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Monsanto DM, Hedding DW, Durand S, Parbhu SP, Adair MG, Emami‐Khoyi A, Teske PR, Jansen van Vuuren B. The effect of terrain on the fine-scale genetic diversity of sub-Antarctic Collembola: A landscape genetics approach. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11519. [PMID: 38895565 PMCID: PMC11183960 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the interplay between geodiversity and organismal characteristics. Superimposing genetic structure onto landscape heterogeneity (i.e., landscape genetics) can help to disentangle their interactions and better understand population dynamics. Previous studies on the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (located midway between Antarctica and Africa) have highlighted the importance of landscape and climatic barriers in shaping spatial genetic patterns and have drawn attention to the value of these islands as natural laboratories for studying fundamental concepts in biology. Here, we assessed the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of the springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus travei, which is endemic to Marion Island, in tandem with high-resolution geological data. Using a species-specific suite of microsatellite markers, a fine-scale sampling design incorporating landscape complexity and generalised linear models (GLMs), we examined genetic patterns overlaid onto high-resolution digital surface models and surface geology data across two 1-km sampling transects. The GLMs revealed that genetic patterns across the landscape closely track landscape resistance data in concert with landscape discontinuities and barriers to gene flow identified at a scale of a few metres. These results show that the island's geodiversity plays an important role in shaping biodiversity patterns and intraspecific genetic diversity. This study illustrates that fine-scale genetic patterns in soil arthropods are markedly more structured than anticipated, given that previous studies have reported high levels of genetic diversity and evidence of genetic structing linked to landscape changes for springtail species and considering the homogeneity of the vegetation complexes characteristic of the island at the scale of tens to hundreds of metres. By incorporating fine-scale and high-resolution landscape features into our study, we were able to explain much of the observed spatial genetic patterns. Our study highlights geodiversity as a driver of spatial complexity. More widely, it holds important implications for the conservation and management of the sub-Antarctic islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marques Monsanto
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
| | | | - Sandra Durand
- Department of GeographyUniversity of South AfricaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Shilpa Pradeep Parbhu
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
| | - Matthew Grant Adair
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
| | - Arsalan Emami‐Khoyi
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
- Institute of Wildlife Management and Nature ConservationHungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesGödöllőHungary
| | - Peter Rodja Teske
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife ConservationUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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Elshishka M, Mladenov A, Lazarova S, Peneva V. Terrestrial nematodes from the Maritime Antarctic. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e102057. [PMID: 37809281 PMCID: PMC10552655 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soil nematodes are one of the most important terrestrial faunal groups in Antarctica, as they are a major component of soil micro-food webs. Despite their crucial role in soil processes, knowledge of their species diversity and distribution is still incomplete. Taxonomic studies of Antarctic nematodes are fragmented, which prevents assessment of the degree of endemicity and distribution of the species, as well as other aspects of biogeography. New information The present study is focused on the nematode fauna of one of the three Antarctic sub-regions, the Maritime Antarctic and summarises all findings published up to April 2023. A species list that includes 44 species, belonging to 21 genera, 16 families and eight orders is provided. A review of the literature on terrestrial nematodes inhabiting the Maritime Antarctic showed that the sites are unevenly studied. Three islands (Signy, King George and Livingston Islands) revealed highest species richness, probably due to the highest rates of research effort. Most species and four genera (Antarctenchus, Pararhyssocolpus, Amblydorylaimus and Enchodeloides) are endemic, proving that nematode fauna of the Maritime Antarctic is autochthonous and unique. Several groups of islands/sites have been revealed, based on their nematode fauna. The study showed that species with a limited distribution prevailed, while only two species (Plectusantarcticus and Coomansusgerlachei) have been found in more than 50% of the sites. Based on the literature data, details on species localities, microhabitat distribution, plant associations and availability of DNA sequences are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Elshishka
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Mladenov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Stela Lazarova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
| | - Vlada Peneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113SofiaBulgaria
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3
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Stevens MI, Mackintosh AN. Location, location, location: survival of Antarctic biota requires the best real estate. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220590. [PMID: 36946134 PMCID: PMC10065077 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of terrestrial biota in Antarctica has been debated since the discovery of springtails on the first historic voyages to the southern continent more than 120 years ago. A plausible explanation for the long-term persistence of life requiring ice-free land on continental Antarctica has, however, remained elusive. The default glacial eradication scenario has dominated because hypotheses to date have failed to provide a mechanism for their widespread survival on the continent, particularly through the Last Glacial Maximum when geological evidence demonstrates that the ice sheet was more extensive than present. Here, we provide support for the alternative nunatak refuge hypothesis-that ice-free terrain with sufficient relief above the ice sheet provided refuges and was a source for terrestrial biota found today. This hypothesis is supported here by an increased understanding from the combination of biological and geological evidence, and we outline a mechanism for these refuges during successive glacial maxima that also provides a source for coastal species. Our cross-disciplinary approach provides future directions to further test this hypothesis that will lead to new insights into the evolution of Antarctic landscapes and how they have shaped the biota through a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Stevens
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Earth and Biological Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andrew N Mackintosh
