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Triebel J, Robles JP, Zamora M, Clapp C, Bertsch T. New horizons in specific hormone proteolysis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:371-377. [PMID: 35397984 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis of protein hormones is primarily acknowledged in the context of breakdown and metabolic clearance by hepatorenal elimination. However, less explored is the specific proteolytic processing of large protein hormones, for which canonical signaling pathways were already established [e.g., prolactin (PRL)], to generate unique messengers that impact cellular functions via pathways unrelated to the receptors of their precursor molecules. Yet, the proteolysis of PRL to generate new messengers evolved under positive selection, and cleaved protein hormones regulate essential functions to maintain homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, or organ levels. The cleavage sites at which proteolysis occurs and the proteases with their determinants define a hormone-metabolism junction at which specific proteolytic cleavage, pathological alteration, and hepatorenal elimination occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital and Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Magdalena Zamora
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital and Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital and Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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Leuchs A, Davies N, Friedrich C, Trier S, Clapp C, Bertsch T, Triebel J. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of prolactin cleavage sites for the generation of vasoinhibin in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 320:114011. [PMID: 35231488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Vasoinhibin is a pleiotropic protein hormone with endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine effects on blood vessel growth, permeability, and dilation, and a role in several human diseases. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D. Several isoforms with a variation in the number of amino acids and corresponding molecular mass exist. This in silico study investigated the cathepsin D cleavage sites in prolactin responsible for the generation of vasoinhibin in vertebrate species. Ninety-one prolactin protein sequences from species of the taxa primates, rodents, laurasiatheria, mammals, sauropsida, and fish were retrieved, and a multiple sequence alignment was performed. Each sequence was investigated for the presence of a vasoinhibin-generating cathepsin D cleavage site and its corresponding substrate affinity using a scoring system. Primates demonstrated the highest substrate affinity for the generation of the 15 kDa vasoinhibin isoform, and fish the highest affinity for the 16.8 kDa isoform. In both cases, this associates to the presence of leucine in the cleavage site, which is not present in species of the other taxa. In primate evolution, the presence of leucine in the cleavage site occurs with the emergence of simiiformes 42 million years ago and is conserved in higher primates across all subsequent speciation nodes. The 17.2 kDa vasoinhibin isoform has a constant substrate affinity in all taxa. The presence of leucine in vasoinhibin generating cleavage sites appears as an important feature of the molecular evolution of vasoinhibin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leuchs
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Nils Davies
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Trier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
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Bondos SE, Dunker AK, Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins play diverse roles in cell signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:20. [PMID: 35177069 PMCID: PMC8851865 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Signaling pathways allow cells to detect and respond to a wide variety of chemical (e.g. Ca2+ or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (e.g., sheer stress, light). Together, these pathways form an extensive communication network that regulates basic cell activities and coordinates the function of multiple cells or tissues. The process of cell signaling imposes many demands on the proteins that comprise these pathways, including the abilities to form active and inactive states, and to engage in multiple protein interactions. Furthermore, successful signaling often requires amplifying the signal, regulating or tuning the response to the signal, combining information sourced from multiple pathways, all while ensuring fidelity of the process. This sensitivity, adaptability, and tunability are possible, in part, due to the inclusion of intrinsically disordered regions in many proteins involved in cell signaling. The goal of this collection is to highlight the many roles of intrinsic disorder in cell signaling. Following an overview of resources that can be used to study intrinsically disordered proteins, this review highlights the critical role of intrinsically disordered proteins for signaling in widely diverse organisms (animals, plants, bacteria, fungi), in every category of cell signaling pathway (autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine) and at each stage (ligand, receptor, transducer, effector, terminator) in the cell signaling process. Thus, a cell signaling pathway cannot be fully described without understanding how intrinsically disordered protein regions contribute to its function. The ubiquitous presence of intrinsic disorder in different stages of diverse cell signaling pathways suggest that more mechanisms by which disorder modulates intra- and inter-cell signals remain to be discovered. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bondos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - A Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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Triebel J, Bertsch T, Clapp C. Prolactin and vasoinhibin are endogenous players in diabetic retinopathy revisited. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:994898. [PMID: 36157442 PMCID: PMC9500238 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.994898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are major causes for visual loss in adults. Nearly half of the world's population with diabetes has some degree of DR, and DME is a major cause of visual impairment in these patients. Severe vision loss occurs because of tractional retinal detachment due to retinal neovascularization, but the most common cause of moderate vision loss occurs in DME where excessive vascular permeability leads to the exudation and accumulation of extracellular fluid and proteins in the macula. Metabolic control stands as an effective mean for controlling retinal vascular alterations in some but not all patients with diabetes, and the search of other modifiable factors affecting the risk for diabetic microvascular complications is warranted. Prolactin (PRL) and its proteolytic fragment, vasoinhibin, have emerged as endogenous regulators of retinal blood vessels. PRL acquires antiangiogenic and anti-vasopermeability properties after undergoing proteolytic cleavage to vasoinhibin, which helps restrict the vascularization of ocular organs and, upon disruption, promotes retinal vascular alterations characteristic of DR and DME. Evidence is linking PRL (and other pituitary hormones) and vasoinhibin to DR and recent preclinical and clinical evidence supports their translation into novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital Nuremberg and Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jakob Triebel,
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital Nuremberg and Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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Friedrich C, Neugebauer L, Zamora M, Robles JP, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C, Bertsch T, Triebel J. Plasmin generates vasoinhibin-like peptides by cleaving prolactin and placental lactogen. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111471. [PMID: 34601001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vasoinhibin is an antiangiogenic, profibrinolytic peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the pituitary hormone prolactin by cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinases, and bone morphogenetic protein-1. Vasoinhibin can also be generated when placental lactogen or growth hormone are enzymatically cleaved. Here, it is investigated whether plasmin cleaves human prolactin and placental lactogen to generate vasoinhibin-like peptides. Co-incubation of prolactin and placental lactogen with plasmin was performed and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Mass spectrometric analyses were carried out for sequence validation and precise cleavage site identification. The cleavage sites responsible for the generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides were located at K170-E171 in prolactin and R160-T161 in placental lactogen. Various genetic variants of the human prolactin and placental lactogen genes are projected to affect proteolytic generation of the vasoinhibin-like peptides. The endogenous counterparts of the vasoinhibin-like peptides generated by plasmin may represent vasoinhibin-isoforms with inhibitory effects on vasculature and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Friedrich
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Leon Neugebauer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zamora
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Robles
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital & Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
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