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Tang J, Li J, Lian J, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Bai X, Fang M, Wu L, Shen H, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang H. CDK2-activated TRIM32 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation promotes radioresistance in triple-negative breast cancer. J Adv Res 2024; 61:239-251. [PMID: 37734566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite radiotherapy being one of the major treatments for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), new molecular targets for its treatment are still required due to radioresistance. CDK2 plays a critical role in TNBC. However, the mechanism by which CDK2 promotes TNBC radioresistance remains to be clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVES We aimed to elucidate the relationship between CDK2 and TRIM32 and the regulation mechanism in TNBC. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining to detect nuclear TRIM32, CDK2 and STAT3 on TNBC tissues. Western blot assays and PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA level changes. CRISPR/Cas9 used to knock out CDK2. shRNA-knockdown and transfection assays also used to knock out target genes. GST pull-down analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP) assay and in vitro isomerization analysis also used. Tumorigenesis studies also used to verify the results in vitro. RESULTS Herein, tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) is revealed as a substrate of CDK2. Radiotherapy promotes the binding of CDK2 and TRIM32, thus leading to increased CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of TRIM32 at serines 328 and 339. This causes the recruitment of PIN1, involved in cis-trans isomerization of TRIM32, resulting in importin α3 binding to TRIM32 and contributing to its nuclear translocation. Nuclear TRIM32 inhibits TC45-dephosphorylated STAT3, Leading to increased transcription of STAT3 and radioresistance in TNBC. These results were validated by clinical prognosis confirmed by the correlative expressions of the critical components of the CDK2/TRIM32/STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that regulating the CDK2/TRIM32/STAT3 pathway is a promising strategy for reducing radioresistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Jiayan Lian
- Department of Pathology, The 7th Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 510275, Guandong, PR China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Shangtang Road 158, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, PR China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xin Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Luming Wu
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Reproductive Medicine Transformation Application, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Haofei Shen
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Reproductive Medicine Transformation Application, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Wu
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Reproductive Medicine Transformation Application, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Reproductive Medicine Transformation Application, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, PR China.
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China.
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2
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Faber EB, Sun L, Tang J, Roberts E, Ganeshkumar S, Wang N, Rasmussen D, Majumdar A, Hirsch LE, John K, Yang A, Khalid H, Hawkinson JE, Levinson NM, Chennathukuzhi V, Harki DA, Schönbrunn E, Georg GI. Development of allosteric and selective CDK2 inhibitors for contraception with negative cooperativity to cyclin binding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3213. [PMID: 37270540 PMCID: PMC10239507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to most ATP-site kinase inhibitors, small molecules that target an allosteric pocket have the potential for improved selectivity due to the often observed lower structural similarity at these distal sites. Despite their promise, relatively few examples of structurally confirmed, high-affinity allosteric kinase inhibitors exist. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a target for many therapeutic indications, including non-hormonal contraception. However, an inhibitor against this kinase with exquisite selectivity has not reached the market because of the structural similarity between CDKs. In this paper, we describe the development and mechanism of action of type III inhibitors that bind CDK2 with nanomolar affinity. Notably, these anthranilic acid inhibitors exhibit a strong negative cooperative relationship with cyclin binding, which remains an underexplored mechanism for CDK2 inhibition. Furthermore, the binding profile of these compounds in both biophysical and cellular assays demonstrate the promise of this series for further development into a therapeutic selective for CDK2 over highly similar kinases like CDK1. The potential of these inhibitors as contraceptive agents is seen by incubation with spermatocyte chromosome spreads from mouse testicular explants, where they recapitulate Cdk2-/- and Spdya-/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Faber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luxin Sun
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sornakala Ganeshkumar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Damien Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abir Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura E Hirsch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - An Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hira Khalid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jon E Hawkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas M Levinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vargheese Chennathukuzhi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Daniel A Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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3
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Mandapati A, Ning Z, Baharani A, Lukong KE. BRK confers tamoxifen-resistance in breast cancer via regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK1. Cell Signal 2023:110723. [PMID: 37216999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (Tam) has been the first-line therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer since its FDA-approval in 1998. Tam-resistance, however, presents a challenge and the mechanisms that drive it have yet to be fully elucidated. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase BRK/PTK6 is a promising candidate as previous research has shown that BRK knockdown resensitizes Tam-resistant breast cancer cells to the drug. However, the specific mechanisms that drive its importance to resistance remain to be investigated. Here, we investigate the role and mechanism of action of BRK in Tam-resistant (TamR), ER+, and T47D breast cancer cells using phosphopeptide enrichment and high throughput phopshoproteomics analysis. We conducted BRK-specific shRNA knockdown in TamR T47D cells and compared phosphopeptides identified in these cells with their Tam-resistant counterpart and parental, Tam-sensitive cells (Par). A total of 6492 STY phosphosites were identified. Of these sites, 3739 high-confidence pST sites and 118 high-confidence pY sites were analyzed for significant changes in phosphorylation levels to identify pathways that were differentially regulated in TamR versus Par and to investigate changes in these pathways when BRK is knocked down in TamR. We observed and validated increased CDK1 phosphorylation at Y15 in TamR cells compared to BRK-depleted TamR cells. Our data suggest that BRK is a potential Y15-directed CDK1 regulatory kinase in Tam-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mandapati
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Zhibin Ning
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, College of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON. K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Akanksha Baharani
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kiven Erique Lukong
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.
