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Shi DL. Interplay of RNA-binding proteins controls germ cell development in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00163-2. [PMID: 38969260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The specification of germ cells in zebrafish mostly relies on an inherited mechanism by which localized maternal determinants, called germ plasm, confer germline fate in the early embryo. Extensive studies have partially allowed the identification of key regulators governing germ plasm formation and subsequent germ cell development. RNA-binding proteins, acting in concert with other germ plasm components, play essential roles in the organization of the germ plasm and the specification, migration, maintenance, and differentiation of primordial germ cells. The loss of their functions impairs germ cell formation and causes sterility or sexual conversion. Evidence is emerging that they instruct germline development through differential regulation of mRNA fates in somatic and germ cells. However, the challenge remains to decipher the complex interplay of maternal germ plasm components in germ plasm compartmentalization and germ cell specification. Since failure to control the developmental outcome of germ cells disrupts the formation of gametes, it is important to gain a complete picture of regulatory mechanisms operating in the germ cell lineage. This review sheds light on the contributions of RNA-binding proteins to germ cell development in zebrafish and highlights intriguing questions that remain open for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France.
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2
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Ou Y, Li H, Li J, Dai X, He J, Wang S, Liu Q, Yang C, Wang J, Zhao R, Yin Z, Shu Y, Liu S. Formation of Different Polyploids Through Disrupting Meiotic Crossover Frequencies Based on cntd1 Knockout in Zebrafish. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae047. [PMID: 38421617 PMCID: PMC10939445 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, a significant catalyst for speciation and evolutionary processes in both plant and animal kingdoms, has been recognized for a long time. However, the exact molecular mechanism that leads to polyploid formation, especially in vertebrates, is not fully understood. Our study aimed to elucidate this phenomenon using the zebrafish model. We successfully achieved an effective knockout of the cyclin N-terminal domain containing 1 (cntd1) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This resulted in impaired formation of meiotic crossovers, leading to cell-cycle arrest during meiotic metaphase and triggering apoptosis of spermatocytes in the testes. Despite these defects, the mutant (cntd1-/-) males were still able to produce a limited amount of sperm with normal ploidy and function. Interestingly, in the mutant females, it was the ploidy not the capacity of egg production that was altered. This resulted in the production of haploid, aneuploid, and unreduced gametes. This alteration enabled us to successfully obtain triploid and tetraploid zebrafish from cntd1-/- and cntd1-/-/- females, respectively. Furthermore, the tetraploid-heterozygous zebrafish produced reduced-diploid gametes and yielded all-triploid or all-tetraploid offspring when crossed with wild-type (WT) or tetraploid zebrafish, respectively. Collectively, our findings provide direct evidence supporting the crucial role of meiotic crossover defects in the process of polyploidization. This is particularly evident in the generation of unreduced eggs in fish and, potentially, other vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Huilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiangyan Dai
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Conghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Rurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yuqin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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3
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Ruan Y, Li X, Wang X, Zhai G, Lou Q, Jin X, He J, Mei J, Xiao W, Gui J, Yin Z. New insights into the all-testis differentiation in zebrafish with compromised endogenous androgen and estrogen synthesis. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011170. [PMID: 38451917 PMCID: PMC10919652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of gonadal sex differentiation, which is complex and regulated by multiple factors, remains poorly understood in teleosts. Recently, we have shown that compromised androgen and estrogen synthesis with increased progestin leads to all-male differentiation with proper testis development and spermatogenesis in cytochrome P450 17a1 (cyp17a1)-/- zebrafish. In the present study, the phenotypes of female-biased sex ratio were positively correlated with higher Fanconi anemia complementation group L (fancl) expression in the gonads of doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1)-/- and cyp17a1-/-;dmrt1-/- fish. The additional depletion of fancl in cyp17a1-/-;dmrt1-/- zebrafish reversed the gonadal sex