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Mildiner Moraga S, Aarts E. Go Multivariate: Recommendations on Bayesian Multilevel Hidden Markov Models with Categorical Data. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2024; 59:17-45. [PMID: 37195880 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2023.2205392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The multilevel hidden Markov model (MHMM) is a promising method to investigate intense longitudinal data obtained within the social and behavioral sciences. The MHMM quantifies information on the latent dynamics of behavior over time. In addition, heterogeneity between individuals is accommodated with the inclusion of individual-specific random effects, facilitating the study of individual differences in dynamics. However, the performance of the MHMM has not been sufficiently explored. We performed an extensive simulation to assess the effect of the number of dependent variables (1-8), number of individuals (5-90), and number of observations per individual (100-1600) on the estimation performance of a Bayesian MHMM with categorical data including various levels of state distinctiveness and separation. We found that using multivariate data generally alleviates the sample size needed and improves the stability of the results. Moreover, including variables only consisting of random noise was generally not detrimental to model performance. Regarding the estimation of group-level parameters, the number of individuals and observations largely compensate for each other. However, only the former drives the estimation of between-individual variability. We conclude with guidelines on the sample size necessary based on the level of state distinctiveness and separation and study objectives of the researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mildiner Moraga
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University
| | - Emmeke Aarts
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University
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Hewitt DE, Johnson DD, Suthers IM, Taylor MD. Crabs ride the tide: incoming tides promote foraging of Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata). MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:21. [PMID: 37069648 PMCID: PMC10108527 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective fisheries management of mobile species relies on robust knowledge of animal behaviour and habitat-use. Indices of behaviour can be useful for interpreting catch-per-unit-effort data which acts as a proxy for relative abundance. Information about habitat-use can inform stocking release strategies or the design of marine protected areas. The Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata; Family: Portunidae) is a swimming estuarine crab that supports significant fisheries harvest throughout the Indo-West Pacific, but little is known about the fine-scale movement and behaviour of this species. METHODS We tagged 18 adult Giant Mud Crab with accelerometer-equipped acoustic tags to track their fine-scale movement using a hyperbolic positioning system, alongside high temporal resolution environmental data (e.g., water temperature), in a temperate south-east Australian estuary. A hidden Markov model was used to classify movement (i.e., step length, turning angle) and acceleration data into discrete behaviours, while also considering the possibility of individual variation in behavioural dynamics. We then investigated the influence of environmental covariates on these behaviours based on previously published observations. RESULTS We fitted a model with two well-distinguished behavioural states describing periods of inactivity and foraging, and found no evidence of individual variation in behavioural dynamics. Inactive periods were most common (79% of time), and foraging was most likely during low, incoming tides; while inactivity was more likely as the high tide receded. Model selection removed time (hour) of day and water temperature (°C) as covariates, suggesting that they do not influence Giant Mud Crab behavioural dynamics at the temporal scale investigated. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to quantitatively link fine-scale movement and behaviour of Giant Mud Crab to environmental variation. Our results suggest Giant Mud Crab are a predominantly sessile species, and support their status as an opportunistic scavenger. We demonstrate a relationship between the tidal cycle and foraging that is likely to minimize predation risk while maximizing energetic efficiency. These results may explain why tidal covariates influence catch rates in swimming crabs, and provide a foundation for standardisation and interpretation of catch-per-unit-effort data-a commonly used metric in fisheries science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Hewitt
- Fisheries and Marine Environmental Research Lab, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, 2315, Australia.