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Maturana CS, Biersma EM, Díaz A, González-Wevar C, Contador T, Convey P, Jackson JA, Poulin E. Survivors and colonizers: Contrasting biogeographic histories reconciled in the Antarctic freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1012852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the contemporary distribution of Antarctic terrestrial biota. We assess whether the current distribution of maritime Antarctic populations of the freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei is the result of (1) a post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) colonization, or whether (2) the species survived in regional glacial refugia throughout the LGM and earlier glaciations. Using 438 specimens from 34 different sampling sites across Southern South America, South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula, we analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear sequences to uncover patterns of genetic diversity and population structure. We also performed median-joining haplotype network, phylogenetic reconstruction, and divergence time analyses. Finally, we evaluated past demographic changes and historical scenarios using the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method. Our data support the existence of two clades with different and contrasting biogeographic histories. The first clade has been present in maritime Antarctica since at least the mid-Pleistocene, with the South Orkney Islands the most likely refugial area. The second clade has a broader distribution including southern South America, South Georgia, South Shetland Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. The ABC method identified long-distance dispersal (LDD) colonization event(s) from southern South America to South Georgia and the maritime Antarctic after the LGM deglaciation, supporting more recent colonization of Antarctic locations. The current Antarctic and sub-Antarctic distribution of B. poppei is likely derived from two independent biogeographic events. The combination of both (1) post-LGM colonization from southern South America and (2) longer-term persistence in in situ regional refugia throughout glacial periods challenges current understanding of the biogeographic history of Antarctic freshwater biota. Re-colonization of ice-impacted Antarctic areas would have occurred following a LDD and Establishment model, pointing to the existence of possible post-dispersal barriers, despite widely assumed high passive dispersal capacity in freshwater invertebrates.
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Leo C, Nardi F, Cucini C, Frati F, Convey P, Weedon JT, Roelofs D, Carapelli A. Evidence for strong environmental control on bacterial microbiomes of Antarctic springtails. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2973. [PMID: 33536493 PMCID: PMC7858589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Collembola are a key component of the soil biota globally, playing an important role in community and ecosystem dynamics. Equally significant are their associated microbiomes, that can contribute to key metabolic functions. In the present study, we investigated the bacterial community composition of four Antarctic springtail species to assess if and how the extreme Antarctic environment has shaped the collembolans’ microbiomes. Springtails were collected from two biogeographical regions, the maritime and the continental Antarctic. From each region, two endemic species, belonging to the genera Cryptopygus (Isotomidae, Entomobryomorpha) and Friesea (Neanuridae, Poduromorpha), were included. This experimental design allowed us to quantify the relative importance of ecological factors (different regions of occurrence) and/or phylogenetic divergence in the host (different Orders) in shaping the Collembola microbiome. The diversity and richness of springtail microbiomes was lower in the Antarctic taxa compared to published information from species from temperate regions. The microbiome composition was predominantly species-specific, with a limited core microbiome shared across the four species examined. While both geographic origin and host species influenced the associated microbiomes, the former was the prevalent driver, with closer similarity between springtails from the same bioregion than between those belonging to the same genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leo
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy. .,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Francesco Nardi
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cucini
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Frati
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - James T Weedon
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Keygene N.V., Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Carapelli
- Life Science Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Genetic diversity of soil invertebrates corroborates timing estimates for past collapses of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22293-22302. [PMID: 32839321 PMCID: PMC7486705 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007925117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the extent of ice sheets through evolutionary timescales have influenced the connectivity of soil invertebrate populations across the Antarctic landscape. We use genetic divergences to estimate isolation times for soil invertebrates along the Transantarctic Mountains. Four species of Collembola (Arthropoda) each showed genetically distinct populations at locations likely isolated for millions of years. Two further species were less genetically diverse although also range restricted. Our genetic data corroborate climate reconstructions and estimates of past warm periods of reduced ice and absent ice shelf in the Ross Sea region, during which time open seaways would have facilitated dispersal of Collembola, and possibly other taxa. During austral summer field seasons between 1999 and 2018, we sampled at 91 locations throughout southern Victoria Land and along the Transantarctic Mountains for six species of endemic microarthropods (Collembola), covering a latitudinal range from 76.0°S to 87.3°S. We assembled individual mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences (n = 866) and found high levels of sequence divergence at both small (<10 km) and large (>600 km) spatial scales for four of the six Collembola species. We applied molecular clock estimates and assessed genetic divergences relative to the timing of past glacial cycles, including collapses of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). We found that genetically distinct lineages within three species have likely been isolated for at least 5.54 My to 3.52 My, while the other three species diverged more recently (<2 My). We suggest that Collembola had greater dispersal opportunities under past warmer climates, via flotation along coastal margins. Similarly increased opportunities for dispersal may occur under contemporary climate warming scenarios, which could influence the genetic structure of extant populations. As Collembola are a living record of past landscape evolution within Antarctica, these findings provide biological evidence to support geological and glaciological estimates of historical WAIS dynamics over the last ca. 5 My.
