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Butler J, Watermeyer TJ, Matterson E, Harper EG, Parra-Rodriguez M. The development and validation of a digital biomarker for remote assessment of Alzheimer's diseases risk. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241228416. [PMID: 38269369 PMCID: PMC10807338 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241228416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Digital cognitive assessment is becoming increasingly widespread in ageing research and care, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote online collection provides opportunities for ageing and dementia professionals to collect larger datasets, increase the diversity of research participants and patients and offer cost-effective screening and monitoring methods for clinical practice and trials. However, the reliability of self-administered at-home tests compared to their lab-based counterparts often goes unexamined, compromising the validity of adopting such measures. Objective Our aim is to validate a self-administered web-based version of the visual short-term memory binding task (VSTMBT), a potential digital biomarker sensitive to Alzheimer's disease processes, suitable for use on personal devices. Methods A final cross-sectional sample of 37 older-adult (51-77 years) participants without dementia completed our novel self-administered version of the VSTMBT, both at home on a personal device and in the lab, under researcher-controlled conditions. Results ANOVA and Bayesian t-test found no significant differences between the task when it was remotely self-administered by participants at home compared to when it was taken under controlled lab conditions. Conclusions These results indicate the VSTMBT can provide reliable data when self-administered at-home using an online version of the task and on a personal device. This finding has important implications for remote screening and monitoring practices of older adults, as well as supporting clinical practices serving diverse patient communities. Future work will assess remote administration in older adults with cognitive impairment and diverse socio-economic and ethno-cultural backgrounds as well as a bench-to-bedside application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, Helen McArdle Nursing and Care Research Institute, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, School of Psychology, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Anahuac Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tamlyn J Watermeyer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ellie Matterson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Community Mental Health for Older People Team, Tees Esk & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Durham, England, UK
| | - Emily G Harper
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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Fernández G, Parra MA. Oculomotor Behaviors and Integrative Memory Functions in the Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1033-1044. [PMID: 34151787 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological information drawn from eye-tracking metrics is providing evidence regarding drivers of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. In particular, pupil size has proved useful to investigate cognitive performance during online activities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the oculomotor correlates of impaired performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's Clinical Syndrome (ACS) on a recently developed memory paradigm, namely the Short-Term Memory Binding Test (STMBT). METHODS We assessed a sample of eighteen healthy controls (HC) and eighteen patients with a diagnosis of mild ACS with the STMBT while we recorded their oculomotor behaviors using pupillometry and eye-tracking. RESULTS As expected, a group (healthy controls versus ACS) by condition (Unbound Colours versus Bound Colours) interaction was found whereby behavioral group differences were paramount in the Bound Colours condition. Healthy controls' pupils dilated significantly more in the Bound Colours than in the Unbound Colours condition, a discrepancy not observed in ACS patients. Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed the abnormal pupil behaviors distinguished ACS patients from healthy controls with values of sensitivity and specify of 100%, thus outperforming both recognition scores and gaze duration. CONCLUSION The biological correlates of Short-Term Memory Binding impairments appear to involve a network much wider than we have thought to date, which expands across cortical and subcortical structures. We discuss these findings focusing on their implications for our understanding of neurocognitive phenotypes in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease and potential development of cognitive biomarkers that can support ongoing initiatives to prevent dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Chief Scientific Officer, ViewMind Inc., New York, NY, USA.,Axis Neurociencias, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Ortega LV, Aprahamian I, Martinelli JE, Cecchini MA, Cação JDC, Yassuda MS. Diagnostic Accuracy of Usual Cognitive Screening Tests Versus Appropriate Tests for Lower Education to Identify Alzheimer Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2021; 34:222-231. [PMID: 32969281 DOI: 10.1177/0891988720958542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accuracy of commonly used screening tests for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been directly compared to those that could be more appropriate for lower schooling. OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic accuracy of usual screening tests for AD with instruments that might be more appropriate for lower schooling among older adults with low or no literacy. METHODS The study included a clinical sample of 117 elderly outpatients from a Geriatric Clinic classified as literate controls (n = 39), illiterate controls (n = 30), literate AD (n = 30) and illiterate AD (n = 18). The tests were compared as follows: Black and White versus Colored Figure Memory Test; Clock Drawing Test versus Clock Reading Test; Verbal Fluency (VF) animal versus grocery category; CERAD Constructional Praxis versus Stick Design Test. RESULTS The means of literate and illiterate controls did not differ in the Black and White Figure Memory Test (immediate recall), Colored Figure Memory Test (delayed recall), Clock Reading Test and VF animals and grocery categories. The means of the clinical groups (controls versus AD), in the 2 schooling levels, differed significantly in most of the tests, except for the CERAD Constructive Praxis and the Stick Design Test. Diagnostic accuracy was not significantly different between the compared tests. CONCLUSION Commonly used screening tests for AD were as accurate as those expected to overcome the education bias in a sample of older adults with lower or no education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Viola Ortega