differentiation from all-ovary to all-testis (in cyp17a1-/-;dmrt1-/-;fancl-/- fish). Luciferase assay revealed a synergistic inhibitory effect of Dmrt1 and androgen signaling on fancl transcription. Furthermore, an interaction between Fancl and the apoptotic factor Tumour protein p53 (Tp53) was found in vitro. The interaction between Fancl and Tp53 was observed via the WD repeat domain (WDR) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of Fancl and the DNA binding domain (DBD) of Tp53, leading to the K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation of Tp53 activated by the ubiquitin ligase, Fancl. Our results show that testis fate in cyp17a1-/- fish is determined by Dmrt1, which is thought to stabilize Tp53 by inhibiting fancl transcription during the critical stage of sexual fate determination in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Ruan
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhai
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Lou
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jin
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyan He
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfang Gui
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Carlsen EØ, Lee Y, Magnus P, Jugessur A, Page CM, Nustad HE, Håberg SE, Lie RT, Magnus MC. An examination of mediation by DNA methylation on birthweight differences induced by assisted reproductive technologies. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:151. [PMID: 36443807 PMCID: PMC9703677 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) differ in birthweight from those naturally conceived. It has been hypothesized that this might be explained by epigenetic mechanisms. We examined whether cord blood DNA methylation mediated the birthweight difference between 890 newborns conceived by ART (764 by fresh embryo transfer and 126 frozen thawed embryo transfer) and 983 naturally conceived newborns from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). DNA methylation was measured by the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array. We conducted mediation analyses to assess whether differentially methylated CpGs mediated the differences in birthweight observed between: (1) fresh embryo transfer and natural conception and (2) frozen and fresh embryo transfer. RESULTS We observed a difference in birthweight between fresh embryo transfer and naturally conceived offspring of - 120 g. 44% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26% to 81%) of this difference in birthweight between fresh embryo transfer and naturally conceived offspring was explained by differences in methylation levels at four CpGs near LOXL1, CDH20, and DRC1. DNA methylation differences at two CpGs near PTGS1 and RASGRP4 jointly mediated 22% (95% CI 8.1% to 50.3%) of the birthweight differences between fresh and frozen embryo transfer. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that DNA methylation is an important mechanism in explaining birthweight differences according to the mode of conception. Further research should examine how gene regulation at these loci influences fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ø. Carlsen
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunsung Lee
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian M. Page
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Haakon E. Nustad
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,Deepinsight, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri E. Håberg
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolv T. Lie
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria C. Magnus
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Female Germ Cell Development in Chickens and Humans: The Chicken Oocyte Enriched Genes Convergent and Divergent with the Human Oocyte. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911412. [PMID: 36232712 PMCID: PMC9570461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of germ cells and other physiological events in the differentiated ovary of humans are highly conserved with several mammalian species, except for the differences in timing. However, comparative knowledge on this topic is very scarce with respect to humans and lower vertebrates, such as chickens. In chickens, female germ cells enter into meiosis around embryonic day (E) 15.5 and are arrested in meiotic prophase I as primary oocytes. The oocytes arrested in meiosis I are accumulated in germ-cell cysts; shortly after hatching, they are enclosed by flattened granulosa cells in order to form primordial follicles. In humans, the process of meiotic recombination in female germ cells begins in the 10–11th week of gestation, and primordial follicles are formed at around week 20. In this review, we comprehensively elucidate both the conservation and the species-specific differences between chickens and humans with respect to germ cell, oocyte, and follicle development. Importantly, we provide functional insights into a set of chicken oocyte enriched genes (from E16 to 1 week post-hatch) that show convergent and divergent expression patterns with respect to the human oocyte (from week 11 to 26).