| | - Daniel D Johnson
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, 2315, Australia
| | - Iain M Suthers
- Fisheries and Marine Environmental Research Lab, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew D Taylor
- Fisheries and Marine Environmental Research Lab, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, NSW, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, 2315, Australia
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3
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Butts DJ, Thompson NE, Christensen SA, Williams DM, Murillo MS. Data-driven agent-based model building for animal movement through Exploratory Data Analysis. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Albers JL, Steibel JP, Klingler RH, Ivan LN, Garcia-Reyero N, Carvan MJ, Murphy CA. Altered Larval Yellow Perch Swimming Behavior Due to Methylmercury and PCB126 Detected Using Hidden Markov Chain Models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3514-3523. [PMID: 35201763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish swimming behavior is a commonly measured response in aquatic ecotoxicology because behavior is considered a whole organism-level effect that integrates many sensory systems. Recent advancements in animal behavior models, such as hidden Markov chain models (HMM), suggest an improved analytical approach for toxicology. Using both new and traditional approaches, we examined the sublethal effects of PCB126 and methylmercury on yellow perch (YP) larvae (Perca flavescens) using three doses. Both approaches indicate larvae increase activity after exposure to either chemical. The middle methylmercury-dosed larvae showed multiple altered behavior patterns. First, larvae had a general increase in activity, typically performing more behavior states, more time swimming, and more swimming bouts per second. Second, when larvae were in a slow or medium swimming state, these larvae tended to switch between these states more often. Third, larvae swam slower during the swimming bouts. The upper PCB126-dosed larvae exhibited a higher proportion and a fast swimming state, but the total time spent swimming fast decreased. The middle PCB126-dosed larvae transitioned from fast to slow swimming states less often than the control larvae. These results indicate that developmental exposure to very low doses of these neurotoxicants alters YP larvae overall swimming behaviors, suggesting neurodevelopment alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Albers
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rebekah H Klingler
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Lori N Ivan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 39180, United States
| | - Michael J Carvan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Cheryl A Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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5
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Whoriskey K, Baktoft H, Field C, Lennox RJ, Babyn J, Lawler E, Mills Flemming J. Predicting aquatic animal movements and behavioural states from acoustic telemetry arrays. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Whoriskey
- Department of Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Henrik Baktoft
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Chris Field
- Department of Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Babyn
- Department of Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ethan Lawler
- Department of Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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Spence MA, Muiruri EW, Maxwell DL, Davis S, Sheahan D. The application of continuous‐time Markov chain models in the analysis of choice flume experiments. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Spence
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft SuffolkNR33 OHTUK
| | - Evalyne W. Muiruri
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft SuffolkNR33 OHTUK
| | - David L. Maxwell
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft SuffolkNR33 OHTUK
| | - Scott Davis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft SuffolkNR33 OHTUK
| | - Dave Sheahan
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefield Road Lowestoft SuffolkNR33 OHTUK
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Buderman FE, Gingery TM, Diefenbach DR, Gigliotti LC, Begley-Miller D, McDill MM, Wallingford BD, Rosenberry CS, Drohan PJ. Caution is warranted when using animal space-use and movement to infer behavioral states. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:30. [PMID: 34116712 PMCID: PMC8196457 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the behavioral state for wild animals that can't be directly observed is of growing interest to the ecological community. Advances in telemetry technology and statistical methodologies allow researchers to use space-use and movement metrics to infer the underlying, latent, behavioral state of an animal without direct observations. For example, researchers studying ungulate ecology have started using these methods to quantify behaviors related to mating strategies. However, little work has been done to determine if assumed behaviors inferred from movement and space-use patterns correspond to actual behaviors of individuals. METHODS Using a dataset with male and female white-tailed deer location data, we evaluated the ability of these two methods to correctly identify male-female interaction events (MFIEs). We identified MFIEs using the proximity of their locations in space as indicators of when mating could have occurred. We then tested the ability of utilization distributions (UDs) and hidden Markov models (HMMs) rendered with single sex location data to identify these events. RESULTS For white-tailed deer, male and female space-use and movement behavior did not vary consistently when with a potential mate. There was no evidence that a probability contour threshold based on UD volume applied to an individual's UD could be used to identify MFIEs. Additionally, HMMs were unable to identify MFIEs, as single MFIEs were often split across multiple states and the primary state of each MFIE was not consistent across events. CONCLUSIONS Caution is warranted when interpreting behavioral insights rendered from statistical models applied to location data, particularly when there is no form of validation data. For these models to detect latent behaviors, the individual needs to exhibit a consistently different type of space-use and movement when engaged in the behavior. Unvalidated assumptions about that relationship may lead to incorrect inference about mating strategies or other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Buderman
