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Kavé G, Sapir-Yogev S, Bregman N, Shiner T. On the importance of using local tests and local norms in the assessment of memory. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2021; 29:1492-1498. [PMID: 33691536 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1892677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study compared the assessment of memory with a translated story recall test and its original published norms and an equivalent local test with local norms. Analyses used data from 232 individuals with memory complaints who underwent neuropsychological evaluation at an outpatient memory clinic. One group of participants completed a translated test (N = 126) and another group completed a local test (N = 106). Additionally, participants completed tasks of word list recall, picture naming, and verbal fluency, all having local norms. The results showed that raw scores on the delayed story recall test, and on all other cognitive tasks, did not differ across groups, and the cross-task correlations were significant and similar in size in both groups. Yet, there was an interaction between group and standardized tests scores, whereby the standardized scores on the translated story recall test were equivalent to population mean, whereas all other scores fell below the mean. Conversion of raw scores to the original norms indicated that the performance of individuals with memory complaints was intact, while conversion of scores on a local test to local norms revealed the expected memory impairment. The findings highlight the importance of using local tests and local norms in the assessment of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitit Kavé
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Ra'anana, Israel.,Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Noa Bregman
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamara Shiner
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Pelzer N, Hoogeveen ES, Haan J, Bunnik R, Poot CC, van Zwet EW, Inderson A, Fogteloo AJ, Reinders MEJ, Middelkoop HAM, Kruit MC, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Ferrari MD, Terwindt GM. Systemic features of retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations: a monogenic small vessel disease. J Intern Med 2019; 285:317-332. [PMID: 30411414 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL-S) is a small vessel disease caused by C-terminal truncating TREX1 mutations. The disease is typically characterized by vascular retinopathy and focal and global brain dysfunction. Systemic manifestations have also been reported but not yet systematically investigated. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we compared the clinical characteristics of 33 TREX1 mutation carriers (MC+) from three Dutch RVCL-S families with those of 37 family members without TREX1 mutation (MC-). All participants were investigated using personal interviews, questionnaires, physical, neurological and neuropsychological examinations, blood and urine tests, and brain MRI. RESULTS In MC+, vascular retinopathy and Raynaud's phenomenon were the earliest symptoms presenting from age 20 onwards. Kidney disease became manifest from around age 35, followed by liver disease, anaemia, markers of inflammation and, in some MC+, migraine and subclinical hypothyroidism, all from age 40. Cerebral deficits usually started mildly around age 50, associated with white matter and intracerebral mass lesions, and becoming severe around age 60-65. CONCLUSIONS Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations is a rare, but likely underdiagnosed, systemic small vessel disease typically starting with vascular retinopathy, followed by multiple internal organ disease, progressive brain dysfunction, and ultimately premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pelzer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E S Hoogeveen
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Haan
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - R Bunnik
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C C Poot
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E W van Zwet
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Inderson
- Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A J Fogteloo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Acute Care), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M E J Reinders
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H A M Middelkoop
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Kruit
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M D Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bouman Z, Hendriks MPH, Schmand BA, Kessels RPC, Aldenkamp AP. Indicators of suboptimal performance embedded in the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:455-66. [PMID: 26882178 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recognition and visual working memory tasks from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) have previously been documented as useful indicators for suboptimal performance. The present study examined the clinical utility of the Dutch version of the WMS-IV (WMS-IV-NL) for the identification of suboptimal performance using an analogue study design. METHOD The patient group consisted of 59 mixed-etiology patients; the experimental malingerers were 50 healthy individuals who were asked to simulate cognitive impairment as a result of a traumatic brain injury; the last group consisted of 50 healthy controls who were instructed to put forth full effort. RESULTS Experimental malingerers performed significantly lower on all WMS-IV-NL tasks than did the patients and healthy controls. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed on the experimental malingerers and the patients. The first model contained the visual working memory subtests (Spatial Addition and Symbol Span) and the recognition tasks of the following subtests: Logical Memory, Verbal Paired Associates, Designs, Visual Reproduction. The results showed an overall classification rate of 78.4%, and only Spatial Addition explained a significant amount of variation (p < .001). Subsequent logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis supported the discriminatory power of the subtest Spatial Addition. A scaled score cutoff of <4 produced 93% specificity and 52% sensitivity for detection of suboptimal performance. CONCLUSION The WMS-IV-NL Spatial Addition subtest may provide clinically useful information for the detection of suboptimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Bouman
