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Hu W, Zhao Y, Lu N, Wang X, Zheng B, Henze DK, Zhang L, Fu TM, Zhai S. Changing Responses of PM 2.5 and Ozone to Source Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta Using the Adjoint Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:628-638. [PMID: 38153406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
China's industrial restructuring and pollution controls have altered the contributions of individual sources to varying air quality over the past decade. We used the GEOS-Chem adjoint model and investigated the changing sensitivities of PM2.5 and ozone (O3) to multiple species and sources from 2010 to 2020 in the central Yangtze River Delta (YRDC), the largest economic region in China. Controlling primary particles and SO2 from industrial and residential sectors dominated PM2.5 decline, and reducing CO from multiple sources and ≥C3 alkenes from vehicles restrained O3. The chemical regime of O3 formation became less VOC-limited, attributable to continuous NOX abatement for specific sources, including power plants, industrial combustion, cement production, and off-road traffic. Regional transport was found to be increasingly influential on PM2.5. To further improve air quality, management of agricultural activities to reduce NH3 is essential for alleviating PM2.5 pollution, while controlling aromatics, alkenes, and alkanes from industry and gasoline vehicles is effective for O3. Reducing the level of NOX from nearby industrial combustion and transportation is helpful for both species. Our findings reveal the complexity of coordinating control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution in a fast-developing region and support science-based policymaking for other regions with similar air pollution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Ni Lu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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Morphological and physiological responses of critically endangered Acer catalpifolium to nitrogen deposition levels. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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3
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Chen C, Wen Z. Cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution in the fast-urbanized Greater Bay Area of China: Trends and essential control paths. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116796. [PMID: 36435126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For urban agglomerations in the bay area, which concentrate multiple environmental elements and intense anthropogenic activities, comprehensive control of nitrogen pollution is particularly challenging due to diverse cross-media migration and transformation forms of nitrogen pollutants. Existing studies on urban nitrogen metabolism mainly focused on quantification of nitrogen flux, without systematic consideration of physiochemical changes of nitrogen between environmental media. This study conducted a dynamic simulation of nitrogen cross-media metabolism in urban agglomeration over 30 consecutive years, and recognized the types, quantities, and trends of cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution as well as pollution control paths based on ecological network analysis and scenario analysis. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the case, results show that during its fast-urbanized stage in 1989-2018, more than 25% of the total nitrogen pollution emissions were transferred from other media. The higher degree of imbalance between the socioeconomic system and the soil in the nitrogen metabolic network emphasizes the increased pressure and necessity of pollution control of nitrogen in the solid state with urban development. Promoting fertilizer reduction and sludge land use are priority paths for collaborative control of cross-media nitrogen pollution. The study provides methods to systematically analyze the features of cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution at the city level, and accordingly propose paths aiming at sustainable urban nitrogen management with multi-media integrity and synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Architecture, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongguo Wen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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4
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Valliere JM, Flores RG, Cason BJ, Hernández MJ. Phenological and physiological advantages of invasive annuals are strengthened by nitrogen enrichment. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles
| | - Rhay G. Flores
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles
| | - Branden J. Cason
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles
| | - Mayra J. Hernández
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson
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5
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Zhang C, Song X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Rees RM, Ju X. Using nitrification inhibitors and deep placement to tackle the trade-offs between NH 3 and N 2 O emissions in global croplands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4409-4422. [PMID: 35429205 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) are two important air pollutants that have major impacts on climate change and biodiversity losses. Agriculture represents their largest source and effective mitigation measures of individual gases have been well studied. However, the interactions and trade-offs between NH3 and N2 O emissions remain uncertain. Here, we report the results of a two-year field experiment in a wheat-maize rotation in the North China Plain (NCP), a global hotspot of reactive N emissions. Our analysis is supported by a literature synthesis of global croplands, to understand the interactions between NH3 