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He Y, Wang M, Yu X. High spatiotemporal vessel-specific hemodynamic mapping with multi-echo single-vessel fMRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2098-2114. [PMID: 31696765 PMCID: PMC7786852 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19886240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution fMRI enables noninvasive mapping of the hemodynamic responses from individual penetrating vessels in animal brains. Here, a 2D multi-echo single-vessel fMRI (MESV-fMRI) method has been developed to map the fMRI signal from arterioles and venules with a 100 ms sampling rate at multiple echo times (TE, 3-30 ms) and short acquisition windows (<1 ms). The T2*-weighted signal shows the increased extravascular effect on venule voxels as a function of TE. In contrast, the arteriole voxels show an increased fMRI signal with earlier onset than venules voxels at the short TE (3 ms) with increased blood inflow and volume effects. MESV-fMRI enables vessel-specific T2* mapping and presents T2*-based fMRI time courses with higher contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) than the T2*-weighted fMRI signal at a given TE. The vessel-specific T2* mapping also allows semi-quantitative estimation of the oxygen saturation levels (Y) and their changes (ΔY) at a given blood volume fraction upon neuronal activation. The MESV-fMRI method enables vessel-specific T2* measurements with high spatiotemporal resolution for better modeling of the fMRI signal based on the hemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Maosen Wang
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Hackett MJ. Direct label-free imaging of brain tissue using synchrotron light: a review of new spectroscopic tools for the modern neuroscientist. Analyst 2019; 143:3761-3774. [PMID: 29961790 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of brain disease and brain disorders is increasing on a global scale. Unfortunately, development of new therapeutic strategies has not increased at the same rate, and brain diseases and brain disorders now inflict substantial health and economic impacts. A greater understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry that underlies healthy brain function, and the chemical pathways that manifest in brain damage or malfunction, are required to enable and accelerate therapeutic development. A previous limitation to the study of brain function and malfunction has been the limited number of techniques that provide both a wealth of biochemical information, and spatially resolved information (i.e., there was a previous lack of techniques that provided direct biochemical or elemental imaging at the cellular level). In recent times, a suite of direct spectroscopic imaging techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) have been adapted, optimized and integrated into the field of neuroscience, to fill the above mentioned capability-gap. Advancements at synchrotron light sources, such as improved light intensity/flux, increased detector sensitivities and new capabilities of imaging/optics, has pushed the above suite of techniques beyond "proof-of-concept" studies, to routine application to study complex research problems in the field of neuroscience (and other scientific disciplines). This review examines several of the major advancements that have occurred over the last several years, with respect to FTIR, XFM and XAS capabilities at synchrotron facilities, and how the increases in technical capabilities have being integrated and used in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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Lloyd EC, Steinglass JE. What can food-image tasks teach us about anorexia nervosa? A systematic review. J Eat Disord 2018; 6:31. [PMID: 30410758 PMCID: PMC6211517 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A salient feature of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the persistent and severe restriction of food, such that dietary intake is inadequate to maintain a healthy body weight. Experimental tasks and paradigms have used illness-relevant stimuli, namely food images, to study the eating-specific neurocognitive mechanisms that promote food avoidance. This systematic review, completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, identified and critically evaluated paradigms involving images of food that have been used to study AN. There were 50 eligible studies, published before March 10th 2018, identified from Medline and PsychINFO searches, and reference screening. Studies using food image-based paradigms were categorised into three methodologic approaches: neuropsychology, neurophysiology, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Paradigms were reviewed with a focus on how well they address phenomena central to AN. Across tasks, differences between individuals with AN and healthy peers have been identified, with the most consistent findings in the area of reward processing. Measuring task performance alongside actual eating behaviour, and using experimental manipulations to probe causality, may advance understanding of the mechanisms of illness in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Caitlin Lloyd
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna E. Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
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Morsel AM, Morrens M, Dhar M, Sabbe B. Systematic review of cognitive event related potentials in euthymic bipolar disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1854-1865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Network Neuroscience and Personality. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 1:e14. [PMID: 32435733 PMCID: PMC7219685 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2018.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Personality and individual differences originate from the brain. Despite major advances in the affective and cognitive neurosciences, however, it is still not well understood how personality and single personality traits are represented within the brain. Most research on brain-personality correlates has focused either on morphological aspects of the brain such as increases or decreases in local gray matter volume, or has investigated how personality traits can account for individual differences in activation differences in various tasks. Here, we propose that personality neuroscience can be advanced by adding a network perspective on brain structure and function, an endeavor that we label personality network neuroscience. With the rise of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the establishment of connectomics as a theoretical framework for structural and functional connectivity modeling, and recent advancements in the application of mathematical graph theory to brain connectivity data, several new tools and techniques are readily available to be applied in personality neuroscience. The present contribution introduces these concepts, reviews recent progress in their application to the study of individual differences, and explores their potential to advance our understanding of the neural implementation of personality. Trait theorists have long argued that personality traits are biophysical entities that are not mere abstractions of and metaphors for human behavior. Traits are thought to actually exist in the brain, presumably in the form of conceptual nervous systems. A conceptual nervous system refers to the attempt to describe parts of the central nervous system in functional terms with relevance to psychology and behavior. We contend that personality network neuroscience can characterize these conceptual nervous systems on a functional and anatomical level and has the potential do link dispositional neural correlates to actual behavior.