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Tess M Gingery
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Duane R Diefenbach
- U. S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Laura C Gigliotti
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Marc M McDill
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick J Drohan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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8
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McClintock BT. Worth the effort? A practical examination of random effects in hidden Markov models for animal telemetry data. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett T. McClintock
- Marine Mammal Laboratory Alaska Fisheries Science Center NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Seattle WA USA
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Hance DJ, Moriarty KM, Hollen BA, Perry RW. Identifying resting locations of a small elusive forest carnivore using a two-stage model accounting for GPS measurement error and hidden behavioral states. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:17. [PMID: 33823940 PMCID: PMC8025504 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of animal movement using location data are often faced with two challenges. First, time series of animal locations are likely to arise from multiple behavioral states (e.g., directed movement, resting) that cannot be observed directly. Second, location data can be affected by measurement error, including failed location fixes. Simultaneously addressing both problems in a single statistical model is analytically and computationally challenging. To both separate behavioral states and account for measurement error, we used a two-stage modeling approach to identify resting locations of fishers (Pekania pennanti) based on GPS and accelerometer data. METHODS We developed a two-stage modelling approach to estimate when and where GPS-collared fishers were resting for 21 separate collar deployments on 9 individuals in southern Oregon. For each deployment, we first fit independent hidden Markov models (HMMs) to the time series of accelerometer-derived activity measurements and apparent step lengths to identify periods of movement and resting. Treating the state assignments as given, we next fit a set of linear Gaussian state space models (SSMs) to estimate the location of each resting event. RESULTS Parameter estimates were similar across collar deployments. The HMMs successfully identified periods of resting and movement with posterior state assignment probabilities greater than 0.95 for 97% of all observations. On average, fishers were in the resting state 63% of the time. Rest events averaged 5 h (4.3 SD) and occurred most often at night. The SSMs allowed us to estimate the 95% credible ellipses with a median area of 0.12 ha for 3772 unique rest events. We identified 1176 geographically distinct rest locations; 13% of locations were used on > 1 occasion and 5% were used by > 1 fisher. Females and males traveled an average of 6.7 (3.5 SD) and 7.7 (6.8 SD) km/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that if auxiliary data are available (e.g., accelerometer data), a two-stage approach can successfully resolve both problems of latent behavioral states and GPS measurement error. Our relatively simple two-stage method is repeatable, computationally efficient, and yields directly interpretable estimates of resting site locations that can be used to guide conservation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton J Hance
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, Cook, WA, 98605, USA.
| | - Katie M Moriarty
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bruce A Hollen
- USDI Bureau of Land Management State Office, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Russell W Perry
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, Cook, WA, 98605, USA
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Canario L, Bijma P, David I, Camerlink I, Martin A, Rauw WM, Flatres-Grall L, van der Zande L, Turner SP, Larzul C, Rydhmer L. Prospects for the Analysis and Reduction of Damaging Behaviour in Group-Housed Livestock, With Application to Pig Breeding. Front Genet 2020; 11:611073. [PMID: 33424934 PMCID: PMC7786278 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.611073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in the breeding and management of pigs are needed to improve the performance and welfare of animals raised in social groups, and in particular to minimise biting and damage to group mates. Depending on the context, social interactions between pigs can be frequent or infrequent, aggressive, or non-aggressive. Injuries or emotional distress may follow. The behaviours leading to damage to conspecifics include progeny savaging, tail, ear or vulva biting, and excessive aggression. In combination with changes in husbandry practices designed to improve living conditions, refined methods of genetic selection may be a solution reducing these behaviours. Knowledge gaps relating to lack of data and limits in statistical analyses have been identified. The originality of this paper lies in its proposal of several statistical methods for common use in analysing and predicting unwanted behaviours, and for genetic use in the breeding context. We focus on models of interaction reflecting the identity and behaviour of group mates which can be applied directly to damaging traits, social network analysis to define new and more integrative traits, and capture-recapture analysis to replace missing data by estimating the probability of behaviours. We provide the rationale for each method and suggest they should be combined for a more accurate estimation of the variation underlying damaging behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Canario
- GenPhySE, INRAE French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid David
- GenPhySE, INRAE French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Irene Camerlink
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandre Martin
- GenPhySE, INRAE French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Wendy Mercedes Rauw
- Department of Animal Breeding, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lisette van der Zande
- Adaptation Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., Beuningen, Netherlands
| | - Simon P. Turner
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Larzul
