in the identification of molecular traits during early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the closest prodromal stage of AD, and to develop gradually from earlier stages although not always progresses to AD. Classical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, amyloid-β peptides and tau/p-tau proteins, have been measured in prodromal stages yet results are heterogeneous and far from conclusive. Therefore, there exists a pressing need to identify a neurochemical signature for prodromal stages and to predict which cases might progress to AD. Objective: Exploring potential CSF biomarkers related to brain oxidative and inorganic biochemistry during prodromal stages of the disease. Methods: We have analyzed CSF levels of lipoxidative markers (MDA and 8-isoF2α), biometals (Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, and Fe), iron-transport protein transferrin (TFER), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx4), detoxifying enzymes (GST and BuChE), as well as classical amyloid-β and total and phosphorylated tau, in cognitively healthy controls, patients with MCI, and subjects exhibiting subjective memory complaints (SMC). Results: Inter-group differences for several variables exhibit differentiable trends along the HC ⟶ SMC ⟶ MCI sequence. More interestingly, the combination of Se, Cu, Zn, SOD, TFER, and GST variables allow differentiable fingerprints for control subjects and each prodromal stage. Further, multivariate scores correlate positively with neurocognitive In-Out test, hence with both episodic memory decline and prediction to dementia. Conclusion: We conclude that changes in the CSF biochemistry related to brain oxidative defense and neurometallomics might provide more powerful and accurate diagnostic tools in preclinical stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, Biology Section, Science School, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences School, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Torrealba
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
- IUETSP (Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias), Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
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Torrealba E, Garcia-Morales P, Cejudo JC, Diaz M, Rodriguez-Esparragon F, Fabre O, Mesa-Herrera F, Marin R, Sanchez-Garcia F, Rodriguez-Perez A, Gramunt N. In-Out-Test: A New Paradigm for Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff in Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 67:265-277. [PMID: 30530971 PMCID: PMC7836051 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of hippocampal amnesia is helpful to distinguish between normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but not for identifying converters to dementia. Here biomarkers are useful but novel neuropsychological approaches are needed in their absence. The In-out-test assesses episodic memory using a new paradigm hypothesized to avoid reliance on executive function, which may compensate for damaged memory networks. OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of the In-out-test in identifying prodromal Alzheimer's disease (PAD) in a clinical setting, by comparing this to the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 32 cognitively healthy, 32 MCI, and 30 progressive dementia subjects. All participants were given both the In-out-test and the FCSRT; 40 of them also received a lumbar puncture. RESULTS Internal consistency was demonstrated using Cronbach Alpha (r = 0.81) and Inter-rater reliability with Kappa (k = 0.94). Intraclass correlation (ICC) for test-retest reliability: r = 0.57 (p = 0.57). ICC between the In-out-test and FCSRT r = 0.87 (p = 0.001). ICC between the In-out-test and Aβ42 and P-tau/Aβ42 for controls: 0.73 and 0.75, respectively; P-tau for MCI: 0.77 and total sample: 0.70; Aβ42 for dementia: 0.71. All ICC measures between FCSRT and biomarkers were ≤0.264. AD diagnosis: In-out-test k = 0.71; FCSRT k = 0.49. PAD diagnosis (N = 35): In-out-test k = 0.69; FCSRT k = 0.44. CONCLUSIONS The In-out-test detected prodromal AD with a higher degree of accuracy than a conventional hippocampal-based memory test. These results suggest that this new paradigm could be of value in clinical settings, predicting which patients with MCI will go on to develop AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Torrealba
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Pilar Garcia-Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Cejudo
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Unit, Hospital Sagrat Cor. Hermanas Hospitalarias, Martorell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Department of Animal Biology, Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Fabre
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Fatima Mesa-Herrera
- Department of Animal Biology, Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Raquel Marin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Section Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Florentino Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Aurelio Rodriguez-Perez
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Nina Gramunt
- BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Oltra-Cucarella J, Delgado S, Duque P, Pérez-Vicente JA, Cabello-Rodríguez L. Encoding deficits in low-educated individuals with non-amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Analysis of memory processes using the Item Specific Deficit Approach. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:211-216. [PMID: 30059887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to analyze encoding impairments using new assessment scores in patients with naMCI who present to memory clinics with subjective cognitive complaints. The sample included 102 participants, of whom 28 were classified as healthy controls (HC), 24 as amnestic MCI (aMCI), 24 as naMCI and 26 patients as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research outcomes were the Encoding, Consolidation and Retrieval deficit indices from the Item Specific Deficit Approach, and traditional indices (immediate total recall, delayed cued recall, delayed total recall) derived from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). We found no differences in immediate recall or delayed recall between HC and naMCI on the FCSRT, both scoring higher than aMCI and AD. naMCI showed encoding deficits in between HC and aMCI, with no differences between naMCI and HC on consolidation or retrieval deficit indices. The ISDA indices were better than traditional indices to discriminate between HC and naMCI (sensitivity: 70.8%, specificity: 78.6%), whereas the opposite pattern was found between naMCI and aMCI (sensitivity: 70.8%, specificity: 91.7%). New indices derived from neuropsychological tests may help to identify objective memory impairments in naMCI. Whether these new indices are useful for predicting conversion to AD needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oltra-Cucarella
