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Favourable climatic niche in low elevations outside the flood zone characterises the distribution pattern of venomous snakes in Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Snakes are sensitive to both environmental and climate gradients. To design conservation plans, a scientific understanding of snake habitats in light of environmental and climatic variables is an essential prerequisite. For venomous snakes, denoting favourable habitats should also be relevant for snakebite management. We have considered 18 spatial variables to portray the range of terrestrial venomous snake distribution in Bangladesh. Our results indicate that the distribution of 29 studied venomous snakes in this country is primarily driven by climatic and environmental variables. We found that especially low elevation and flood risk constrain the distribution of those terrestrial snakes, i.e. regular floods in central Bangladesh push venomous snakes towards the edges of the country. Moreover, none of these species occupies the whole of its anticipated climatically favourable area. Projections into the future indicated that 11 studied species, Amphiesma platyceps, Boiga siamensis, Chrysopelea ornata, Pseudoxenodon macrops, Rhabdophis himalayanus, Rhabdophis subminiatus, Bungarus lividus, Ophiophagus hannah, Daboia russelii, Ovophis monticola and Trimeresurus popeiorum will lose their entire climatically suitable area within the country. Therefore, we suggest establishing more protected areas in the hilly ecosystems in the eastern part and in the mangrove forests in the south-western corner of Bangladesh to mitigate future extinction risks, such as climate change, sea-level rise and increase in flood severity. Conserving village forests and croplands, which are subject to rapid change, will also need to be addressed equally, as these are inhabited by almost one-third of the studied species. The occurrence of the cobras and kraits in village forests and cropland dominant habitats demands more attention to minimise snakebite related mortality and morbidity.
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2
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Pinter A, Prist PR, Marrelli MT. Biodiversity and public health interface. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Alongside modernity, the human activity has been a key factor in global environmental risks, with worldwide anthropic modification being the cause of the emergence of diseases for wild and livestock animals, and even humans. In special, the increase in the spatial distribution and in the incidence of some emerging infectious diseases (EID) are directly associated to deforestation and global climate changes. Moreover, the arise of new EID agents, such as the SARS-COV-2 have been reported for the last 30 years. On the other hand, biodiversity has been shown to be a key indicator for ecosystem health, and to pose a role to increase the promotion of human public health. In neotropical regions, and in special, in Brazil, several infectious diseases have been demonstrated to be directly affected for the biodiversity loss, such as malaria, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, yellow fever, urban arboviruses, spotted fever, amongst other. To better understand the ecosystem capacity of regulation of infectious diseases, FAPESP BIOTA program have supported researchers and research projects to increase knowledge about Brazilian biodiversity and the ecosystems, such as diversity of bird bioagents, venomous animals biodiversity, diversity of mosquitos species in forest patches inside urban areas, propagation of the yellow fever virus over fragmented forest territories, loss of ecological corridors and occurrence of spotted fever and malaria, amongst others. It is noteworthy that FAPESP BIOTA is a successful program and must be expanded as an important tool for present and future public health promotion.
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Individual Variability in Bothropsatrox Snakes Collected from Different Habitats in the Brazilian Amazon: New Findings on Venom Composition and Functionality. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110814. [PMID: 34822598 PMCID: PMC8618853 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in snake venom composition occur across all taxonomic levels and it has been argued that this variation represents an adaptation that has evolved to facilitate the capture and digestion of prey and evasion of predators. Bothrops atrox is a terrestrial pitviper that is distributed across the Amazon region, where it occupies different habitats. Using statistical analyses and functional assays that incorporate individual variation, we analyzed the individual venom variability in B. atrox snakes from four different habitats (forest, pasture, degraded area, and floodplain) in and around the Amazon River in Brazil. We observed venom differentiation between spatially distinct B. atrox individuals from the different habitats, with venom variation due to both common (high abundance) and rare (low abundance) proteins. Moreover, differences in the composition of the venoms resulted in individual variability in functionality and heterogeneity in the lethality to mammals and birds, particularly among the floodplain snakes. Taken together, the data obtained from individual venoms of B. atrox snakes, captured in different habitats from the Brazilian Amazon, support the hypothesis that the differential distribution of protein isoforms results in functional distinctiveness and the ability of snakes with different venoms to have variable toxic effects on different prey.