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6
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Lin X, Liu F, Meng K, Liu H, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Hu W, Luo D. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Sex-Specific Alternative Splicing Events in Zebrafish Gonads. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091441. [PMID: 36143477 PMCID: PMC9501657 DOI: 10.3390/life12091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an important way of regulating gene functions in eukaryotes. Several key genes involved in sex determination and gonadal differentiation, such as nr5a1 and ddx4, have sex-biased transcripts between males and females, suggesting a potential regulatory role of alternative splicing in gonads. Currently, the sex-specific alternative splicing events and genes have not been comprehensively studied at the genome-wide level in zebrafish. In this study, through global splicing analysis on three independent sets of RNA-seq data from matched zebrafish testes and ovaries, we identified 120 differentially spliced genes shared by the three datasets, most of which haven’t been reported before. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the GO terms of mRNA processing, mRNA metabolism and microtubule-based process were strongly enriched. The testis- and ovary-biased alternative splicing genes were identified, and part of them (tp53bp1, tpx2, mapre1a, kif2c, and ncoa5) were further validated by RT-PCR. Sequence characteristics analysis suggested that the lengths, GC contents, and splice site strengths of the alternative exons or introns may have different influences in different types of alternative splicing events. Interestingly, we identified an unexpected high proportion (over 70%) of non-frameshift exon-skipping events, suggesting that in these cases the two protein isoforms derived from alternative splicing may both have functions. Furthermore, as a representative example, we found that the alternative splicing of ncoa5 causes the loss of a conserved RRM domain in the short transcript predominantly produced in testes. Our study discovers novel sex-specific alternative splicing events and genes with high reliabilities in zebrafish testes and ovaries, which would provide attractive targets for follow-up studies to reveal the biological significances of alternative splicing events and genes in sex determination and gonadal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Kaifeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hairong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Daji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (D.L.)
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7
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Lv Y, Lu G, Cai Y, Su R, Liang L, Wang X, Mu W, He X, Huang T, Ma J, Zhao Y, Chen ZJ, Xue Y, Liu H, Chan WY. RBM46 is essential for gametogenesis and functions in post-transcriptional roles affecting meiotic cohesin subunits. Protein Cell 2022; 14:51-63. [PMID: 36726756 PMCID: PMC9871953 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RBM46 is a germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein required for gametogenesis, but the targets and molecular functions of RBM46 remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that RBM46 binds at specific motifs in the 3'UTRs of mRNAs encoding multiple meiotic cohesin subunits and show that RBM46 is required for normal synaptonemal complex formation during meiosis initiation. Using a recently reported, high-resolution technique known as LACE-seq and working with low-input cells, we profiled the targets of RBM46 at single-nucleotide resolution in leptotene and zygotene stage gametes. We found that RBM46 preferentially binds target mRNAs containing GCCUAU/GUUCGA motifs in their 3'UTRs regions. In Rbm46 knockout mice, the RBM46-target cohesin subunits displayed unaltered mRNA levels but had reduced translation, resulting in the failed assembly of axial elements, synapsis disruption, and meiotic arrest. Our study thus provides mechanistic insights into the molecular functions of RBM46 in gametogenesis and illustrates the power of LACE-seq for investigations of RNA-binding protein functions when working with low-abundance input materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liang Liang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenyu Mu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiuqing He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250012, China,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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8
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Peart NJ, Johnson TA, Lee S, Sears MJ, Yang F, Quesnel-Vallières M, Feng H, Recinos Y, Barash Y, Zhang C, Hermann BP, Wang PJ, Geyer CB, Carstens RP. The germ cell-specific RNA binding protein RBM46 is essential for spermatogonial differentiation in mice. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010416. [PMID: 36129965 PMCID: PMC9529142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over gene expression is exerted, in multiple stages of spermatogenesis, at the post-transcriptional level by RNA binding proteins (RBPs). We identify here an essential role in mammalian spermatogenesis and male fertility for 'RNA binding protein 46' (RBM46). A highly evolutionarily conserved gene, Rbm46 is also essential for fertility in both flies and fish. We found Rbm46 expression was restricted to the mouse germline, detectable in males in the cytoplasm of premeiotic spermatogonia and meiotic spermatocytes. To define its requirement for spermatogenesis, we generated Rbm46 knockout (KO, Rbm46-/-) mice; although male Rbm46-/- mice were viable and appeared grossly normal, they were infertile. Testes from adult Rbm46-/- mice were small, with seminiferous tubules containing only Sertoli cells and few undifferentiated spermatogonia. Using genome-wide unbiased high throughput assays RNA-seq and 'enhanced crosslinking immunoprecipitation' coupled with RNA-seq (eCLIP-seq), we discovered RBM46 could bind, via a U-rich conserved consensus sequence, to a cohort of mRNAs encoding proteins required for completion of differentiation and subsequent meiotic initiation. In summary, our studies support an essential role for RBM46 in regulating target mRNAs during spermatogonia differentiation prior to the commitment to meiosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natoya J. Peart