- Unit of Cognitive Impairments and Movement Disorders, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 61 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Duque
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain; INEURO® project, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Vicente
- Unit of Cognitive Impairments and Movement Disorders, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 61 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luís Cabello-Rodríguez
- Unit of Cognitive Impairments and Movement Disorders, Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Santa María del Rosell, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 61 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Marron EM, Viejo-Sobera R, Quintana M, Redolar-Ripoll D, Rodríguez D, Garolera M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation intervention in Alzheimer's disease: a research proposal for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:648. [PMID: 30185210 PMCID: PMC6126036 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer’s disease is a major health problem in our society. To date, pharmacological treatments have obtained poor results and there is a growing interest in finding non-pharmacological interventions for this disease. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that is able to induce changes in brain activity and long-term modifications in impaired neural networks, becoming a promising clinical intervention. Our goal is to study the benefit of individualized TMS targeting based on the patient’s functional connectivity (personalized targeting), and short duration TMS protocol, instead of current non-individualized and longer session approaches. A double blind randomized controlled trial will be conducted to assess the effects of TMS treatment immediately, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after the end of the intervention. Fifty-four patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease will be randomly allocated into experimental (active TMS), sham control, or conventional intervention control group. We will quantify changes in cognitive, functional, and emotional deficits in Alzheimer patients, as well as the functional connectivity changes induced by the TMS treatment. Results We expect to demonstrate that personalized TMS intervention has a measurable positive impact in cognition, emotion, daily living activities and brain connectivity, thus representing a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Trial registration The trial has been prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03121066. Date of registration: 04/19/2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Marron
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Viejo-Sobera
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Quintana
- Brain, Cognition and Behavior: Clinical Research, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Carretera Torrebonica s/n, 08227, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez
- Sant Llàtzer Day Hospital for Cognitive Impairment, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Plaça del Doctor Robert, 6, 08221, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Maite Garolera
- Neuropsychology Unit, Brain, Cognition and Behavior: Clinical Research, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Carretera Torrebonica s/n, 08227, Terrassa, Spain
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Santos Nogueira D, Azevedo Reis E, Vieira A. Verbal Fluency Tasks: Effects of Age, Gender, and Education. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2016; 68:124-133. [PMID: 27915338 DOI: 10.1159/000450640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study presents data for semantic fluency, phonemic fluency, action fluency, and alternate fluency. The aim is to provide normative data by age, gender, and education for European Portuguese in each fluency category. METHODS Norms for the verbal fluency task were collected from a volunteer population of 444 healthy Portuguese participants. Multiple regression analysis with age, gender, and education as independent variables was performed for the semantic fluency global score, and these variables were considered separately for each phonemic category. RESULTS Age, education, and gender significantly affected the semantic global score, as well as scores of names, supermarket, kitchen objects, food, and clothes. No gender effect was observed in the categories "p-words," animals, transports, verbs, and alternating fluency. This last category was only influenced by years of education. CONCLUSIONS Equivalent scores of verbal fluency tasks are useful in clinical practice, allowing the comparison between the normal and the abnormal performance of language disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Santos Nogueira
- Escola Superior de Saúde do Alcoitão and Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Clinical Spanish norms of the Stroop test for traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 17:E96. [PMID: 26055495 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in word-reading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use.
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