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Rainha RN, Martinez PA, Moraes LJCL, Castro KMSA, Réjaud A, Fouquet A, Leite RN, Rodrigues MT, Werneck FP. Subtle environmental variation affects phenotypic differentiation of shallow divergent treefrog lineages in Amazonia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Amazonia harbours a vast biotic and ecological diversity, enabling investigation of the effects of microevolutionary processes and environmental variation on species diversification. Integrative approaches combining phenotypic and genetic variation can improve our knowledge on diversification processes in megadiverse regions. Here, we investigate the influence of environmental and geographic variation on the genetic and morphological differentiation in the Amazonian Boana calcarata-fasciata (Anura: Hylidae) species complex. We analysed the variation of one mtDNA gene from individuals of different forest environments, and assessed their phylogenetic relationships and species limits to define the lineages to perform a phenotypic-environmental approach. We collected morphological data (head shape and size) using 3D models and investigated the phylogenetic signal, evolutionary model and influence of environmental variables on morphology. We verified associations between environmental and geographical distances with morphological and genetic variation using distance-based redundancy analyses and Mantel tests. We found an even higher cryptic diversity than already recognized within the species complex. Body size and head shape varied among specimens, but did not present phylogenetic signal, diverging under a selective evolutionary model. Our results show that diverse factors have influenced morphological and genetic variation, but environmental conditions such as vegetation cover, precipitation and climate change velocity influenced morphological diversification. Possible population-level mechanisms such as parallel morphological evolution or plastic responses to similar environments could account for such patterns in these typical Amazonian treefrogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa N Rainha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Martinez
- Laboratorio de Pesquisas Integrativas em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Leandro J C L Moraes
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Kathleen M S A Castro
- Laboratorio de Pesquisas Integrativas em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Avenida Marechal Rondon, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Réjaud
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Fouquet
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Rafael N Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Miguel T Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, travessa, nº. São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Ganança PHS, Santos AP, Kawashita‐Ribeiro RA, Vasconcelos Neto LB, Santos Júnior IA, Guedes DDS, Fraga R. Habitats determining local frog assemblages within aquatic macrophyte meadows in Amazonia, through species traits filtering. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Salomão Ganança
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé Santarém PA68040‐255Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PABrazil
| | - Alfredo P. Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé Santarém PA68040‐255Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PABrazil
| | - Ricardo A. Kawashita‐Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé Santarém PA68040‐255Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Experimentais Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Rondonópolis MTBrazil
| | - Lourival Baía Vasconcelos Neto
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé Santarém PA68040‐255Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PABrazil
| | - Ivan Alves Santos Júnior
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biociências Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PABrazil
| | - Daniel de Sousa Guedes
- Curso de Bacharelado em Biologia Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PABrazil
| | - Rafael Fraga
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé Santarém PA68040‐255Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém PA Brazil
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Pan-American Lancehead Pit-Vipers: Coagulotoxic Venom Effects and Antivenom Neutralisation of Bothrops asper and B. atrox Geographical Variants. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020078. [PMID: 33499001 PMCID: PMC7911261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin composition of snake venoms and, thus, their functional activity, can vary between and within species. Intraspecific venom variation across a species’ geographic range is a major concern for antivenom treatment of envenomations, particularly for countries like French Guiana that lack a locally produced antivenom. Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox are the most medically significant species of snakes in Latin America, both producing a variety of clinical manifestations, including systemic bleeding. These pathophysiological actions are due to the activation by the venom of the blood clotting factors Factor X and prothrombin, thereby causing severe consumptive coagulopathy. Both species are extremely wide-ranging, and previous studies have shown their venoms to exhibit regional venom variation. In this study, we investigate the differential coagulotoxic effects on human plasma of six venoms (four B. asper and two B. atrox samples) from different geographic locations, spanning from Mexico to Peru. We assessed how the venom variation of these venom samples affects neutralisation by five regionally available antivenoms: Antivipmyn, Antivipmyn-Tri, PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and Soro Antibotrópico (SAB). The results revealed both inter- and intraspecific variations in the clotting activity of the venoms. These variations in turn resulted in significant variation in antivenom efficacy against the coagulotoxic effects of these venoms. Due to variations in the venoms used in the antivenom production process, antivenoms differed in their species-specific or geographical neutralisation capacity. Some antivenoms (PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and SAB) showed species-specific patterns of neutralisation, while another antivenom (Antivipmyn) showed geographic-specific patterns of neutralisation. This study adds to current knowledge of Bothrops venoms and also illustrates the importance of considering evolutionary biology when developing antivenoms. Therefore, these results have tangible, real-world implications by aiding evidence-based design of antivenoms for treatment of the envenomed patient. We stress that these in vitro studies must be backed by future in vivo studies and clinical trials before therapeutic guidelines are issued regarding specific antivenom use in a clinical setting.
