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Chen YF, Fan SZ, Abbod MF, Shieh JS, Zhang M. Electroencephalogram variability analysis for monitoring depth of anesthesia. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34695812 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective. In this paper, a new approach of extracting and measuring the variability in electroencephalogram (EEG) was proposed to assess the depth of anesthesia (DOA) under general anesthesia.Approach. The EEG variability (EEGV) was extracted as a fluctuation in time interval that occurs between two local maxima of EEG. Eight parameters related to EEGV were measured in time and frequency domains, and compared with state-of-the-art DOA estimation parameters, including sample entropy, permutation entropy, median frequency and spectral edge frequency of EEG. The area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve (AUC) and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to validate its performance on 56 patients.Main results. Our proposed EEGV-derived parameters yield significant difference for discriminating between awake and anesthesia stages at a significance level of 0.05, as well as improvement in AUC and correlation coefficient on average, which surpasses the conventional features of EEG in detection accuracy of unconscious state and tracking the level of consciousness.Significance. To sum up, EEGV analysis provides a new perspective in quantifying EEG and corresponding parameters are powerful and promising for monitoring DOA under clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, GuangDong, 518055, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, GuangDong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Zen Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Maysam F Abbod
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jiann-Shing Shieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, ShenZhen, GuangDong, 518055, People's Republic of China
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2
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Saxena N, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Richmond L, Babic A, Singh KD, Hall JE, Wise RG, Shaw AD. A comparison of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation on visual and motor cortical oscillations, using magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118659. [PMID: 34767940 PMCID: PMC9227747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying changes in cortical oscillations can help elucidate the mechanistic link between receptor physiology and the clinical effects of anaesthetic drugs. Propofol, a GABA-ergic drug produces divergent effects on visual cortical activity: increasing induced gamma-band responses (GBR) while decreasing evoked responses. Dexmedetomidine, an α2- adrenergic agonist, differs from GABA-ergic sedatives both mechanistically and clinically as it allows easy arousability from deep sedation with less cognitive side-effects. Here we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize and compare the effects of GABA-ergic (propofol) and non-GABA-ergic (dexmedetomidine) sedation, on visual and motor cortical oscillations. Sixteen male participants received target-controlled infusions of propofol and dexmedetomidine, producing mild-sedation, in a placebo-controlled, cross-over study. MEG data was collected during a combined visuomotor task. The key findings were that propofol significantly enhanced visual stimulus induced GBR (44% increase in amplitude) while dexmedetomidine decreased it (40%). Propofol also decreased the amplitudes of the Mv100 (visual M100) (27%) and Mv150 (52%) visual evoked fields (VEF), whilst dexmedetomidine had no effect on these. During the motor task, neither drug had any significant effect on movement related gamma synchrony (MRGS), movement related beta de-synchronisation (MRBD) or Mm100 (movement-related M100) movement-related evoked fields (MEF), although dexmedetomidine slowed the Mm300. Dexmedetomidine increased (92%) post-movement beta synchronisation/rebound (PMBR) power while propofol reduced it (70%, statistically non- significant). Overall, dexmedetomidine and propofol, at equi-sedative doses, produce contrasting effects on visual induced GBR, VEF, PMBR and MEF. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the known receptor physiology of these sedative drugs with their known clinical effects and may be used to explore mechanisms of other anaesthetic drugs on human consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Saxena
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom.
| | - Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand; School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland 1123, New Zealand
| | - Lewys Richmond
- Department of Anaesthetics, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Babic
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, NP20 2UB, United Kingdom
| | - Krish D Singh
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio University" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander D Shaw
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Sorrenti V, Cecchetto C, Maschietto M, Fortinguerra S, Buriani A, Vassanelli S. Understanding the Effects of Anesthesia on Cortical Electrophysiological Recordings: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1286. [PMID: 33525470 PMCID: PMC7865872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia in animal experiments is an ethical must and is required for all the procedures that are likely to cause more than slight or momentary pain. As anesthetics are known to deeply affect experimental findings, including electrophysiological recordings of brain activity, understanding their mechanism of action is of paramount importance. It is widely recognized that the depth and type of anesthesia introduce significant bias in electrophysiological measurements by affecting the shape of both spontaneous and evoked signals, e.g., modifying their latency and relative amplitude. Therefore, for a given experimental protocol, it is relevant to identify the appropriate anesthetic, to minimize the impact on neuronal circuits and related signals under investigation. This review focuses on the effect of different anesthetics on cortical electrical recordings, examining their molecular mechanisms of action, their influence on neuronal microcircuits and, consequently, their impact on cortical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - Claudia Cecchetto
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Maschietto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Alessandro Buriani
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy;
| | - Stefano Vassanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, via Orus 2/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Detection of Depression and Scaling of Severity Using Six Channel EEG Data. J Med Syst 2020; 44:118. [PMID: 32435986 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-020-01573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric problem which affects the growth of a person, like how a person thinks, feels and behaves. The major reason behind wrong diagnosis of depression is absence of any laboratory test for detection as well as severity scaling of depression. Any degradation in the working of the brain can be identified through change in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Thus detection as well as severity scaling of depression is done in this study using EEG signal. In this study, features are extracted from the temporal region of the brain using six (FT7, FT8, T7, T8, TP7, TP8) channels. The linear features used are delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma1 and gamma2 band power and their corresponding asymmetry as well as paired asymmetry. The non-linear features used are Sample Entropy (SampEn) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). The classifiers used are: Bagging along with three different kernel functions (Polynomial, Gaussian and Sigmoidal) of Support Vector Machine (SVM). Feature selection technique used is ReliefF. Highest classification accuracy of 96.02% and 79.19% was achieved for detection and severity scaling of depression using SVM (Gaussian Kernel Function) and ReliefF as feature selection. From the analysis, it was found that depression affects the temporal region of the brain (temporo-parietal region).It was also found that depression affects the higher frequency band features more and it affects each hemisphere differently. It can also be analysed that out of all the kernel of SVM, Gaussian kernel is more efficient to other kernels. Of all the features, combination of all paired asymmetry and asymmetry showed high classification accuracy (accuracy of 90.26% for detection of depression and accuracy of 75.31% for severity scaling).