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4
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Faber EB, Wang N, John K, Sun L, Wong HL, Burban D, Francis R, Tian D, Hong KH, Yang A, Wang L, Elsaid M, Khalid H, Levinson NM, Schönbrunn E, Hawkinson JE, Georg GI. Screening through Lead Optimization of High Affinity, Allosteric Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) Inhibitors as Male Contraceptives That Reduce Sperm Counts in Mice. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1928-1940. [PMID: 36701569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a validated target for both cancer and contraception, developing a CDK2 inhibitor with exquisite selectivity has been challenging due to the structural similarity of the ATP-binding site, where most kinase inhibitors bind. We previously discovered an allosteric pocket in CDK2 with the potential to bind a selective compound and then discovered and structurally confirmed an anthranilic acid scaffold that binds this pocket with high affinity. These allosteric inhibitors are selective for CDK2 over structurally similar CDK1 and show contraceptive potential. Herein, we describe the screening and optimization that led to compounds like EF-4-177 with nanomolar affinity for CDK2. EF-4-177 is metabolically stable, orally bioavailable, and significantly disrupts spermatogenesis, demonstrating this series' therapeutic potential. This work details the discovery of the highest affinity allosteric CDK inhibitors reported and shows promise for this series to yield an efficacious and selective allosteric CDK2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B Faber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Kristen John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Luxin Sun
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida33612, United States
| | - Henry L Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - David Burban
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Rawle Francis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Defeng Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Kwon H Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - An Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Mazen Elsaid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Hira Khalid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Nicholas M Levinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida33612, United States
| | - Jon E Hawkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy─Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota55414, United States
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5
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Qin J, Huang T, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Dang Q, Cui D, Wang X, Zhai Y, Zhao L, Lu G, Shao C, Li S, Liu H, Liu Z. Bud31-mediated alternative splicing is required for spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:184-194. [PMID: 36114296 PMCID: PMC9883385 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is tightly regulated during cell differentiation and development. AS events are prevalent in the testis, but the splicing regulation in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here we report that the spliceosome component Bud31 plays a crucial role during spermatogenesis in mice. Germ cell-specific knockout of Bud31 led to loss of spermatogonia and to male infertility. We further demonstrate that Bud31 is required for both spermatogonial stem cell pool maintenance and the initiation of spermatogenesis. SMART-seq revealed that deletion of Bud31 in germ cells causes widespread exon-skipping and intron retention. Particularly, we identified Cdk2 as one of the direct splicing targets of Bud31, knockout of Bud31 resulted in retention of the first intron of Cdk2, which led to a decrease in Cdk2 expression. Our findings suggest that Bud31-mediated AS within spermatogonial stem cells regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of male germ cells in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zixiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianli Dang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Donghai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhai
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Lu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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6
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Zhou Y, He X, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Yu Y, Wu W, Zhang C, Li J, Guo Y, Chen X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Liu K, Dong Z. Repurposed benzydamine targeting CDK2 suppresses the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Med 2022; 17:290-303. [PMID: 36580233 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-022-0956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. It is urgent to develop new drugs to improve the prognosis of ESCC patients. Here, we found benzydamine, a locally acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, had potent cytotoxic effect on ESCC cells. Benzydamine could suppress ESCC proliferation in vivo and in vitro. In terms of mechanism, CDK2 was identified as a target of benzydamine by molecular docking, pull-down assay and in vitro kinase assay. Specifically, benzydamine inhibited the growth of ESCC cells by inhibiting CDK2 activity and affecting downstream phosphorylation of MCM2, c-Myc and Rb, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Our study illustrates that benzydamine inhibits the growth of ESCC cells by downregulating the CDK2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Zhou
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xinyu He
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yin Yu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhicai Liu
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Oncology Department, The Tumor Hospital of Linzhou City, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450000, China. .,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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7
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Palacios-Blanco I, Martín-Castellanos C. Cyclins and CDKs in the regulation of meiosis-specific events. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1069064. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1069064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How eukaryotic cells control their duplication is a fascinating example of how a biological system self-organizes specific activities to temporally order cellular events. During cell cycle progression, the cellular level of CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase) activity temporally orders the different cell cycle phases, ensuring that DNA replication occurs prior to segregation into two daughter cells. CDK activity requires the binding of a regulatory subunit (cyclin) to the core kinase, and both CDKs and cyclins are well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to humans. As key regulators, they coordinate cell cycle progression with metabolism, DNA damage, and cell differentiation. In meiosis, the special cell division that ensures the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next, cyclins and CDKs have acquired novel functions to coordinate meiosis-specific events such as chromosome architecture, recombination, and synapsis. Interestingly, meiosis-specific cyclins and CDKs are common in evolution, some cyclins seem to have evolved to acquire CDK-independent functions, and even some CDKs associate with a non-cyclin partner. We will review the functions of these key regulators in meiosis where variation has specially flourished.
