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Schenk A, Popa CO, Cojocaru CM, Marian Ș, Maier S, Bălașa R. The Path from Personality to Anxiety and Depression Is Mediated by Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2024; 14:682. [PMID: 39063936 PMCID: PMC11278007 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative immunological disease causing significant impairment in all life areas. Therefore, personality changes are observed and associated with higher prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders. Considering this relationship, we hypothesized that clinical symptoms and personality disorders are more prevalent in MS and that dysfunctional psychological mechanisms mediate the path from personality disorders to clinical symptoms. METHODS The study sample consisted of 43 patients with MS (age M = 41.9, SD = 11.5) and 31 controls (age M = 39.8, SD = 10.3). Measures of personality, anxiety, depression, fatigue, health status, and dysfunctional psychological mechanisms were conducted. RESULTS The prevalence of clinical symptoms was increased in MS patients as compared to controls. Also, dependent and schizoid personality traits (PTs) were observed in the patient sample. Negative automatic thoughts (NATs) were found to mediate the association between dependent PT and clinical symptoms. Along with schizoid PT, all dysfunctional psychological mechanisms impacted clinical symptoms. DISCUSSION The results of our research are in line with previous studies showing that anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional personality traits are more prevalent in MS as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS PTs and dysfunctional psychological mechanisms predicted depression, anxiety, fatigue, and health status in MS patients. Cognition acts as a strong mediator between PTs and psychopathology in MS. Hence, integrative personalized psychological treatment is recommended to improve the quality of care in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schenk
- The Doctoral School of George Emil Palade, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu-Mures, Romania; (A.S.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Cosmin Octavian Popa
- Department of Ethics and Social Science, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Cristiana Manuela Cojocaru
- The Doctoral School of George Emil Palade, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu-Mures, Romania; (A.S.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Ștefan Marian
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timişoara, 4 Vasile Pâvan Boulevard, 300223 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Smaranda Maier
- Neurology Clinic I, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40136 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.M.); (R.B.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Bălașa
- Neurology Clinic I, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40136 Targu Mures, Romania; (S.M.); (R.B.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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Soncu Buyukiscan E, Yildirim E, Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Bilgic B, Gurvit H. An Investigation of Affective Personality Traits in Alzheimer's Disease: SEEKING as a Possible Predictor for Early-Stage Alzheimer's Dementia. Exp Aging Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37695698 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2256629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate affective personality traits in Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative condition mainly characterized by episodic memory impairment. METHOD The sample included 69 participants from 3 diagnostic categories. Twenty-five participants were diagnosed with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), 26 participants were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment of the amnestic type (aMCI), and the remaining 18 participants were diagnosed with early-stage Alzheimer's dementia (ADD). Diagnostic labels were given as a result of detailed neurological, neuropsychological, and neuroradiological assessment. Affective personality traits were assessed via Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS). RESULTS The only significant intergroup difference was obtained for the SEEKING subscale of ANPS. Here, ADD group scored significantly lower compared to the SCI group. The results of logistic regression analysis also indicated that SEEKING score successfully predicted early-stage ADD diagnosis. CONCLUSION The results suggest that a specific personality constellation characterized by reduced investment in the outside world might be associated with Alzheimer's disease, either as a risk factor or a byproduct of the neurodegenerative process initiated by AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Yildirim
- Department of Psychology, Isik University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ciancio A, Moretti MC, Natale A, Rodolico A, Signorelli MS, Petralia A, Altamura M, Bellomo A, Zanghì A, D'Amico E, Avolio C, Concerto C. Personality Traits and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4518. [PMID: 37445551 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease. Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating symptom that significantly impacts the quality of life of these patients. A relationship between personality traits and fatigue in MS has been hypothesized but not clearly defined. (2) Methods: A literature search was carried out from databases up to April 2023 for studies correlating personality traits and fatigue in patients suffering from MS. (3) Results: A total of ten articles was included; most of the studies depict a neuroticism-fatigue correlation; however, they were not consistent in terms of the fatigue, personality, and covariate assessments. (4) Conclusions: The clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the included studies prevented us from drawing any firm conclusion on the link between personality traits and fatigue in MS. Several models of personality and different fatigue assessments have been found. Despite this, a common pathway shows that the neuroticism trait or similar personality patterns has a role in fatigue diagnosis. This may be a useful target to improve the quality of life and enhance the modification of the disease treatment results. Further homogeneous and longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ciancio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Moretti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antimo Natale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Petralia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Altamura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Aurora Zanghì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuele D'Amico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmen Concerto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Marchesi O, Vizzino C, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:681-693. [PMID: 35881416 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a prevalence up to 81% and with a considerable impact on quality of life. However, its subjective nature makes it difficult to define and quantify in clinical practice. Research aimed at a more precise definition and knowledge of this construct is thus continuously growing. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most relevant updates available on PubMed up to July 1st 2022 regarding: the assessment methods that aim to measure the concept of fatigue (as opposed to fatigability), the possible treatment pathways currently available to clinicians, interconnection with the pathophysiological substrates and with the common comorbidities of MS, such as depression and mood disorders. EXPERT OPINION The in-depth study of fatigue can help to better understand its actual impact on MS patients and can stimulate clinicians towards a more valid approach, through a targeted analysis of this symptom. Considering fatigue from a multidimensional perspective allows the use of patient-tailored methods for its identification and subsequent treatment by different professional figures. Better identification of methods and treatment pathways would reduce the extremely negative impact of fatigue on MS patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Marchesi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Vizzino
