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Mochida K, Morita K, Sasaoka Y, Morita K, Endo H, Hasegawa A, Asano M, Ogura A. Superovulation with an anti-inhibin monoclonal antibody improves the reproductive performance of rat strains by increasing the pregnancy rate and the litter size. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8294. [PMID: 38670985 PMCID: PMC11052992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rats are multiparous rodents that have been used extensively in research; however, the low reproductive performance of some rat strains hampers the broader use of rats as a biomedical model. In this study, the possibility of increasing the litter size after natural mating in rats through superovulation using an anti-inhibin monoclonal antibody (AIMA) was examined. In outbred Wistar rats, AIMA increased the number of ovulated oocytes by 1.3-fold. AIMA did not affect fertilization and subsequent embryonic development, resulting in a 1.4-fold increase in litter size and a high pregnancy rate (86%). In contrast, conventional superovulation by eCG/hCG administration decreased the pregnancy rate to 6-40% and did not increase the litter size. In inbred Brown Norway rats, AIMA increased the litter size by 1.2-fold, and the pregnancy rate increased more than twice (86% versus 38% in controls). AIMA also increased the litter size by 1.5-fold in inbred Tokai High Avoiders and Fischer 344 rats. AIMA increased the efficiency of offspring production by 1.5-, 2.7-, 1.4-, and 1.4-fold, respectively, in the four rat strains. Thus, AIMA may consistently improve the reproductive performance through natural mating in rats, which could promote the use of AIMA in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Mochida
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan.
| | - Kohtaro Morita
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sasaoka
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kento Morita
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Podinic T, Limoges L, Monaco C, MacAndrew A, Minhas M, Nederveen J, Raha S. Cannabidiol Disrupts Mitochondrial Respiration and Metabolism and Dysregulates Trophoblast Cell Differentiation. Cells 2024; 13:486. [PMID: 38534330 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast differentiation is a crucial process in the formation of the placenta where cytotrophoblasts (CTs) differentiate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast (ST). The bioactive components of cannabis, such as Δ9-THC, are known to disrupt trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial dynamics and respiration. However, less is known about the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) on trophoblast differentiation. Due to the central role of mitochondria in stem cell differentiation, we evaluated the impact of CBD on trophoblast mitochondrial function and differentiation. Using BeWo b30 cells, we observed decreased levels of mRNA for markers of syncytialization (GCM1, ERVW1, hCG) following 20 µM CBD treatment during differentiation. In CTs, CBD elevated transcript levels for the mitochondrial and cellular stress markers HSP60 and HSP70, respectively. Furthermore, CBD treatment also increased the lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage marker 4-hydroxynonenal. Mitochondrial membrane potential, basal respiration and ATP production were diminished with the 20 µM CBD treatment in both sub-lineages. mRNA levels for endocannabinoid system (ECS) components (FAAH, NAPEPLD, TRPV1, CB1, CB2, PPARγ) were altered differentially by CBD in CTs and STs. Overall, we demonstrate that CBD impairs trophoblast differentiation and fusion, as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Podinic
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Louise Limoges
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Cristina Monaco
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andie MacAndrew
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mahek Minhas
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Joshua Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Li M, Han J, Yang N, Li X, Wu X. Transcriptome profiling reveals superovulation with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger impaired embryo implantation in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1354435. [PMID: 38469140 PMCID: PMC10925639 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1354435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Superovulation is a critical step in assisted reproductive technology, but the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as a trigger for superovulation can result in ovarian hyperstimulation. Thus, the use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger has been increasingly adopted, although it has been associated with a higher rate of pregnancy failure compared to natural cycles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GnRHa trigger on embryo implantation in a mouse model. Methods Mice in the superovulation (PG) group were administered 7.5 IU of PMSG, followed by the injection of 3.5 μg of GnRHa (Leuprorelin) 48 h later, while mice in the control group (CTR) mated naturally. We compared the number of oocytes, blastocysts, and corpus luteum between the two groups and the implantation sites after the transfer of natural blastocysts. Ovaries, uterus, and serum 2 and 4 days after mating were collected for qRT-PCR, transcriptome sequencing, and hormone assays. Results The PG group had more oocytes, blastocysts, and corpus luteum after superovulation than the CTR group. However, the mRNA expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) and the number of implantation sites were reduced in the PG group. The ELISA assay revealed that superovulation increased ovarian estrogen secretion. The transcriptome analysis showed that superphysiological estrogen led to a response of the uterus to a high estrogen signal, resulting in abnormal endometrium and extracellular matrix remodeling and up-regulation of ion transport and inflammation-related genes. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a combination of PMSG and GnRHa trigger impaired embryo implantation in mice, as the excessive uterine response to superphysiological estrogen levels can lead to the change of gene expression related to endometrial remodeling, abnormal expression of uterine ion transport genes and excessive immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingmei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Nana Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Lyu M, Su A, Zhang L, Gao W, Liu K, Yue F, Jing Y, Ma X, Liu L. Recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) participates in the progression of implantation via the hsa_circ_0001550-miRNA-mRNA interaction network. HUM FERTIL 2023; 26:1061-1072. [PMID: 35791760 DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2022.2093137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate endometrial receptivity is a key factor affecting the successful implantation of embryos. Recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) can increase endometrial thickness and improve the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In this preliminary study, the function and possible molecular mechanisms of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) which affects endometrial receptivity and implantation in human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) were investigated. The cell viability of endometrial stromal cells treated with rhG-CSF 0.5 ng/ml for 24 h was significantly increased. Moreover, the expression of hsa_circ_0001550 was downregulated in endometrial stromal cells treated with rhG-CSF. Furthermore, the hsa_circ_0001550-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed and the downstream target genes (including 4 miRNAs and 117 mRNAs) of hsa_circ_0001550 were mainly involved in the cAMP and calcium signalling pathways, which play important roles in regulating endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. We conclude that rhG-CSF participates in the regulation of embryo implantation by regulating the hsa_circ_0001550-miRNA-mRNA interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lyu
- The First school of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Anchen Su
- The First school of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Gao
- The First school of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Yue
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanxue Jing
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First school of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The First school of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, China
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Kornfield MS, Gurley SB, Vrooman LA. Increased Risk of Preeclampsia with Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:251-261. [PMID: 37303020 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarized recent available data to assess the association between assisted reproductive technology (ART) and risk for preeclampsia. RECENT FINDINGS The majority of clinical studies supporting the association of preeclampsia and ART are retrospective. Published data from both clinical and pre-clinical studies suggest specific ART procedures may contribute to the increased risk, including in vitro embryo handling and development, hormone stimulation, transfer cycle types, and use of donor oocytes/embryos. Potential mechanisms include epigenetic aberrations leading to abnormal placentation, absence of factors secreted by the corpus luteum, and immunologic responses to allogenic gametes. There is an increased risk of preeclampsia following ART. Treatment plans that favor reduced preeclampsia risk should be considered for ART pregnancies. To make ART pregnancies safer, additional clinical and animal model studies are needed to elucidate the underpinnings of this risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Kornfield
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lisa A Vrooman
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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Hasegawa A, Mochida K, Nakamura A, Miyagasako R, Ohtsuka M, Hatakeyama M, Ogura A. Use of anti-inhibin monoclonal antibody for increasing the litter size of mouse strains and its application to i-GONAD. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:605-618. [PMID: 35368067 PMCID: PMC9382380 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The litter size of mouse strains is determined by the number of oocytes naturally ovulated. Many attempts have been made to increase litter sizes by conventional superovulation regimens (e.g., using equine or human gonadotropins, eCG/hCG but had limited success because of unexpected decreases in the numbers of embryos surviving to term. Here, we examined whether rat-derived anti-inhibin monoclonal antibodies (AIMAs) could be used for this purpose. When C57BL/6 female mice were treated with an AIMA and mated, the number of healthy offspring per mouse increased by 1.4-fold (11.9 vs. 8.6 in controls). By contrast, treatment with eCG/hCG or anti-inhibin serum resulted in fewer offspring than in nontreated controls. The overall efficiency of production based on all females treated (including nonpregnant ones) was improved 2.4 times with AIMA compared with nontreated controls. The AIMA treatment was also effective in ICR mice, increasing the litter size from 15.3 to 21.2 pups. We then applied this technique to an in vivo genome-editing method (improved genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery, i-GONAD) to produce C57BL/6 mice deficient for tyrosinase. The mean litter size following i-GONAD increased from 4.8 to 7.3 after the AIMA treatment and genetic modifications were confirmed in 80/88 (91%) of the offspring. Thus, AIMA treatment is a promising method for increasing the litter size of mice and may be applied for the easy proliferation of mouse colonies as well as in vivo genetic manipulation, especially when the mouse strains are sensitive to handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Hasegawa