- GenPhySE, INRAE French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lotta Rydhmer
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gazagne E, José-Domínguez JM, Huynen MC, Hambuckers A, Poncin P, Savini T, Brotcorne F. Northern pigtailed macaques rely on old growth plantations to offset low fruit availability in a degraded forest fragment. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23117. [PMID: 32108959 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Space-use and foraging strategies are important facets to consider in regard to the ecology and conservation of primates. For this study, we documented movement, ranging, and foraging patterns of northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) for 14 months in a degraded habitat with old growth Acacia and Eucalyptus plantations at the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Thailand. We used hidden Markov models and characteristic hull polygons to analyze these patterns in regard to fruit availability. Macaques' home range (HR) was 599 ha and spanned through a natural dry-evergreen forest (DEF), and plantation forest. Our results showed that active foraging increased with higher fruit availability in DEF. Macaques changed to a less continuous behavioral state during periods of lower fruit availability in DEF, repeatedly moving from foraging to transiting behavior, while extending their HR further into plantation forest and surrounding edge areas. Concomitantly, macaques shifted their diet from fleshy to dry fruit such as the introduced Acacia species. Our results showed that the diet and movement ecology adaptations of northern pigtailed macaques were largely dependent on availability of native fruits, and reflected a "high-cost, high-yield" foraging strategy when fresh food was scarce and dry fruit was available in plantation forest. Conversely, wild-feeding northern pigtailed macaque populations inhabiting pristine habitat approached a "low-cost, low-yield" foraging strategy. Our results outline the effects of habitat degradation on foraging strategies and show how a flexible species can cope with its nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gazagne
- Unit of Research SPHERES, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Bangkhuntien, Thailand
| | - Juan Manuel José-Domínguez
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Bangkhuntien, Thailand.,Physical Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Pascal Poncin
- Unit of Research FOCUS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tommaso Savini
- Conservation Ecology Program, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Bangkhuntien, Thailand
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- Unit of Research SPHERES, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Carter MID, McClintock BT, Embling CB, Bennett KA, Thompson D, Russell DJF. From pup to predator: generalized hidden Markov models reveal rapid development of movement strategies in a naïve long‐lived vertebrate. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt I. D. Carter
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Inst., Univ. of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 8LB UK
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Univ. of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Brett T. McClintock
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA NMFS Seattle USA
| | - Clare B. Embling
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Univ. of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | | | - Dave Thompson
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Inst., Univ. of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 8LB UK
| | - Debbie J. F. Russell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Inst., Univ. of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 8LB UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, Univ. of St Andrew St Andrews UK
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13
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van Beest FM, Mews S, Elkenkamp S, Schuhmann P, Tsolak D, Wobbe T, Bartolino V, Bastardie F, Dietz R, von Dorrien C, Galatius A, Karlsson O, McConnell B, Nabe-Nielsen J, Olsen MT, Teilmann J, Langrock R. Classifying grey seal behaviour in relation to environmental variability and commercial fishing activity - a multivariate hidden Markov model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5642. [PMID: 30948786 PMCID: PMC6449369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classifying movement behaviour of marine predators in relation to anthropogenic activity and environmental conditions is important to guide marine conservation. We studied the relationship between grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) behaviour and environmental variability in the southwestern Baltic Sea where seal-fishery conflicts are increasing. We used multiple environmental covariates and proximity to active fishing nets within a multivariate hidden Markov model (HMM) to quantify changes in movement behaviour of grey seals while at sea. Dive depth, dive duration, surface duration, horizontal displacement, and turning angle were used to identify travelling, resting and foraging states. The likelihood of seals foraging increased in deeper, colder, more saline waters, which are sites with increased primary productivity and possibly prey densities. Proximity to active fishing net also had a pronounced effect on state occupancy. The probability of seals foraging was highest <5 km from active fishing nets (51%) and decreased as distance to nets increased. However, seals used sites <5 km from active fishing nets only 3% of their time at sea highlighting an important temporal dimension in seal-fishery interactions. By coupling high-resolution oceanographic, fisheries, and grey seal movement data, our study provides a scientific basis for designing management strategies that satisfy ecological and socioeconomic demands on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris M van Beest
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Sina Mews
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Svenja Elkenkamp
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuhmann
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dorian Tsolak
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Till Wobbe
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Valerio Bartolino
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, SE-45321, Sweden
| | - Francois Bastardie
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian von Dorrien