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Lazeron-Savu E, Lenaert B, Ponds R, van Heugten C. The association of personality traits with poststroke fatigue in daily life: An exploratory experience sampling method and cross-sectional study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35383536 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2059524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a frequently occurring and persistent symptom after stroke. Many biological, psychosocial, and behavioural factors are associated with poststroke fatigue, but research into associations with personality traits is relatively sparse. In this study, we explored whether personality traits were related to poststroke fatigue measured with conventional fatigue questionnaires as well as experience sampling methodology (ESM). Twenty-four individuals with stroke completed 10 daily questionnaires about momentary (here-and-now) fatigue for six consecutive days using the mHealth ESM application PsyMateTM. Further, they completed questionnaires assessing personality (NEO-FFI and LOR-T) and fatigue (FSS). Results showed that higher extraversion (ß = -.44, SE = .12, p = .001; 95% CI = -.67-.19) and optimism (ß = -.18, SE = .06, p = .007; 95% CI = -.30-.05) were associated with lower momentary fatigue. No association was found between neuroticism and momentary fatigue, but higher neuroticism (r = 0.531, p = .008, 95% CI = .160-.759; r = .574, p = .003, 95% CI = .245-.767) was associated with higher scores on the retrospective FSS scales. We conclude that personality traits differentially influence poststroke fatigue, but this also depends on the way fatigue is measured (with retrospective or with momentary measures). When functional gains are not in line with expected progress during the rehabilitation treatment of fatigue, it may be appropriate to take into account how person characteristics are related to momentary fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Lazeron-Savu
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Lenaert
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Psychology, Op Univeristy, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Ponds
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Impact of Somatic Vulnerability, Psychosocial Robustness and Injury-Related Factors on Fatigue following Traumatic Brain Injury-A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061733. [PMID: 35330057 PMCID: PMC8951420 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a common symptom after traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and a crucial target of rehabilitation. The subjective and multifactorial nature of fatigue necessitates a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the mechanisms involved in its development. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive exploration of factors relevant to identification and rehabilitation of fatigue following TBI. Ninety-six patients with TBI and confirmed intracranial injuries were assessed on average 200 days post-injury with regard to injury-related factors, several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) of fatigue, neuropsychological measures, and PROMS of implicated biopsychosocial mechanisms. Factor analytic approaches yielded three underlying factors, termed Psychosocial Robustness, Somatic Vulnerability and Injury Severity. All three dimensions were significantly associated with fatigue in multiple regression analyses and explained 44.2% of variance in fatigue. Post hoc analyses examined univariate contributions of the associations between the factors and fatigue to illuminate the relative contributions of each biopsychosocial variable. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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Spiegelberg N, Breuer S, Nielsen J, Saliger J, Montag C, Karbe H, Markett S. Cognitive Fatigue Predicts Cognitive Failure in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Controls: A Case-Control Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:908-917. [PMID: 33316071 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fatigue and cognitive deficits are frequent symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact nature of their co-occurrence is not fully understood. We sought to determine the impact of cognitive and physical fatigue on subjective cognitive deficits in MS patients and healthy controls. METHODS Self-reports of fatigue (FSMC), depression (CES-D), cognitive deficits (CFQ), and personality traits (NEO-FFI, ANPS) among 30 MS inpatients and 30 healthy controls were analyzed using hierarchical regression models. The frequency of cognitive mistakes was used as the dependent variable and the extent of cognitive and physical fatigue as the independent variable. RESULTS Cognitive fatigue was the only unique and significant predictor of cognitive mistakes in both groups, explaining 13.3% of additional variance in the MS group after correcting for age, mood, and physical fatigue. Physical fatigue had no significant impact on cognitive mistakes. While age had an impact on cognitive mistakes and depression in healthy controls, this association was not significant in MS patients. Depression was significantly correlated with cognitive mistakes and cognitive fatigue in MS patients. CONCLUSIONS The interplay of cognitive fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment can be generalized, with the exception of the variables of age and depression, which were shown to have differing impacts on cognitive mistakes in MS patients and healthy controls, respectively. Cognitive fatigue was linked to cognitive mistakes even after correcting for overlapping items in MS patients only. Future research should further investigate the link between cognitive fatigue and attention lapses in daily life by using various objective assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Spiegelberg
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Breuer
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Saliger
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,neuSCAN Laboratory, The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute and Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hans Karbe
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
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Marengo D, Davis KL, Gradwohl GÖ, Montag C. A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7453. [PMID: 33811242 PMCID: PMC8018956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp's cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marengo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute for Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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9
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Montag C, Elhai JD, Davis KL. A comprehensive review of studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:160-167. [PMID: 33609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, BW, 89081, Germany.