and N2 O emissions and to develop the most effective approaches to jointly mitigate NH3 and N2 O emissions. Field results indicated that deep placement of urea with nitrification inhibitors (NIs) reduced both emissions of NH3 by 67% to 90% and N2 O by 73% to 100%, respectively, in comparison with surface broadcast urea which is the common farmers' practice. But, deep placement of urea, surface broadcast urea with NIs, and application of urea with urease inhibitors probably led to trade-offs between the two gases, with a mitigation potential of -201% to 101% for NH3 and -112% to 89% for N2 O. The literature synthesis showed that deep placement of urea with NIs had an emission factor of 1.53%-4.02% for NH3 and 0.22%-0.36% for N2 O, which were much lower than other fertilization regimes and the default values recommended by IPCC guidelines. This would translate to a reduction of 3.86-5.47 Tg N yr-1 of NH3 and 0.41-0.50 Tg N yr-1 of N2 O emissions, respectively, when adopting deep placement of urea with NIs (relative to current practice) in global croplands. We conclude that the combination of NIs and deep placement of urea can successfully tackle the trade-offs between NH3 and N2 O emissions, therefore avoiding N pollution swapping in global croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaotang Ju
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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6
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Cai X, Zhang H, Lin H, Zheng C, Guo Z, Hu S, Chen L, Tao S, Liu M, Wang X. Rapid Increase in China's Industrial Ammonia Emissions: Evidence from Unit-Based Mapping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3375-3385. [PMID: 35107276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols and greatly impacts nitrogen deposition and acid rain. Previous studies have mainly focused on the agricultural NH3 emissions, while recent research has noted that industrial sources could be significant in China. However, detailed estimates of NH3 emitted from industrial sectors in China are lacking. Here, we established an unprecedented high-spatial-resolution data set of China's industrial NH3 emissions using up-to-date measurements of NH3 and point source-level information covering eight major industries and 27 subdivided process categories. We found that China emitted 798 (90% confidence interval: 668-933) gigagrams of industrial NH3 into the atmosphere in 2019, equivalent to 44 ± 20% of the industrial emissions worldwide; this flux is 3-fold larger than that in 1998 and has fluctuated since 2014. Furthermore, although fertilizer production is responsible for approximately half of the emissions in China, the emissions from cement production and coal-fired power plants increased dramatically from near zero to 164 and 41 gigagrams, respectively, in the past two decades, primarily due to the NH3 escape caused by the large-scale application of the denitration process. Our results reveal that, unlike other major air pollutants, China's industrial NH3 emission control is still in a critical period, and stricter NH3 emission standards and innovation in pollution control technologies are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Chen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xingrui Cai
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiming Lin
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyue Zheng
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanqiang Guo
- China Association of Circular Economy, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shanying Hu
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maodian Liu
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Zettlemoyer MA. Leaf traits mediate herbivory across a nitrogen gradient differently in extirpated vs. extant prairie species. Oecologia 2022; 198:711-720. [PMID: 35192065 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing nitrogen deposition threatens many grassland species with local extinction. In addition to the direct effects of nitrogen deposition, nitrogen can indirectly affect plant populations via phenotypic shifts in plant traits that influence plant susceptibility to herbivory. Here, I test how herbivory varies across an experimental nitrogen gradient and whether differences in susceptibility to herbivory might explain patterns of local species loss. Specifically, I examine how increasing nitrogen availability in a restored prairie influences leaf traits and subsequent herbivory (by leaf-chewers like insects/small mammals versus deer) and the severity of herbivore damage on confamiliar pairs of extirpated versus extant species from Michigan prairies. Nitrogen increased herbivory by both leaf-chewers and deer as well as herbivore damage (proportion of leaves damaged). Leaf hairiness and specific leaf area affected patterns of herbivory following nitrogen addition, although patterns varied between extirpated vs. extant taxa and herbivory type. Nitrogen increased leaf hairiness. At high levels of nitrogen addition, hairy extant plants experienced less herbivory and damage than smooth-leaved plants. In contrast, hairy extirpated plants were more likely to experience leaf-chewer herbivory. Extirpated plants with thin leaves (high specific leaf area) were less likely to experience leaf-chewer herbivory; the opposite was true for extant species. Generally, extant species experienced more herbivory than locally extirpated species, particularly at high levels of nitrogen addition, suggesting that increasing herbivory under nutrient addition likely does not influence extirpation in this system. This study suggests that trait-mediated responses to nitrogen addition and herbivory differ between extant and extirpated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Zettlemoyer
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060-9505, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-5004, USA.