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taylor A. Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sungkyoung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Sears
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Quesnel-Vallières
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huijuan Feng
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yocelyn Recinos
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Hermann
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Geyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Russ P. Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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9
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Qian B, Li Y, Yan R, Han S, Bu Z, Gong J, Zheng B, Yuan Z, Ren S, He Q, Zhang J, Xu C, Wang R, Sun Z, Lin M, Zhou J, Ye L. RNA binding protein RBM46 regulates mitotic-to-meiotic transition in spermatogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2945. [PMID: 36001654 PMCID: PMC9401620 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis entry during spermatogenesis requires reprogramming from mitotic to meiotic gene expression profiles. Transcriptional regulation has been extensively studied in meiosis entry, but gain of function for master transcription factors is insufficient to down-regulate mitotic genes. RNA helicase YTHDC2 and its partner MEIOC emerge as essential posttranscriptional regulators of meiotic entry. However, it is unclear what governs the RNA binding specificity of YTHDC2/MEIOC. Here, we identified RNA binding protein RBM46 as a component of the YTHDC2/MEIOC complex. Testis-specific Rbm46 knockout in mice causes infertility with defective mitotic-to-meiotic transition, phenocopying global Ythdc2 or Meioc knockout. RBM46 binds to 3' UTR of mitotic transcripts within 100 nucleotides from YTHDC2 U-rich motifs and targets these transcripts for degradation. Dysregulated RBM46 expression is associated with human male fertility disorders. These findings establish the RBM46/YTHDC2/MEIOC complex as the major posttranscriptional regulator responsible for down-regulating mitotic transcripts during meiosis entry in mammalian spermatogenesis, with implications for understanding meiosis-related fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ruoyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shenglin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhiwen Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bangjin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zihan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Sen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mingyan Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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10
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Li L, Krasnykov K, Homolka D, Gos P, Mendel M, Fish RJ, Pandey RR, Pillai RS. The XRN1-regulated RNA helicase activity of YTHDC2 ensures mouse fertility independently of m 6A recognition. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1678-1690.e12. [PMID: 35305312 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional consequence of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is mediated by "reader" proteins of the YTH family. YTH domain-containing 2 (YTHDC2) is essential for mammalian fertility, but its molecular function is poorly understood. Here, we identify U-rich motifs as binding sites of YTHDC2 on 3' UTRs of mouse testicular RNA targets. Although its YTH domain is an m6A-binder in vitro, the YTH point mutant mice are fertile. Significantly, the loss of its 3'→5' RNA helicase activity causes mouse infertility, with the catalytic-dead mutation being dominant negative. Biochemical studies reveal that the weak helicase activity of YTHDC2 is enhanced by its interaction with the 5'→3' exoribonuclease XRN1. Single-cell transcriptomics indicate that Ythdc2 mutant mitotic germ cells transition into meiosis but accumulate a transcriptome with mixed mitotic/meiotic identity that fail to progress further into meiosis. Finally, our demonstration that ythdc2 mutant zebrafish are infertile highlights its conserved role in animal germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kyrylo Krasnykov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - David Homolka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Gos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Mendel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Radha Raman Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Ramesh S Pillai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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11