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8
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Xie Z, Hou S, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Wang Q, Liao C. Lessons Learned from Past Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Drug Discovery Efforts. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6356-6389. [PMID: 35235745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has become an effective therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases, especially cancer. Over almost three decades, although great efforts have been made to discover CDK inhibitors, many of which have entered clinical trials, only four CDK inhibitors have been approved. In the process of CDK inhibitor development, many difficulties and misunderstandings have hampered their discovery and clinical applications, which mainly include inadequate understanding of the biological functions of CDKs, less attention paid to pan- and multi-CDK inhibitors, nonideal isoform selectivity of developed selective CDK inhibitors, overlooking the metabolic stability of early discovered CDK inhibitors, no effective resistance solutions, and a lack of available combination therapy and effective biomarkers for CDK therapies. After reviewing the mechanisms of CDKs and the research progress of CDK inhibitors, this perspective summarizes and discusses these difficulties or lessons, hoping to facilitate the successful discovery of more useful CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shuzeng Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology─Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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9
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Jansa J, Jorda R, Škerlová J, Pachl P, Peřina M, Řezníčková E, Heger T, Gucký T, Řezáčová P, Lyčka A, Kryštof V. Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one inhibitors of CDK2: Synthesis, kinase inhibition and co-crystal structure. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113309. [PMID: 33711765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases has emerged as a possible treatment option for various cancer types. We recently identified substituted imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-ones as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Here, we report the synthesis of derivatives modified at positions 2, 3, 6 or 8 prepared using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, halogenation, Dimroth-type rearrangement and alkylation as the main synthetic methods. The compounds displayed micro- to submicromolar inhibition of CDK2/cyclin E activity. Binding of the most potent compound 3b to CDK2 was determined using isothermal titration calorimetry. The co-crystal structure of 3b in complex with fully active CDK2 was solved, revealing the binding mode of 3b in the ATP pocket and a hydrogen bonding interaction with hinge region residue Leu83. Evaluation against leukaemia cell lines revealed low cytotoxicity, which is in line with the high selectivity towards CDK2. This study demonstrates that substituted imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines can be exploited for future kinase inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jansa
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS), Rybitví 296, 53354, Pardubice-Rybitví, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Peřina
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Heger
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gucký
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS), Rybitví 296, 53354, Pardubice-Rybitví, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Hradec, Rokitanského 62, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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10
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Lee JC, Hong KH, Becker A, Tash JS, Schönbrunn E, Georg GI. Tetrahydroindazole inhibitors of CDK2/cyclin complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113232. [PMID: 33550184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over 50 tetrahydroindazoles were synthesized after 7-bromo-3,6,6-trimethyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-indazol-4(3aH)-one (3) was identified as a hit compound in a high throughput screen for inhibition of CDK2 in complex with cyclin A. The activity of the most promising analogues was evaluated by inhibition of CDK2 enzyme complexes with various cyclins. Analogues 53 and 59 showed 3-fold better binding affinity for CDK2 and 2- to 10-fold improved inhibitory activity against CDK2/cyclin A1, E, and O compared to screening hit 3. The data from the enzyme and binding assays indicate that the binding of the analogues to a CDK2/cyclin complex is favored over binding to free CDK2. Computational analysis was used to predict a potential binding site at the CDK2/cyclin E1 interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chul Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joseph S Tash
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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