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Zhang J, Huang Z, Gao L, Gray S, Xie Z. Study of MOF incorporated dual layer membrane with enhanced removal of ammonia and per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfill leachate treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151207. [PMID: 34728199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a highly polluted and complex wastewater as it contains large amounts of organic matters, ammonia‑nitrogen, heavy metals, and per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which makes its treatment very challenging. In this paper, hydrophilic/hydrophobic dual layer membranes combining advantages of pervaporation and membrane distillation was employed to treat leachate in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) configuration. An aluminum fumarate (AlFu) metal organic framework (MOF) incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrophilic layer was coated on hydrophobic PTFE membrane to overcome the low separation efficiency of PFAS and ammonia and wetting issues encountered by the conventional hydrophobic PTFE membrane used for DCMD. The rejections of dual layer membranes with different MOF loading to PFAS, ammonia, TOC and TDS were assessed based on the amount of AlFu MOF incorporated into the PVA layer. Based on the conducted adsorption tests, it was found that AlFu MOF increases the rejection of PVA layer to PFAS and ammonia. The coating of the hydrophilic layer could enhance the wetting resistance with/without MOF addition. In comparison with the pristine PTFE membrane using synthetic feed containing 3 wt% NaCl, 1 wt% addition of AlFu MOF into the PVA layer showed slightly increased flux. All the tested membranes showed more than 99% rejection to TOC. The rejection to ammonia was increased as more MOF was incorporated into the PVA layer. The maximum rejection of ammonia was 99.8% when the PVA layer containing 10% MOF. All the membranes showed more than 99% rejection to PFOS and PFHxS. However, PTFE membrane did not show any rejection to PFOA. As more MOF was added into the hydrophilic layer, the rejection to PFOA increased, but plateaued at 65.6% with 5% MOF incorporation into the hydrophilic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Vic. 8001, Australia.
| | - Zhen Huang
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Vic. 3169, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- South East Water Corporation, PO Box 2268, Seaford, Victoria 3198, Australia
| | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Vic. 8001, Australia
| | - Zongli Xie
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Vic. 3169, Australia
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Naidu R, Biswas B, Willett IR, Cribb J, Kumar Singh B, Paul Nathanail C, Coulon F, Semple KT, Jones KC, Barclay A, Aitken RJ. Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106616. [PMID: 33989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemical pollution has the potential to pose one of the largest environmental threats to humanity, but global understanding of the issue remains fragmented. This article presents a comprehensive perspective of the threat of chemical pollution to humanity, emphasising male fertility, cognitive health and food security. There are serious gaps in our understanding of the scale of the threat and the risks posed by the dispersal, mixture and recombination of chemicals in the wider environment. Although some pollution control measures exist they are often not being adopted at the rate needed to avoid chronic and acute effects on human health now and in coming decades. There is an urgent need for enhanced global awareness and scientific scrutiny of the overall scale of risk posed by chemical usage, dispersal and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Bhabananda Biswas
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ian R Willett
- School of Agriculture & Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Julian Cribb
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science (as an adjunct), Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Barclay
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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10
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Gao L, Li JD, Yang G, Zhang J, Xie Z. De-ammonification using direct contact membrane distillation – An experimental and simulation study. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Replacements of small- by large-ranged species scale up to diversity loss in Europe's temperate forest biome. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:802-808. [PMID: 32284580 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity time series reveal global losses and accelerated redistributions of species, but no net loss in local species richness. To better understand how these patterns are linked, we quantify how individual species trajectories scale up to diversity changes using data from 68 vegetation resurvey studies of seminatural forests in Europe. Herb-layer species with small geographic ranges are being replaced by more widely distributed species, and our results suggest that this is due less to species abundances than to species nitrogen niches. Nitrogen deposition accelerates the extinctions of small-ranged, nitrogen-efficient plants and colonization by broadly distributed, nitrogen-demanding plants (including non-natives). Despite no net change in species richness at the spatial scale of a study site, the losses of small-ranged species reduce biome-scale (gamma) diversity. These results provide one mechanism to explain the directional replacement of small-ranged species within sites and thus explain patterns of biodiversity change across spatial scales.