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiji Mochida
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakamura
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rico Miyagasako
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Libby VR, Wilson R, Kresak A, Cameron C, Redline R, Mesiano S, Weinerman R. Superovulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or chorionic gonadotropin for ovulation trigger differentially affects leukocyte populations in the peri-implantation mouse uterus. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:198-206. [PMID: 35559753 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of superovulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger on leukocyte density and expression of leukocyte-specific genes in the peri-implantation period in the mouse uterus. DESIGN Laboratory research. SETTING University laboratory facility. INTERVENTIONS Female mice were mated to fertile male mice in one of three protocols: (1) natural mating or mating following injection with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin followed by trigger with (2) GnRHa or (3) hCG. Female mice were killed prior to implantation, 3 days after ovulation (E3.5), and the ovaries and uterine tissue were collected. Total RNA was isolated and assayed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the uterine tissue was stained for histologic analysis of immune cell markers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Endometrial leukocyte (CD45) and vessel density (CD31) by immunohistochemical staining; expression of leukocyte markers CD11b, CD335, and CD22, by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the whole uterine tissue. RESULTS Superovulation decreased (compared with controls) the endometrial leukocyte density, based on the number of cells staining for CD45, and endometrial vessel density, based on the number of cells staining for CD31. Leukocyte density was additionally decreased in the GnRHa trigger group compared with that in the hCG trigger group. Superovulation with hCG and GnRHa triggers decreased the uterine expression of the B-cell marker CD22 compared with controls. The expression of the natural killer cell marker CD11b was decreased by the hCG trigger but not by the GnRHa. Abundance of mRNA encoding the CD335 natural killer cell marker was not affected by superovulation or trigger agent. CONCLUSIONS In mice, superovulation with the GnRHa trigger compared with that with the hCG trigger differentially alters key immunologic factors in the uterine peri-implantation. These altered immunologic factors have roles in angiogenesis that may assist in elucidating the effects of assisted reproductive technologies on implantation efficiency and fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie R Libby
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rachel Wilson
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam Kresak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cheryl Cameron
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Raymond Redline
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sam Mesiano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rachel Weinerman
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Sullivan-Pyke C, Mani S, Rhon-Calderon EA, Ord T, Coutifaris C, Bartolomei MS, Mainigi M. Timing of exposure to gonadotropins has differential effects on the conceptus: evidence from a mouse model†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:854-865. [PMID: 32584398 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superovulation with gonadotropins alters the hormonal milieu during early embryo development and placentation, and may be responsible for fetal and placental changes observed after in vitro fertilization (IVF). We hypothesized that superovulation has differential effects depending on timing of exposure. To test our hypothesis, we isolated the effect of superovulation on pre- and peri-implantation mouse embryos. Blastocysts were obtained from either natural mating or following superovulation and mating, and were transferred into naturally mated or superovulated pseudopregnant recipient mice. Fetal weight was significantly lower after peri-implantation exposure to superovulation, regardless of preimplantation exposure (p = 0.006). Placentas derived from blastocysts exposed to superovulation pre- and peri-implantation were larger than placentas derived from natural blastocysts that are transferred into a natural or superovulated environment (p < 0.05). Fetal-to-placental weight ratio decreased following superovulation during the pre- or peri-implantation period (p = 0.05, 0.01, respectively) and these effects were additive. Peg3 DNA methylation levels were decreased in placentas derived from exposure to superovulation both pre- and peri-implantation compared with unexposed embryos and exposure of the preimplantation embryo only. Through RNA sequencing on placental tissue, changes were identified in genes involved in immune system regulation, specifically interferon signaling, which has been previously implicated in implantation and maintenance of early pregnancy in mice. Overall, we found that the timing of exposure to gonadotropin stimulation can have differential effects on fetal and placental growth. These findings could impact clinical practice and underscores the importance of dissecting the role of procedures utilized during IVF on pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneha Mani
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric A Rhon-Calderon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teri Ord
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christos Coutifaris
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica Mainigi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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