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Alter Hafen Süd 2, D-18069, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anders Galatius
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Olle Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Nabe-Nielsen
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jonas Teilmann
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Roland Langrock
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Karelus DL, McCown JW, Scheick BK, van de Kerk M, Bolker BM, Oli MK. Incorporating movement patterns to discern habitat selection: black bears as a case study. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context Animals’ use of space and habitat selection emerges from their movement patterns, which are, in turn, determined by their behavioural or physiological states and extrinsic factors. Aim The aims of the present study were to investigate animal movement and incorporate the movement patterns into habitat selection analyses using Global Positioning System (GPS) location data from 16 black bears (Ursus americanus) in a fragmented area of Florida, USA. Methods Hidden Markov models (HMMs) were used to discern the movement patterns of the bears. These results were then used in step-selection functions (SSFs) to evaluate habitat selection patterns and the factors influencing these patterns. Key results HMMs revealed that black bear movement patterns are best described by three behavioural states: (1) resting (very short step-lengths and large turning angles); (2) encamped (moderate step-lengths and large turning angles); and (3) exploratory (long step-lengths and small turning angles). Bears selected for forested wetlands and marsh wetlands more than any other land cover type, and generally avoided urban areas in all seasons and when in encamped and exploratory behavioural states. Bears also chose to move to locations farther away from major roads. Conclusions Because habitat selection is influenced by how animals move within landscapes, it is essential to consider animals’ movement patterns when making inferences about habitat selection. The present study achieves this goal by using HMMs to first discern black bear movement patterns and associated parameters, and by using these results in SSFs to investigate habitat selection patterns. Thus, the methodological framework developed in this study effectively incorporates state-specific movement patterns while making inferences regarding habitat selection. The unified methodological approach employed here will contribute to an improved understanding of animal ecology as well as informed management decisions. Implications Conservation plans focused on preserving forested wetlands would benefit bears by not only providing habitat for resting and foraging, but also by providing connectivity through fragmented landscapes. Additionally, the framework could be applied to species that follow annual cycles and may provide a tool for investigating how animals are using dispersal corridors.
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Hooten MB, Scharf HR, Morales JM. Running on empty: recharge dynamics from animal movement data. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:377-389. [PMID: 30548152 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vital rates such as survival and recruitment have always been important in the study of population and community ecology. At the individual level, physiological processes such as energetics are critical in understanding biomechanics and movement ecology and also scale up to influence food webs and trophic cascades. Although vital rates and population-level characteristics are tied with individual-level animal movement, most statistical models for telemetry data are not equipped to provide inference about these relationships because they lack the explicit, mechanistic connection to physiological dynamics. We present a framework for modelling telemetry data that explicitly includes an aggregated physiological process associated with decision making and movement in heterogeneous environments. Our framework accommodates a wide range of movement and physiological process specifications. We illustrate a specific model formulation in continuous-time to provide direct inference about gains and losses associated with physiological processes based on movement. Our approach can also be extended to accommodate auxiliary data when available. We demonstrate our model to infer mountain lion (Puma concolor; in Colorado, USA) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer; in Kruger National Park, South Africa) recharge dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevin B Hooten
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation and Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Henry R Scharf
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Juan M Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Bariloche S4140, Argentina
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Griffiths CA, Patterson TA, Blanchard JL, Righton DA, Wright SR, Pitchford JW, Blackwell PG. Scaling marine fish movement behavior from individuals to populations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7031-7043. [PMID: 30073065 PMCID: PMC6065275 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how, where, and when animals move is a central problem in marine ecology and conservation. Key to improving our knowledge about what drives animal movement is the rising deployment of telemetry devices on a range of free-roaming species. An increasingly popular way of gaining meaningful inference from an animal's recorded movements is the application of hidden Markov models (HMMs), which allow for the identification of latent behavioral states in the movement paths of individuals. However, the use of HMMs to explore the population-level consequences of movement is often limited by model complexity and insufficient sample sizes. Here, we introduce an alternative approach to current practices and provide evidence of how the inclusion of prior information in model structure can simplify the application of HMMs to multiple animal movement paths with two clear benefits: (a) consistent state allocation and (b) increases in effective sample size. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, we apply HMMs and adapted HMMs to over 100 multivariate movement paths consisting of conditionally dependent daily horizontal and vertical movements in two species of demersal fish: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua; n = 46) and European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa; n = 61). We identify latent states corresponding to two main underlying behaviors: resident and migrating. As our analysis considers a relatively large sample size and states are allocated consistently, we use collective model output to investigate state-dependent spatiotemporal trends at the individual and population levels. In particular, we show how both species shift their movement behaviors on a seasonal basis and demonstrate population space use patterns that are consistent with previous individual-level studies. Tagging studies are increasingly being used to inform stock assessment models, spatial management strategies, and monitoring of marine fish populations. Our approach provides a promising way of adding value to tagging studies because inferences about movement behavior can be gained from a larger proportion of datasets, making tagging studies more relevant to management and more cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Griffiths