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de Fraga R, de Carvalho VT. Testing the Wallace’s riverine barrier hypothesis based on frog and Squamata reptile assemblages from a tributary of the lower Amazon River. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1870838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Fraga
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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8
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Marques Peixoto G, De Fraga R, C. Araújo M, Kaefer IL, Lima AP. Hierarchical effects of historical and environmental factors on lizard assemblages in the upper Madeira River, Brazilian Amazonia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233881. [PMID: 32484844 PMCID: PMC7266318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the role of historical and ecological factors structuring assemblages is relevant to understand mechanisms and processes affecting biodiversity across heterogeneous habitats. Considering that community assembly often involves scale-dependent processes, different spatial scales may reveal distinct factors structuring assemblages. In this study we use arboreal and leaf-litter lizard abundance data from 83 plots to investigate assemblage spatial structure at two distinct scales in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. At a regional scale, we test the general hypothesis that the Madeira River acts as a barrier to dispersal of some lizard species, which results in distinct assemblages between river banks. At a local scale, we test the hypothesis that assemblages are not evenly distributed across heterogeneous habitats but respond to a continuum of inadequate-to-optimal portions of environmental predictors. Our results show that regional lizard assemblages are structured by the upper Madeira River acting as a regional barrier to 29.62% of the species sampled. This finding suggests species have been historically isolated at one of the river banks, or that distinct geomorphological features influence species occurrence at each river bank. At a local scale, different sets of environmental predictors affected assemblage composition between river banks or even along a river bank. These findings indicate that environmental filtering is a major cause of lizard assemblage spatial structure in the upper Madeira River, but predictor variables cannot be generalized over the extensive (nearly 500 km) study area. Based on a single study system we demonstrate that lizard assemblages along the forests near the banks of the upper Madeira River are not randomly structured but respond to multiple factors acting at different and hierarchical spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marques Peixoto
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Rafael De Fraga
- Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais Amazônicos, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Maria C. Araújo
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Albertina Pimentel Lima
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
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Monteiro WM, Contreras-Bernal JC, Bisneto PF, Sachett J, Mendonça da Silva I, Lacerda M, Guimarães da Costa A, Val F, Brasileiro L, Sartim MA, Silva-de-Oliveira S, Bernarde PS, Kaefer IL, Grazziotin FG, Wen FH, Moura-da-Silva AM. Bothrops atrox, the most important snake involved in human envenomings in the amazon: How venomics contributes to the knowledge of snake biology and clinical toxinology. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100037. [PMID: 32550592 PMCID: PMC7285970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakes are mostly endemic of the Amazon rainforest and is certainly the South American pit viper responsible for most of the snakebites in the region. The composition of B. atrox venom is significantly known and has been used to trace the relevance of the venom phenotype for snake biology and for the impacts in the clinics of human patients involved in accidents by B. atrox. However, in spite of the wide distribution and the great medical relevance of B. atrox snakes, B. atrox taxonomy is not fully resolved and the impacts of the lack of taxonomic resolution on the studies focused on venom or envenoming are currently unknown. B. atrox venom presents different degrees of compositional variability and is generally coagulotoxic, inducing systemic hematological disturbances and local tissue damage in snakebite patients. Antivenoms are the effective therapy for attenuating the clinical signs. This review brings a comprehensive discussion of the literature concerning B. atrox snakes encompassing from snake taxonomy, diet and venom composition, towards clinical aspects of snakebite patients and efficacy of the antivenoms. This discussion is highly supported by the contributions that venomics and antivenomics added for the advancement of knowledge of B. atrox snakes, their venoms and the treatment of accidents they evoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos Contreras-Bernal
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferreira Bisneto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernando Val