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, NC, 27408, United States.
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10
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Davis KL, Montag C. Selected Principles of Pankseppian Affective Neuroscience. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1025. [PMID: 30705615 PMCID: PMC6344464 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early nineties of the twentieth century Jaak Panksepp coined the term "Affective Neuroscience" (AN) today being accepted as a unique research area in cross-species brain science. By means of (i) electrical stimulation, (ii) pharmacological challenges, and (iii) brain lesions of vertebrate brains (mostly mammalian), Panksepp carved out seven primary emotional systems called SEEKING, CARE, PLAY, and LUST on the positive side, whereas FEAR, SADNESS, and ANGER belong to the negative affects. Abundant research into human clinical applications has supported the hypothesis that imbalances in these ancient primary emotional systems are strongly linked to psychiatric disorders such as depression. The present paper gives a concise overview of Panksepp's main ideas. It gives an historical overview of the development of Panksepp's AN thinking. It touches not only areas of neuroscience, but also shows how AN has been applied to other research fields such as personality psychology. Finally, the present work gives a brief overview of the main ideas of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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11
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Montag C, Davis KL. Affective Neuroscience Theory and Personality: An Update. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 1:e12. [PMID: 32435731 PMCID: PMC7219919 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present work gives a short overview of central aspects of Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (AN theory) and its relevance for modern personality neuroscience. In contrast to the widely used Big Five approach to studying and understanding human personality, AN theory provides researchers with a distinct roadmap to the biological basis of personality, including molecular and neuroanatomical candidates, to understand individual differences in human behavior. Such molecular and neuroanatomical brain candidates have been derived by means of electrical brain stimulation and pharmacological challenges, while investigating primary emotional systems anchored in the subcortical mammalian brain. Research results derived from the study of emotions in mammals are also of relevance for humans because ancient layers of our minds-those layers where primary emotions originate-have been homologously conserved across species. From an evolutionary perspective, this makes sense because primal emotions represent "built-in tools for survival" for all mammals. In this context, Montag and Panksepp recently illustrated a potential ancient neurobiological effect by carving out robust associations between individual differences in primary emotions (assessed via self-report) and the Big Five in a cross-cultural study with data from the United States, Germany, and China. These associations together with some ideas derived from MacLean's Triune Brain concept highlighted (a) that primary emotions likely represent the phylogenetically oldest parts of human personality and (b) that primary emotions influence human personality in a bottom-up fashion given their localization in ancient subcortical brain regions. A comment on the work by Montag and Panksepp asked for insights on putative links between primary emotions and facets of the Big Five. Therefore, we provide some first insights into such associations from recent Germany data. In addition, the present work provides a new short version of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales to assess individual differences in primary emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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12
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Saul A, Taylor B, Simpson S, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, McMorran B, Wood B, van der Mei IAF. Polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR) modifies the association between significant life events and depression in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2018; 25:848-855. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458518770021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: In the general population, variation in the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region ( 5-HTTLPR) has been shown to modify the association between stressful events and depression/anxiety. This has not been examined in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We examined the interaction between significant life events (SLE), 5-HTTLPR and depression/anxiety. Methods: A population-based longitudinal cohort of 198 people with MS was followed biannually for 2.5 years. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured at each review using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). SLEs were assessed using a questionnaire based on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Results: We found an interaction between SLE load in the previous 12 months and functional variation in the 5-HTTLPR allele type in predicting depression, with the association between SLE load and depression being stronger for those with S/S allele type (β = 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09–0.33) per 10-unit increase) and S/L (β = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.05–0.24)) compared to L/L allele type (β = 0.04 (95% CI: −0.05 to 0.24); pinteraction < 0.001). No convincing evidence of an interaction was found with anxiety. Conclusion: We found that the association between SLE load and MS depression severity was stronger among those with one or two copies of the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR. The identification of a gene–environment interaction between SLEs and depression in a population where depression is partly disease-driven is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Saul
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Steve Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Leigh Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Brendan McMorran
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brenda Wood
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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