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology , Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology , Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Ben A Schmand
- c Department of Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,d Department of Medical Psychology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,e Department of Medical Psychology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology , Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,f Department of Neurology , University Hospital Gent , Gent , Belgium.,g Signal Processing System Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering , Technical University Eindhoven , Eindhoven , the Netherlands.,h Department of Neurology and School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands
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Bouman Z, Hendriks MPH, Aldenkamp AP, Kessels RPC. Temporal Stability of the Dutch Version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV-NL). Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 29 Suppl 1:30-46. [PMID: 26911865 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1137354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) is one of the most widely used memory batteries. We examined the test-retest reliability, practice effects, and standardized regression-based (SRB) change norms for the Dutch version of the WMS-IV (WMS-IV-NL) after both short and long retest intervals. METHOD The WMS-IV-NL was administered twice after either a short (M = 8.48 weeks, SD = 3.40 weeks, range = 3-16) or a long (M = 17.87 months, SD = 3.48, range = 12-24) retest interval in a sample of 234 healthy participants (M = 59.55 years, range = 16-90; 118 completed the Adult Battery; and 116 completed the Older Adult Battery). RESULTS The test-retest reliability estimates varied across indexes. They were adequate to good after a short retest interval (ranging from .74 to .86), with the exception of the Visual Working Memory Index (r = .59), yet generally lower after a long retest interval (ranging from .56 to .77). Practice effects were only observed after a short retest interval (overall group mean gains up to 11 points), whereas no significant change in performance was found after a long retest interval. Furthermore, practice effect-adjusted SRB change norms were calculated for all WMS-IV-NL index scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study shows that the test-retest reliability of the WMS-IV-NL varied across indexes. Practice effects were observed after a short retest interval, but no evidence was found for practice effects after a long retest interval from one to two years. Finally, the SRB change norms were provided for the WMS-IV-NL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Bouman
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- a Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe , Heeze , the Netherlands.,c Department of Neurology and School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands.,d Department of Neurology , University Hospital Gent , Gent , Belgium.,e Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Signal Processing System Group , Technical University Eindhoven , Eindhoven , the Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University , Nijmegen , the Netherlands.,f Department of Medical Psychology , Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , the Netherlands
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Bouman Z, Hendriks MPH, Van Der Veld WM, Aldenkamp AP, Kessels RPC. Clinical validation of three short forms of the Dutch Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV-NL) in a mixed clinical sample. Assessment 2015; 23:386-94. [PMID: 26160974 DOI: 10.1177/1073191115593629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The reliability and validity of three short forms of the Dutch version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition (WMS-IV-NL) were evaluated in a mixed clinical sample of 235 patients. The short forms were based on the WMS-IV Flexible Approach, that is, a 3-subtest combination (Older Adult Battery for Adults) and two 2-subtest combinations (Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction and Logical Memory and Designs), which can be used to estimate the Immediate, Delayed, Auditory and Visual Memory Indices. All short forms showed good reliability coefficients. As expected, for adults (16-69 years old) the 3-subtest short form was consistently more accurate (predictive accuracy ranged from 73% to 100%) than both 2-subtest short forms (range = 61%-80%). Furthermore, for older adults (65-90 years old), the predictive accuracy of the 2-subtest short form ranged from 75% to 100%. These results suggest that caution is warranted when using the WMS-IV-NL Flexible Approach short forms to estimate all four indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Bouman
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- Academic Centre for Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium Technical University Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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