- 67791Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, 146840Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA), Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Martinelli
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, 146840Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA), Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Mário Amore Cecchini
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mônica Sanches Yassuda
- 67791Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, 28133University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Pavisic IM, Pertzov Y, Nicholas JM, O'Connor A, Lu K, Yong KXX, Husain M, Fox NC, Crutch SJ. Eye-tracking indices of impaired encoding of visual short-term memory in familial Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8696. [PMID: 33888739 PMCID: PMC8062689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of visual short-term memory (VSTM) impairments in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. Research suggests that eye movements may serve as indirect surrogates to investigate VSTM. Yet, investigations in preclinical populations are lacking. Fifty-two individuals from a familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cohort (9 symptomatic carriers, 17 presymptomatic carriers and 26 controls) completed the "Object-localisation" VSTM task while an eye-tracker recorded eye movements during the stimulus presentation. VSTM function and oculomotor performance were compared between groups and their association during encoding investigated. Compared to controls, symptomatic FAD carriers showed eye movement patterns suggestive of an ineffective encoding and presymptomatic FAD carriers within 6 years of their expected age at symptom onset, were more reliant on the stimuli fixation time to achieve accuracy in the localisation of the target. Consequently, for shorter fixation times on the stimuli, presymptomatic carriers were less accurate at localising the target than controls. By contrast, the only deficits detected on behavioural VSTM function was in symptomatic individuals. Our findings provide novel evidence that encoding processes may be vulnerable and weakened in presymptomatic FAD carriers, most prominently for spatial memory, suggesting a possible explanation for the subtle VSTM impairments observed in the preclinical stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna M Pavisic
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.
| | - Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Medial Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Antoinette O'Connor
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Lu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Keir X X Yong
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
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Cecchini MA, Foss MP, Tumas V, Patrocinio FAP, Chiari-Correia RD, Novaretti N, Brozinga TR, Bahia VS, de Souza LC, Cerqueira Guimarães H, Caramelli P, Lima-Silva TB, Cassimiro L, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Della Sala S, Parra MA, Yassuda MS. Profiles of cognitive impairment in the continuum from normal cognition to Alzheimer's clinical syndrome: Contributions of the short-term memory binding tests. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:1331-1340. [PMID: 32584463 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term memory binding (STMB) tests assess conjunctive binding, in which participants should remember the integration of features, such as shapes (or objects) and colors, forming a unique representation in memory. In this study, we investigated two STMB paradigms: change detection (CD) and free recall (FR). OBJECTIVE To investigate the cognitive profile in the CD and FR tasks of three diagnostic groups: cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's clinical syndrome (ACS). In addition, we aimed to calculate and compare the accuracy of the CD and FR tasks to identify MCI and ACS. METHODS Participants were 24 CU, 24 MCI, and 37 ACS. The cognitive scores of the clinical groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were carried out to verify the accuracy of the STMB tasks. RESULTS In the CD task, CU was different from MCI and ACS (CU > MCI = ACS), while in the FR task all groups were different (CU > MCI > ACS). The ROC analyses showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.855 comparing CU with MCI for the CD task and 0.975 for the FR. The AUC comparing CU and ACS was 0.924 for the CD and 0.973 for the FR task. The FR task showed better accuracy to identify MCI patients, and the same accuracy to detect ACS. CONCLUSION The present findings indicate that impairments in CD and FR of bound representations are features of the cognitive profiles of MCI and ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amore Cecchini
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Paula Foss
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia A P Patrocinio
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo D Chiari-Correia
- Center of Image Sciences and Medical Physics, University of Sao Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Novaretti
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara R Brozinga
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Henrique Cerqueira Guimarães
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Cassimiro
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Mônica Sanches Yassuda
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Gerontology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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