1
|
Zhang B, Xie B, Xu W, Wei D, Zhang L, Sun J, Shi Y, Feng J, Yang F, Zhang H, Song X. Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 3 Channels by Antimalarial Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Alleviates TRPV3-dependent Dermatitis. J Biol Chem 2024:107733. [PMID: 39233228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channel (TRPV3) is closely associated with skin inflammation, but there is a lack of effective and specific inhibitors for clinical use. In this study, we identified antimalarial HCQ as a selective TRPV3 inhibitor following the prediction by network pharmacology data analysis. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, HCQ inhibited the current of the TRPV3 channel, with an IC50 of 51.69 ± 4.78 μM. At the single-channel level, HCQ reduced the open probability of TRPV3 and decreased single-channel conductance. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues in the pore domain were critical for the activity of HCQ. In vivo, HCQ effectively reduced carvacrol-induced epidermal thickening, erythema, and desquamation. Additionally, the serum IgE and inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6 were markedly decreased in the dorsal skin tissues in the HCQ treatment group, as compared to the model group. Our results suggested the antimalarial HCQ may represent a potential alleviator for treating skin inflammation by inhibiting TRPV3 channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongfan Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yetan Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biophysics, Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, He Y, Yang F, Liang R, Xu W, Li Y, Cheng J, Liang B, Tang M, Shi X, Zhuang J, Luo M, Li L, Zhang R, Liu H, Jie H, Li X, Han X, Sun E, Zhai Z. Gasdermin E-mediated keratinocyte pyroptosis participates in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2024; 191:385-396. [PMID: 38655652 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljae179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease with an unclear aetiology. Keratinocytes in psoriasis are susceptible to exogenous triggers that induce inflammatory cell death. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis in keratinocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. METHODS Skin samples from patients with psoriasis and from healthy controls were collected to evaluate the expression of GSDME, cleaved caspase-3 and inflammatory factors. We then analysed the data series GSE41662 to further compare the expression of GSDME between lesional and nonlesional skin samples in those with psoriasis. In vivo, a caspase-3 inhibitor and GSDME-deficient mice (Gsdme-/-) were used to block caspase-3/GSDME activation in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis model. Skin inflammation, disease severity and pyroptosis-related proteins were analysed. In vitro, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in the HACAT cell line was explored. RESULTS Our analysis of the GSE41662 data series found that GSDME was upregulated in psoriasis lesions vs. normal skin. High levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were also found in psoriasis lesions. In mice in the Gsdme-/- and caspase-3 inhibitor groups, the severity of skin inflammation was attenuated and GSDME and cleaved caspase-3 levels decreased after imiquimod treatment. Similarly, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α expression was decreased in the Gsdme-/- and caspase-3 inhibitor groups. In vitro, TNF-α induced HACAT cell pyroptosis through caspase-3/GSDME pathway activation, which was suppressed by blocking caspase-3 or silencing Gsdme. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a novel explanation of TNF-α/caspase-3/GSDME-mediated keratinocyte pyroptosis in the initiation and -acceleration of skin inflammation and the progression of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingliang Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minshuang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuying Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Jie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinai Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riggio S, Tolone M, Sottile G, Tumino S, Portolano B, Sutera AM, Sardina MT, Cesarani A, Mastrangelo S. A high-density genome-wide approach reveals novel genetic markers linked to small ruminant lentivirus susceptibility in sheep. Front Genet 2024; 15:1376883. [PMID: 38911298 PMCID: PMC11191640 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1376883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is lentiviral disease of sheep responsible for severe production losses. Multiple genomic regions associated with infection were reported indicating genetic complexity. In this study, a combined genome-wide approach using a high-density SNP array has been performed, comparing VMV-infected (n = 78) and non-infected (n = 66) individuals of the Valle del Belice breed. The serological tests showed a seroprevalence of 26%. The comparison among results from different approaches (GWAS, Fisher's exact test and the FST analysis) revealed two association signals: on OAR03 close to the GRIN2B gene and on OAR05 close to the TMEM232 gene. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous association between these genes and lentiviral infection in any species. The GRIN2B gene plays a role in pain response, synaptic transmission, and receptor clustering, while TMEM232 is involved in the development of immune-related disorders. The results highlighted new aspects of the genetic complexity related to the resistance/susceptibility to VMV in sheep, confirming that studies on different breeds can lead to different results. The ideal approach for validation of the markers identified in our study is to use samples from a population independent from the discovery population with the same phenotype used in the discovery stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Riggio
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sottile
- Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Tumino
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sutera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sardina
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li M, Chen B, Xu L, Wang Y, Chen Z, Ma B, Qin S, Jiang Y, Gu C, Qian H, Xiao F. Topical bismuth oxide-manganese composite nanospheres alleviate atopic dermatitis-like inflammation. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:430. [PMID: 37974268 PMCID: PMC10655471 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease involving important immune mechanisms. There is an unmet need for a treatment for this condition. Herein, we focused on elucidating the role of Bi2-xMnxO3 nanospheres (BM) in alleviating skin inflammation in AD-like C57BL/6 mice. The BM was fabricated via sacrificial templates and its biosafety was systematically evaluated. The BM was applied topically to skin lesions of AD-like C57BL/6 mice. The phenotypic and histological changes in the skin were examined carefully. The responses of barrier proteins, inflammatory cytokines and cells to BM were evaluated in HaCaT cells and AD mouse models. The data demonstrated that BM treatment alleviated the AD phenotypes and decreased the level of inflammatory factors, while increasing the expression of the barrier proteins filaggrin/involucrin in the skin. BM effectively reduced the expression of phosphorylated STAT6, which in turn reduced the expression of GATA3, and further decreased the differentiation ratio of Th2 cells, thereby reducing the expression of IL-4. In conclusion, topical drug therapy with BM provides a safe and effective treatment modality for AD by reducing IL-4 and increasing barrier proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Li
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Benjin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bingyan Ma
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shichun Qin
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yechun Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Fengli Xiao
- Department of Dermatology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- The Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|