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Boureghda M, Bouden T. A deconvolution scheme for the stochastic metabolic/hemodynamic model (sMHM) based on the square root cubature Kalman filter and maximum likelihood estimation. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brain Activity Changes in Somatosensory and Emotion-Related Areas With Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Deficiency. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:2675-2682. [PMID: 28801826 PMCID: PMC5638745 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patellar instability with medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) deficiency is a common sports injury among young people. Although nonoperative and surgical treatment can provide stability of the patella, patients often have anxiety related to the knee. We speculate that neural dysfunction may be related to anxiety in these patients; however, the mechanism in the brain that generates this anxiety remains unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) How does brain activity in patients with MPFL deficiency change in the areas related to somatic sensation against lateral shift of the patella? (2) How does patella instability, which can lead to continuous fear or apprehension for dislocation, influence brain activity in the areas related to emotion? METHODS Nineteen patients with MPFL deficiency underwent surgical reconstruction in our hospital from April 2012 to March 2014. Excluding seven patients with osteochondral lesions, 12 patients (five males and seven females; mean age, 20 years) with MPFL deficiency were sequentially included in this study. Eleven control subjects (four males and seven females; mean age, 23 years) were recruited from medical students who had no history of knee injury. Diagnosis of the MPFL deficiency was made with MR images, which confirmed the rupture, and by proving the instability with a custom-made biomechanical device. Brain activity during passive lateral stress to the patella was assessed by functional MRI. Functional and anatomic images were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. Differences in functional MRI outcome measures from the detected activated brain regions between the patients with MPFL deficiency and controls were assessed using t tests. RESULTS Intergroup analysis showed less activity in several sensorimotor cortical areas, including the contralateral primary somatosensory areas (% signal change for MPFL group 0.49% versus 1.1% for the control group; p < 0.001), thalamus (0.2% versus 0.41% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), ipsilateral thalamus (0.02% versus 0.27% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), and ipsilateral cerebellum (0.82% versus 1.25% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001) in the MPFL deficiency group than in the control group. In contrast, the MPFL deficiency group showed more activity in several areas, including the contralateral primary motor area (1.06% versus 0.6% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), supplementary motor area (0.89% versus 0.52% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), prefrontal cortex (1.09% versus 1.09% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), inferior parietal lobule (0.89% versus 0.62% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), anterior cingulate cortex (0.84% versus 0.08% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), visual cortex (0.86% versus 0.14% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), vermis (1.18% versus 0.37% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001), and ipsilateral prefrontal cortex (1.1% versus 0.75% for the MPFL versus control, respectively; p < 0.001) than did the control group. CONCLUSIONS Less activity in the contralateral somatosensory cortical areas suggested that MPFL deficiency may lead to diminished somatic sensation against lateral shift of the patella. In contrast, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and inferior parietal lobule may indicate anxiety or fear resulting from patellar instability, which is recognized as an aversion similar to that toward chronic pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that specific brain-area activity is increased in patients with MPFL deficiency relative to that in controls. Further longitudinal research to assess brain activity and proprioception between patients pre- and postreconstructive knee surgery may reveal more regarding how patella instability is related to brain function. We hope that based on such research, a neural approach to improve patella-instability-related brain function can be developed.