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Kong L, Tang X, Zhu J, Wang Z, Pan Y, Wu H, Wu L, Wu Q, He Y, Tian S, Xie Y, Liu Z, Sui W, Han L, Carmichael G. Improved Inversion of Monthly Ammonia Emissions in China Based on the Chinese Ammonia Monitoring Network and Ensemble Kalman Filter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12529-12538. [PMID: 31576752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emission inventories are an essential input in chemical transport models and are helpful for policy-makers to refine mitigation strategies. However, current estimates of Chinese NH3 emissions still have large uncertainties. In this study, an improved inversion estimation of NH3 emissions in China has been made using an ensemble Kalman filter and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System. By first assimilating the surface NH3 observations from the Ammonia Monitoring Network in China at a high resolution of 15 km, our inversion results have provided new insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of Chinese NH3 emissions. More enhanced NH3 emission hotspots, likely associated with industrial or agricultural sources, were captured in northwest China, where the a posteriori NH3 emissions were more than twice the a priori emissions. Monthly variations of NH3 emissions were optimized in different regions of China and exhibited a more distinct seasonality, with the emissions in summer being twice those in winter. The inversion results were well-validated by several independent datasets that traced gaseous NH3 and related atmospheric processes. These findings highlighted that the improved inversion estimation can be used to advance our understanding of NH3 emissions in China and their environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kong
- CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Climate and Environment Sciences (ICCES), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Climate and Environment Sciences (ICCES), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Huangjian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qizhong Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China
| | - Yuexin He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yuzhu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wenxuan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Lina Han
- Chengdu University of Information Technology , Chengdu 610225 , China
| | - Greg Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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13
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Xu S, Kwon HY, Ashley DC, Chen CH, Jakubikova E, Smith JM. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Facilitates Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrite in Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9443-9451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Hyuk-Yong Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
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14
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McCune JL, Colla SR, Coristine LE, Davy CM, Flockhart DT, Schuster R, Orihel DM. Are we accurately estimating the potential role of pollution in the decline of species at risk in Canada? Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a pervasive, albeit often invisible, threat to biodiversity in Canada. Currently, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) relies on expert opinion to assess the scope (i.e., the proportion of a species’ population that may be affected) of pollution to species at risk. Here, we describe a spatially explicit, quantitative method for assessing the scope of pollution as a threat to species at risk in Canada. Using this method, we quantified the geographic co-occurrence of 488 terrestrial and freshwater species and pollution sources and determined that, on average, 57% of the mapped occurrences of each species at risk co-occurred with at least one pollution source. Furthermore, we found a weak correlation between the scope of the threat of pollution as assessed by COSEWIC expert panels and the geographic overlap of species occurrences and pollution sources that we determined with our quantitative method. Experts frequently identified scope of pollution as absent or negligible even for species with extensive co-occurrence with pollution sources, especially vascular plants. Clearly, a quantitative approach is needed to make accurate estimates of the scope of pollution as a threat to species at risk in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L. McCune
- Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sheila R. Colla
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Laura E. Coristine
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia—Okanagan Campus, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christina M. Davy
- Wildlife Research & Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources & Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - D.T. Tyler Flockhart
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA
| | - Richard Schuster
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Diane M. Orihel
- School of Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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15
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Kelleghan DB, Hayes ET, Everard M, Curran TP. Mapping ammonia risk on sensitive habitats in Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1580-1589. [PMID: 30308926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide a simple, cost-effective, risk-based map of terrestrial areas in Ireland where environmental quality may be at risk from atmospheric ammonia. This risk-based approach identifies Natura 2000 sites in Ireland at risk from agricultural atmospheric ammonia, collating best available data using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In mapping ammonia risk on sensitive habitats (MARSH), the method identifies sources of ammonia, classifying them on a scale of risk from 0 to 5. These sources are subsequently summed based on a weighting determined by their contribution to national emissions divided by their potentially impacted area. A Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.72 allows for concentrations from United Kingdom's FRAME modelling to be applied to the MARSH model, which are corrected based on recent monitoring. Applying Designation Weighted Indicators (DWI), the MARSH model predicts that 80.7, 34.3 and 5.9% of Natura 2000 sites in Ireland may exceed ambient concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 μg/m3, respectively. A Nitroindex map of Ireland based on available lichen records was also developed and is presented as part of this study. This Nitroindex was used to identify areas where impacts have already been recorded, thus informing the classification of sites "at-risk". The combination of both the MARSH and Nitroindex models ascertains which Natura 2000 sites are most at risk, thereby providing valuable data to relevant authorities. The MARSH model acts as a first step towards screening and assessing Natura 2000 sites most at risk from atmospheric ammonia, providing a tool to demonstrate compliance with the National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kelleghan
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda T Hayes
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Mark Everard
- International Water Security Network, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Thomas P Curran