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Paulson C, Chien D, Lin F, Seidlits S, Cai Y, Sargolzaei S, Harris NG, Giza CC. A Novel Modular Headmount Design for non-invasive Scalp EEG Recordings in Awake Animal Models. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2018:5422-5425. [PMID: 30441563 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and developed a novel, noninvasive modular headmount to be used for awake animal scalp electroencephalography (EEG). The design is based on a developing rat that will accommodate rapid head growth. Desired characteristics include non-invasiveness, adjustable quantity and positioning, light weight, and tolerability by the animal. Axial Dependent Modular Electrode Mount (ADMEM), as designed here, addresses the aforementioned constraints by using light-weight and adjustable materials. The initial prototype of ADMEM has been tested in vivo with rat pups, using the open field test to assess for stress and anxiety at two post-installation time-points: one day after ADMEM installation (acute time-point) and four days after ADMEM installation (sub-acute time-point). There was no significant difference in normal developmental weight gain between Control and ADMEM rat groups. Although no significant difference was found in the level of anxiety between groups at the acute time-point, the ADMEM group spent significantly less time in the center of the open field test, suggesting higher anxiety. The test also showed no difference in the measured traveled distances between Control and ADMEM groups on either time-points.
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Zhang Y, Wu S, Xie L, Yu S, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhou W, Yu T. Ketamine Within Clinically Effective Range Inhibits Glutamate Transmission From Astrocytes to Neurons and Disrupts Synchronization of Astrocytic SICs. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:240. [PMID: 31244607 PMCID: PMC6581012 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are now considered as crucial modulators of neuronal synaptic transmission. General anesthetics have been found to inhibit astrocytic activities, but it is not clear whether general anesthetics within the clinical concentration range affects the astrocyte-mediated synaptic regulation. Methods The effects of propofol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine within clinically effective ranges on the slow inward currents (SICs) were tested by using the whole-cell recording in acute prefrontal cortex (PFC) slice preparations of rats. Astrocytes culture and HPLC were used to measure the effects of different anesthetics on the glutamate release of astrocytes. Results Propofol and dexmedetomidine showed no significant effect on the amplitude or frequency of SICs. Ketamine was found to inhibit the frequency of SICs in a concentration-dependent manner. The SICs synchronization rate of paired neurons was inhibited by 30 μM ketamine (from 42.5 ± 1.4% to 9.6 ± 0.8%) and was abolished by 300 μM ketamine. The astrocytic glutamate release induced by DHPG, an agonist of astrocytic type I metabotropic glutamate receptors, was not affected by ketamine, and ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN1/GluN2B receptor, blocked all SICs and enhanced the inhibitory effect of 30 μM ketamine on the frequency of SICs. Ketamine at low concentration (3 μM) could inhibit the frequency of SICs, not the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), and the inhibition rate of SICs was significantly higher than mEPSCs with 30 μM ketamine (44.5 ± 3% inhibition vs. 28.3 ± 6% inhibition). Conclusion Our data indicated that ketamine, not propofol and dexmedetomidine, within clinical concentration range inhibits glutamatergic transmission from astrocytes to neurons, which is likely mediated by the extrasynaptic GluN1/GluN2B receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Liwei Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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8
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Eagleman SL, MacIver MB. Can you hear me now? Information processing in primary auditory cortex at loss of consciousness. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:526-529. [PMID: 30115247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S L Eagleman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - M B MacIver
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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