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sâmella Silva-de-Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Coalescent-based species delimitation in the sand lizards of the Liolaemus wiegmannii complex (Squamata: Liolaemidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Functional variability of Bothrops atrox venoms from three distinct areas across the Brazilian Amazon and consequences for human envenomings. Toxicon 2019; 164:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Sovic M, Fries A, Martin SA, Lisle Gibbs H. Genetic signatures of small effective population sizes and demographic declines in an endangered rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus. Evol Appl 2019; 12:664-678. [PMID: 30976301 PMCID: PMC6439488 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endangered species that exist in small isolated populations are at elevated risk of losing adaptive variation due to genetic drift. Analyses that estimate short-term effective population sizes, characterize historical demographic processes, and project the trajectory of genetic variation into the future are useful for predicting how levels of genetic diversity may change. Here, we use data from two independent types of genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] and microsatellites) to evaluate genetic diversity in 17 populations spanning the geographic range of the endangered eastern massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus). First, we use SNP data to confirm previous reports that these populations exhibit high levels of genetic structure (overall Fst = 0.25). Second, we show that most populations have contemporary Ne estimates <50. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations in these populations provided no evidence for a genetic cost to living in small populations, though these tests may lack power. Third, model-based demographic analyses of individual populations indicate that all have experienced declines, with the onset of many of these declines occurring over timescales consistent with anthropogenic impacts (<200 years). Finally, forward simulations of the expected loss of variation in relatively large (Ne = 50) and small (Ne = 10) populations indicate they will lose a substantial amount of their current standing neutral variation (63% and 99%, respectively) over the next 100 years. Our results argue that drift has a significant and increasing impact on levels of genetic variation in isolated populations of this snake, and efforts to assess and mitigate associated impacts on adaptive variation should be components of the management of this endangered reptile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- Present address:
College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Anthony Fries
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace MedicineWright‐Patterson AFBColumbusOhio
| | - Scott A. Martin
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - H. Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
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13
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Myers EA, Bryson RW, Hansen RW, Aardema ML, Lazcano D, Burbrink FT. Exploring Chihuahuan Desert diversification in the gray-banded kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna (Serpentes: Colubridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 131:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Coagulotoxicity of Bothrops (Lancehead Pit-Vipers) Venoms from Brazil: Differential Biochemistry and Antivenom Efficacy Resulting from Prey-Driven Venom Variation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100411. [PMID: 30314373 PMCID: PMC6215258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lancehead pit-vipers (Bothrops genus) are an extremely diverse and medically important group responsible for the greatest number of snakebite envenomations and deaths in South America. Bothrops atrox (common lancehead), responsible for majority of snakebites and related deaths within the Brazilian Amazon, is a highly adaptable and widely distributed species, whose venom variability has been related to several factors, including geographical distribution and habitat type. This study examined venoms from four B. atrox populations (Belterra and Santarém, PA; Pres. Figueiredo, AM and São Bento, MA), and two additional Bothrops species (B. jararaca and B. neuwiedi) from Southeastern region for their coagulotoxic effects upon different plasmas (human, amphibian, and avian). The results revealed inter– and intraspecific variations in coagulotoxicity, including distinct activities between the three plasmas, with variations in the latter two linked to ecological niche occupied by the snakes. Also examined were the correlated biochemical mechanisms of venom action. Significant variation in the relative reliance upon the cofactors calcium and phospholipid were revealed, and the relative dependency did not significantly correlate with potency. Relative levels of Factor X or prothrombin activating toxins correlated with prey type and prey escape potential. The antivenom was shown to perform better in neutralising prothrombin activation activity than neutralising Factor X activation activity. Thus, the data reveal new information regarding the evolutionary selection pressures shaping snake venom evolution, while also having significant implications for the treatment of the envenomed patient. These results are, therefore, an intersection between evolutionary biology and clinical medicine.
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Amazonas DR, Portes-Junior JA, Nishiyama-Jr MY, Nicolau CA, Chalkidis HM, Mourão RH, Grazziotin FG, Rokyta DR, Gibbs HL, Valente RH, Junqueira-de-Azevedo IL, Moura-da-Silva AM. Molecular mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation in snake venom. J Proteomics 2018; 181:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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