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Campbell SA, Vallano DM. Plant defences mediate interactions between herbivory and the direct foliar uptake of atmospheric reactive nitrogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4743. [PMID: 30413701 PMCID: PMC6226520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen from human sources (e.g., nitrogen dioxide, NO2) is taken up by plant roots following deposition to soils, but can also be assimilated by leaves directly from the atmosphere. Leaf uptake should alter plant metabolism and overall nitrogen balance and indirectly influence plant consumers; however, these consequences remain poorly understood. Here we show that direct foliar assimilation of NO2 increases levels of nitrogen-based defensive metabolites in leaves and reduces herbivore consumption and growth. These results suggest that atmospheric reactive nitrogen could have cascading negative effects on communities of herbivorous insects. We further show that herbivory induces a decrease in foliar uptake, indicating that consumers could limit the ability of vegetation to act as a sink for nitrogen pollutants (e.g., smog from mobile emissions). Our study suggests that the interactions of foliar uptake, plant defence and herbivory could have significant implications for understanding the environmental consequences of reactive nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Campbell
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Dena M Vallano
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Region 9 Air Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
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17
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Floyd RH, Ferrazzano S, Josey BW, Garey AL, Applegate JR. Helonias bullata(Swamp Pink) Habitat Characteristics under Different Landscape Settings at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. SOUTHEAST NAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1656/058.017.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Floyd
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, 1490 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Stefanie Ferrazzano
- Clark County Desert Conservation Program, 4701 W. Russell Road Suite 200, Las Vegas, NV 89118
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at Fort A.P. Hill, VA, Building 0308, 13832 Anderson Camp, Fort A.P. Hill, VA 22427
| | - Brian W. Josey
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, 1490 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at Fort A.P. Hill, VA, Building 0308, 13832 Anderson Camp, Fort A.P. Hill, VA 22427
| | - Andrew L. Garey
- The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality: Virginia DEQ, 629 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23219
| | - Jason R. Applegate
- US Army Garrison, Fort A.P. Hill, Directorate of Public Works, Environmental and Natural Resources Division, Building 0308, 13832 Anderson Camp, Fort A.P. Hill, VA 22427
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18
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Liu X, Reis S, Jin J, Dragosits U, Van Damme M, Clarisse L, Whitburn S, Coheur PF, Gu B. Ammonia Emissions May Be Substantially Underestimated in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12089-12096. [PMID: 28984130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
China is a global hotspot of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) emissions and, as a consequence, very high nitrogen (N) deposition levels are documented. However, previous estimates of total NH3 emissions in China were much lower than inference from observed deposition values would suggest, highlighting the need for further investigation. Here, we reevaluated NH3 emissions based on a mass balance approach, validated by N deposition monitoring and satellite observations, for China for the period of 2000 to 2015. Total NH3 emissions in China increased from 12.1 ± 0.8 Tg N yr-1 in 2000 to 15.6 ± 0.9 Tg N yr-1 in 2015 at an annual rate of 1.9%, which is approximately 40% higher than existing studies suggested. This difference is mainly due to more emission sources now having been included and NH3 emission rates from mineral fertilizer application and livestock having been underestimated previously. Our estimated NH3 emission levels are consistent with the measured deposition of NHx (including NH4+ and NH3) on land (11-14 Tg N yr-1) and the substantial increases in NH3 concentrations observed by satellite measurements over China. These findings substantially improve our understanding on NH3 emissions, implying that future air pollution control strategies have to consider the potentials of reducing NH3 emission in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Zhang
- Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Wu
- Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan Reis
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH260QB, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School , Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University , Nanjing 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrike Dragosits
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH260QB, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Van Damme
- Atmospheric Spectroscopy, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique CP 160/09, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clarisse
- Atmospheric Spectroscopy, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique CP 160/09, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Simon Whitburn
- Atmospheric Spectroscopy, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique CP 160/09, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre-François Coheur
- Atmospheric Spectroscopy, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique CP 160/09, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Baojing Gu
- Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
- Laboratory of Rural-Urban Construction Land Economical and Intensive Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100812, China
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19
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Clark CM, Bell MD, Boyd JW, Compton JE, Davidson EA, Davis C, Fenn ME, Geiser L, Jones L, Blett TF. Nitrogen‐induced terrestrial eutrophication: cascading effects and impacts on ecosystem services. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Clark
- National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA Washington D.C. 20460 USA
| | - Michael D. Bell
- Air Resources Division National Park Service Lakewood Colorado 80225 USA
| | | | - Jana E. Compton
- Western Ecology Division Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Eric A. Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Frostburg Maryland 21532 USA
| | - Christine Davis
- Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. EPA Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Mark E. Fenn
- Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Riverside California 92607 USA
| | - Linda Geiser
- Washington Office‐Water Wildlife Fish Air and Rare Plants USDA Forest Service Washington D.C. 20250 USA
| | - Laurence Jones
- Environment Centre Wales Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Deiniol Road Bangor LL57 2UW United Kingdom
| | - Tamara F. Blett
- Air Resources Division National Park Service Lakewood Colorado 80225 USA
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