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture ScienceLowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | | | - Julia L. Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - David A. Righton
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture ScienceLowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | - Serena R. Wright
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture ScienceLowestoft LaboratoryLowestoftUK
| | | | - Paul G. Blackwell
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Hooten MB, Scharf HR, Hefley TJ, Pearse AT, Weegman MD. Animal movement models for migratory individuals and groups. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mevin B. Hooten
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Fish, Wildlife, and ConservationDepartment of Fish, Wildlife, and ConservationColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
- Department of StatisticsColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Henry R. Scharf
- Department of StatisticsColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Trevor J. Hefley
- Department of StatisticsKansas State University Manhattan Kansas
| | - Aaron T. Pearse
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Jamestown North Dakota
| | - Mitch D. Weegman
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
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Statistical modelling of individual animal movement: an overview of key methods and a discussion of practical challenges. ASTA-ADVANCES IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10182-017-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bayesian Inference for Multistate ‘Step and Turn’ Animal Movement in Continuous Time. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13253-017-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Michelot T, Langrock R, Bestley S, Jonsen ID, Photopoulou T, Patterson TA. Estimation and simulation of foraging trips in land-based marine predators. Ecology 2017; 98:1932-1944. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Bestley
- Australian Antarctic Division; Department of Environment; Kingston Tasmania Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ian D. Jonsen
- Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Theoni Photopoulou
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth South Africa
- University of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
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Multi-scale Modeling of Animal Movement and General Behavior Data Using Hidden Markov Models with Hierarchical Structures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13253-017-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Quick NJ, Isojunno S, Sadykova D, Bowers M, Nowacek DP, Read AJ. Hidden Markov models reveal complexity in the diving behaviour of short-finned pilot whales. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45765. [PMID: 28361954 PMCID: PMC5374633 DOI: 10.1038/srep45765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diving behaviour of short-finned pilot whales is often described by two states; deep foraging and shallow, non-foraging dives. However, this simple classification system ignores much of the variation that occurs during subsurface periods. We used multi-state hidden Markov models (HMM) to characterize states of diving behaviour and the transitions between states in short-finned pilot whales. We used three parameters (number of buzzes, maximum dive depth and duration) measured in 259 dives by digital acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) deployed on 20 individual whales off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. The HMM identified a four-state model as the best descriptor of diving behaviour. The state-dependent distributions for the diving parameters showed variation between states, indicative of different diving behaviours. Transition probabilities were considerably higher for state persistence than state switching, indicating that dive types occurred in bouts. Our results indicate that subsurface behaviour in short-finned pilot whales is more complex than a simple dichotomy of deep and shallow diving states, and labelling all subsurface behaviour as deep dives or shallow dives discounts a significant amount of important variation. We discuss potential drivers of these patterns, including variation in foraging success, prey availability and selection, bathymetry, physiological constraints and socially mediated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Quick
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Saana Isojunno
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Bute Building, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS UK
| | - Dina Sadykova
- Zoology School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Matthew Bowers
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Douglas P Nowacek
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Andrew J Read