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Zhai G, Shu T, Yu G, Tang H, Shi C, Jia J, Lou Q, Dai X, Jin X, He J, Xiao W, Liu X, Yin Z. Augmentation of progestin signaling rescues testis organization and spermatogenesis in zebrafish with the depletion of androgen signaling. eLife 2022; 11:e66118. [PMID: 35225789 PMCID: PMC8912926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of androgen signaling is known to cause testicular malformation and defective spermatogenesis in zebrafish. However, knockout of cyp17a1, a key enzyme responsible for the androgen synthesis, in ar-/- male zebrafish paradoxically causes testicular hypertrophy and enhanced spermatogenesis. Because Cyp17a1 plays key roles in hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone (P4), and converts 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione, we hypothesize that the unexpected phenotype in cyp17a1-/-;androgen receptor (ar)-/- zebrafish may be mediated through an augmentation of progestin/nuclear progestin receptor (nPgr) signaling. In support of this hypothesis, we show that knockout of cyp17a1 leads to accumulation of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and P4. Further, administration of progestin, a synthetic DHP mimetic, is sufficient to rescue testicular development and spermatogenesis in ar-/- zebrafish, whereas knockout of npgr abolishes the rescue effect of cyp17a1-/- in the cyp17a1-/-;ar-/- double mutant. Analyses of the transcriptomes among the mutants with defective testicular organization and spermatogenesis (ar-/-, ar-/-;npgr-/- and cyp17a-/-;ar-/-;npgr-/-), those with normal phenotype (control and cyp17a1-/-), and rescued phenotype (cyp17a1-/-;ar-/-) reveal a common link between a downregulated expression of insl3 and its related downstream genes in cyp17a-/-;ar-/-;npgr-/- zebrafish. Taken together, our data suggest that genetic or pharmacological augmentation of the progestin/nPgr pathway is sufficient to restore testis organization and spermatogenesis in zebrafish with the depletion of androgen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges CorporationHubeiChina
| | - Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haipei Tang
- 5State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingyi Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiyong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xiangyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development and Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Jiangyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- 5State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
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12
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Soubise B, Jiang Y, Douet-Guilbert N, Troadec MB. RBM22, a Key Player of Pre-mRNA Splicing and Gene Expression Regulation, Is Altered in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030643. [PMID: 35158909 PMCID: PMC8833553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-Binding Proteins (RBP) are very diverse and cover a large number of functions in the cells. This review focuses on RBM22, a gene encoding an RBP and belonging to the RNA-Binding Motif (RBM) family of genes. RBM22 presents a Zinc Finger like and a Zinc Finger domain, an RNA-Recognition Motif (RRM), and a Proline-Rich domain with a general structure suggesting a fusion of two yeast genes during evolution: Cwc2 and Ecm2. RBM22 is mainly involved in pre-mRNA splicing, playing the essential role of maintaining the conformation of the catalytic core of the spliceosome and acting as a bridge between the catalytic core and other essential protein components of the spliceosome. RBM22 is also involved in gene regulation, and is able to bind DNA, acting as a bona fide transcription factor on a large number of target genes. Undoubtedly due to its wide scope in the regulation of gene expression, RBM22 has been associated with several pathologies and, notably, with the aggressiveness of cancer cells and with the phenotype of a myelodysplastic syndrome. Mutations, enforced expression level, and haploinsufficiency of RBM22 gene are observed in those diseases. RBM22 could represent a potential therapeutic target in specific diseases, and, notably, in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Soubise
- Université de Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; (B.S.); (Y.J.); (N.D.-G.)
| | - Yan Jiang
- Université de Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; (B.S.); (Y.J.); (N.D.-G.)
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Nathalie Douet-Guilbert
- Université de Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; (B.S.); (Y.J.); (N.D.-G.)
- CHRU Brest, Service de Génétique, Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- Université de Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, F-29200 Brest, France; (B.S.); (Y.J.); (N.D.-G.)
- CHRU Brest, Service de Génétique, Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, F-29200 Brest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-98-01-64-55
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13
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Wei L, Tang Y, Zeng X, Li Y, Zhang S, Deng L, Wang L, Wang D. The transcription factor Sox30 is involved in Nile tilapia spermatogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:666-676. [PMID: 34801758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process in which spermatogonial stem cells differentiate and develop into mature spermatozoa. The transcriptional regulatory network involved in fish spermatogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate in Nile tilapia that the Sox transcription factor family member Sox30 is specifically expressed in the testes and mainly localizes to spermatocytes and spermatids. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated sox30 mutation results in abnormal spermiogenesis, reduction of sperm motility, and male subfertility. Comparative transcriptome analysis shows that sox30 mutation alters the expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis. Further chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), ChIP-PCR, and luciferase reporter assays reveal that Sox30 positively regulates the transcription of ift140 and ptprb, two genes involved in spermiogenesis, by directly binding to their promoters. Taken together, our data indicate that Sox30 plays essential roles in Nile tilapia spermatogenesis by directly regulating the transcription of the spermiogenesis-related genes ift140 and ptprb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yaohao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yueqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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