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Guzik MT, Stevens MI, Cooper SJB, Humphreys WF, Austin AD. Extreme genetic diversity among springtails (Collembola) in subterranean calcretes of arid Australia. Genome 2020; 64:181-195. [PMID: 32552081 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The subterranean islands hypothesis for calcretes of the Yilgarn region in Western Australia applies to many stygobitic (subterranean-aquatic) species that are "trapped" evolutionarily within isolated aquifers due to their aquatic lifestyles. In contrast, little is known about the distribution of terrestrial-subterranean invertebrates associated with the calcretes. We used subterranean Collembola from the Yilgarn calcretes to test the hypothesis that troglobitic species, those inhabiting the subterranean unsaturated (non-aquatic) zone of calcretes, are also restricted in their distribution and represent reciprocally monophyletic and endemic lineages. We used the barcoding fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene from 183 individuals to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the genus Pseudosinella Schäffer (Collembola, Lepidocyrtidae) from 10 calcretes in the Yilgarn. These calcretes represent less than 5% of the total possible calcretes in this region, yet we show that their diversity for subterranean Collembola comprises a minimum of 25 new species. Regionally, multiple levels of diversity exist in Pseudosinella, indicative of a complex evolutionary history for this genus in the Yilgarn. These species have probably been impacted by climatic oscillations, facilitating their dispersal across the landscape. The results represent a small proportion of the undiscovered diversity in Australia's arid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Guzik
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mark I Stevens
- Biological and Earth Sciences, South Australian Museum, SA 5000, Australia.,University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - William F Humphreys
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia, Affiliate.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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8
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Carapelli A, Greenslade P, Nardi F, Leo C, Convey P, Frati F, Fanciulli PP. Evidence for Cryptic Diversity in the "Pan-Antarctic" Springtail Friesea antarctica and the Description of Two New Species. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030141. [PMID: 32106429 PMCID: PMC7143604 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The invertebrate terrestrial fauna of Antarctica is being investigated with increasing interest to discover how life interacts with the extreme polar environment and how millions of years of evolution have shaped their biodiversity. Classical taxonomic approaches, complemented by molecular tools, are improving our understanding of the systematic relationships of some species, changing the nomenclature of taxa and challenging the taxonomic status of others. The springtail Friesea grisea has previously been described as the only species with a “pan-Antarctic” distribution. However, recent genetic comparisons have pointed to another scenario. The latest morphological study has confined F. grisea to the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, from which it was originally described, and resurrected F. antarctica as a congeneric species occurring on the continental mainland. Molecular data demonstrate that populations of this taxon, ostensibly occurring across Maritime and Continental Antarctica, as well as on some offshore islands, are evolutionarily isolated and divergent and cannot be included within a single species. The present study, combining morphological with molecular data, attempts to validate this hypothesis and challenges the taxonomic status of F. antarctica, suggesting that two additional new species, described here as Friesea gretae sp. nov. and Friesea propria sp. nov., are present in Continental Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carapelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.N.); (C.L.); (F.F.); (P.P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234-410
| | - Penelope Greenslade
- Environmental Management, School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia;
| | - Francesco Nardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.N.); (C.L.); (F.F.); (P.P.F.)
| | - Chiara Leo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.N.); (C.L.); (F.F.); (P.P.F.)
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK;
| | - Francesco Frati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.N.); (C.L.); (F.F.); (P.P.F.)
| | - Pietro Paolo Fanciulli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.N.); (C.L.); (F.F.); (P.P.F.)
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McGaughran A, Terauds A, Convey P, Fraser CI. Genome‐wide SNP data reveal improved evidence for Antarctic glacial refugia and dispersal of terrestrial invertebrates. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4941-4957. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela McGaughran
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Acton ACT Australia
| | - Aleks Terauds
- Department of Energy and the Environment Australian Antarctic Division Kingston Tas. Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society College of Science Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey NERC, High Cross Cambridge UK
| | - Ceridwen I. Fraser
- Fenner School of Environment and Society College of Science Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Biersma EM, Jackson JA, Stech M, Griffiths H, Linse K, Convey P. Molecular Data Suggest Long-Term in Situ Antarctic Persistence Within Antarctica's Most Speciose Plant Genus, Schistidium. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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