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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DeRuiter SL, Langrock R, Skirbutas T, Goldbogen JA, Calambokidis J, Friedlaender AS, Southall BL. A multivariate mixed hidden Markov model for blue whale behaviour and responses to sound exposure. Ann Appl Stat 2017. [DOI: 10.1214/16-aoas1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li M, Bolker BM. Incorporating periodic variability in hidden Markov models for animal movement. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2017; 5:1. [PMID: 28149522 PMCID: PMC5270370 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-016-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering time-series data into discrete groups can improve prediction and provide insight into the nature of underlying, unobservable states of the system. However, temporal variation in probabilities of group occupancy, or the rates at which individuals move between groups, can obscure such signals. We use finite mixture and hidden Markov models (HMMs), two standard clustering techniques, to model long-term hourly movement data from Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi). Allowing for temporal heterogeneity in transition probabilities, a straightforward but little-used extension of the standard HMM framework, resolves some shortcomings of current models and clarifies the movement patterns of panthers. RESULTS Simulations and analyses of panther data showed that model misspecification (omitting important sources of variation) can lead to overfitting/overestimating the underlying number of movement states. Models incorporating temporal heterogeneity identify fewer underlying states, and can make out-of-sample predictions that capture observed diurnal and autocorrelated movement patterns exhibited by Florida panthers. CONCLUSION Incorporating temporal heterogeneity improved goodness of fit and predictive capability as well as reducing the selected number of movement states closer to a biologically interpretable level, although there is further room for improvement here. Our results suggest that incorporating additional structure in statistical models of movement can allow more accurate assessment of appropriate model complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Li
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1 Ontario Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Bolker
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1 Ontario Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1 Ontario Canada
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Leos‐Barajas V, Photopoulou T, Langrock R, Patterson TA, Watanabe YY, Murgatroyd M, Papastamatiou YP. Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vianey Leos‐Barajas
- Department of Statistics Iowa State University Snedecor Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Theoni Photopoulou
- Department of Statistical Sciences Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
- Department of Zoology Institute for Coastal and Marine Research Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
| | - Roland Langrock
- Department of Business Administration and Economics Bielefeld University Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Yuuki Y. Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research 10‐3, Midori‐cho Tachikawa Tokyo 190‐8518 Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) 10‐3, Midori‐cho Tachikawa Tokyo 190‐8518 Japan
| | - Megan Murgatroyd
- Animal Demography Unit Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Yannis P. Papastamatiou
- School of Biology Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 8LB UK
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st, MSB 350 North Miami FL 33181 USA
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Michelot T, Langrock R, Patterson TA. moveHMM: an
R
package for the statistical modelling of animal movement data using hidden Markov models. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Michelot
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road Sheffield S3 7RH UK
- Center for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ UK
| | - Roland Langrock
- Department of Business Administration and Economics Bielefeld University Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld Germany
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Towner AV, Leos‐Barajas V, Langrock R, Schick RS, Smale MJ, Kaschke T, Jewell OJD, Papastamatiou YP. Sex‐specific and individual preferences for hunting strategies in white sharks. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison V. Towner
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Rhodes University PO Box 94 Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
- Dyer Island Conservation Trust Geelbek Street PO Box 78 Keinbaai South Africa
| | | | - Roland Langrock
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling and School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9LZ UK
- Department of Business Administration and Economics Bielefeld University PO Box 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Robert S. Schick
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling and School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9LZ UK
| | - Malcolm J. Smale
- Port Elizabeth Museum at Bayworld PO Box 13147 Humewood 6013 South Africa
- Department of Zoology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University PO Box 77000 Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | - Tami Kaschke
- Dyer Island Conservation Trust Geelbek Street PO Box 78 Keinbaai South Africa
- Department of Management University of Nebraska Lincoln NEUSA
| | - Oliver J. D. Jewell
- Dyer Island Conservation Trust Geelbek Street PO Box 78 Keinbaai South Africa
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Spatial Ecology Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) Yerseke 4401 NT The Netherlands
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McKellar AE, Kesler DC, Walters JR. Resource selection reflects fitness associations for an endangered bird in restored habitat. Anim Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. McKellar
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - D. C. Kesler
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - J. R. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA USA
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Photopoulou T, Lovell P, Fedak MA, Thomas L, Matthiopoulos J. Efficient abstracting of dive profiles using a broken‐stick model. Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Photopoulou
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation Department of Statistical Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape Town 7701 South Africa
| | - Philip Lovell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews Scotland KY16 8LB UK
| | - Michael A. Fedak
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews Scotland KY16 8LB UK
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory University of St Andrews Scotland KY16 9LZ UK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine Graham Kerr Building University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland G12 8QQ UK
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