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Turner R, De Haan D. Bridging the gap between system and cell: The role of ultra-high field MRI in human neuroscience. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 233:179-220. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Turner R. Uses, misuses, new uses and fundamental limitations of magnetic resonance imaging in cognitive science. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150349. [PMID: 27574303 PMCID: PMC5003851 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was discovered in the early 1990s, it provoked an explosion of interest in exploring human cognition, using brain mapping techniques based on MRI. Standards for data acquisition and analysis were rapidly put in place, in order to assist comparison of results across laboratories. Recently, MRI data acquisition capabilities have improved dramatically, inviting a rethink of strategies for relating functional brain activity at the systems level with its neuronal substrates and functional connections. This paper reviews the established capabilities of BOLD contrast fMRI, the perceived weaknesses of major methods of analysis, and current results that may provide insights into improved brain modelling. These results have inspired the use of in vivo myeloarchitecture for localizing brain activity, individual subject analysis without spatial smoothing and mapping of changes in cerebral blood volume instead of BOLD activation changes. The apparent fundamental limitations of all methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance are also discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Falcon MI, Riley JD, Jirsa V, McIntosh AR, Shereen AD, Chen EE, Solodkin A. The Virtual Brain: Modeling Biological Correlates of Recovery after Chronic Stroke. Front Neurol 2015; 6:228. [PMID: 26579071 PMCID: PMC4629463 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There currently remains considerable variability in stroke survivor recovery. To address this, developing individualized treatment has become an important goal in stroke treatment. As a first step, it is necessary to determine brain dynamics associated with stroke and recovery. While recent methods have made strides in this direction, we still lack physiological biomarkers. The Virtual Brain (TVB) is a novel application for modeling brain dynamics that simulates an individual’s brain activity by integrating their own neuroimaging data with local biophysical models. Here, we give a detailed description of the TVB modeling process and explore model parameters associated with stroke. In order to establish a parallel between this new type of modeling and those currently in use, in this work we establish an association between a specific TVB parameter (long-range coupling) that increases after stroke with metrics derived from graph analysis. We used TVB to simulate the individual BOLD signals for 20 patients with stroke and 10 healthy controls. We performed graph analysis on their structural connectivity matrices calculating degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and global efficiency. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that long-range coupling is negatively correlated with global efficiency (P = 0.038), but is not correlated with degree centrality or betweenness centrality. Our results suggest that the larger influence of local dynamics seen through the long-range coupling parameter is closely associated with a decreased efficiency of the system. We thus propose that the increase in the long-range parameter in TVB (indicating a bias toward local over global dynamics) is deleterious because it reduces communication as suggested by the decrease in efficiency. The new model platform TVB hence provides a novel perspective to understanding biophysical parameters responsible for global brain dynamics after stroke, allowing the design of focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inez Falcon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey D Riley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; INSERM UMR1106, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Anthony R McIntosh
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Ahmed D Shereen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - E Elinor Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - Ana Solodkin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine , Irvine, CA , USA
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Varvatsoulias G. The Physiological Processes Underpinning PET and fMRI Techniques With an Emphasis on the Temporal and Spatial Resolution of These Methods. PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 2013. [DOI: 10.5964/psyct.v6i2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Wilke M. Gehirnentwicklung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-012-2753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rosa MJ, Daunizeau J, Friston KJ. EEG-fMRI integration: a critical review of biophysical modeling and data analysis approaches. J Integr Neurosci 2011; 9:453-76. [PMID: 21213414 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635210002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse nature of cerebral activity, as measured using neuroimaging techniques, has been recognised long ago. It seems obvious that using single modality recordings can be limited when it comes to capturing its complex nature. Thus, it has been argued that moving to a multimodal approach will allow neuroscientists to better understand the dynamics and structure of this activity. This means that integrating information from different techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and the blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), represents an important methodological challenge. In this work, we review the work that has been done thus far to derive EEG/fMRI integration approaches. This leads us to inspect the conditions under which such an integration approach could work or fail, and to disclose the types of scientific questions one could (and could not) hope to answer with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Liakakis G, Nickel J, Seitz R. Diversity of the inferior frontal gyrus—A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sofat N, Ejindu V, Kiely P. What makes osteoarthritis painful? The evidence for local and central pain processing. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:2157-65. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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De Witt Hamer PC, Moritz-Gasser S, Gatignol P, Duffau H. Is the human left middle longitudinal fascicle essential for language? A brain electrostimulation study. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:962-73. [PMID: 20578169 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain pathways required for language processing are poorly known. A new white matter tract in humans, the middle longitudinal fascicle, has recently been anatomically determined by diffusion tensor imaging and suggested to be essential for language. Our aim is to determine the importance of the middle longitudinal fascicle for language processing. This study is based on 8 patients with glioma resection at least involving the superior temporal gyrus of the left dominant hemisphere. Language is systematically examined pre- and postoperatively at 3 months. Intraoperative electrostimulation is used to map cortical and subcortical structures as functional boundaries of the glioma resection, including those essential for language processing. The resections are extensive (on average 62 ml, ranging from 21 to 111 ml) and include a large part of the middle longitudinal fascicle in all patients. Intraoperatively, no interference with picture naming is observed by electrostimulation of the middle longitudinal fascicle, while in all patients the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle is identified by eliciting semantic paraphasia as functional boundary. Postoperatively, no new permanent language deficits are detected by systematic language examination. Therefore, we suggest that the middle longitudinal fascicle may participate but is not essential for language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C De Witt Hamer
- Neurosurgical Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kapreli E, Athanasopoulos S, Gliatis J, Papathanasiou M, Peeters R, Strimpakos N, Van Hecke P, Gouliamos A, Sunaert S. Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency causes brain plasticity: a functional MRI study. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37:2419-26. [PMID: 19940314 DOI: 10.1177/0363546509343201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanoreceptors located in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constitute an afferent source of information toward the central nervous system. It has been proposed that ACL deficiency causes a disturbance in neuromuscular control, affects central programs and consequently the motor response resulting in serious dysfunction of the injured limb. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate whether chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury causes plastic changes in brain activation patterns. STUDY DESIGN Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Seventeen right leg-dominant male participants with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and 18 matched healthy male participants with no special sport or habitual physical activity participated in this study. Patient selection criteria comprised a complete right unilateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture > or = 6 months before testing. Brain activation was examined by using functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (1.5-T scanner). RESULTS Results show that patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency had diminished activation in several sensorimotor cortical areas and increased activation in 3 areas compared with controls: presupplementary motor area, posterior secondary somatosensory area, and posterior inferior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION The current study reveals that anterior cruciate ligament deficiency can cause reorganization of the central nervous system, suggesting that such an injury might be regarded as a neurophysiologic dysfunction, not a simple peripheral musculoskeletal injury. This evidence could explain clinical symptoms that accompany this type of injury and lead to severe dysfunction. Understanding the pattern of brain activation after a peripheral joint injury such as anterior cruciate ligament injury lead to new standards in rehabilitation and motor control learning with a wide application in a number of clinical and research areas (eg, surgical procedures, patient re-education, athletic training, etc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kapreli
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Laboratory of Sports Physiotherapy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Rex A, Bert B, Fink H, Voigt JP. Stimulus-dependent changes of extracellular glucose in the rat hippocampus determined by in vivo microdialysis. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:467-73. [PMID: 19660483 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is tightly coupled with brain energy metabolism; and glucose is an important energy substrate for neurons. The present in vivo microdialysis study was aimed at investigating changes in extracellular glucose concentrations in the rat ventral hippocampus due to exposure to the elevated plus maze. Determination of basal hippocampal glucose and lactate/pyruvate ratio in male Wistar rats was conducted in the home cage using in vivo microdialysis. Rats were exposed to the elevated plus maze, a rodent model of anxiety-related behaviour, or to unspecific stress induced by white noise (95dB) as a control condition. Basal hippocampal levels of glucose, as determined by zero-net-flux, and the basal lactate/pyruvate ratio were 1.49+/-0.05mmol/l and 13.8+/-1.1, respectively. In rats without manipulation, glucose levels remained constant throughout the experiment (120min). By contrast, exposure to the elevated plus maze led to a temporary decline in hippocampal glucose (-33.2+/-4.4%) which returned to baseline level in the home cage. White noise caused only a non-significant decrease in extracellular glucose level (-9.3+/-3.5%). In all groups, the lactate/pyruvate ratio remained unchanged by the experimental procedures. Our microdialysis study demonstrates that exposure to the elevated plus maze induces a transient decrease in extracellular hippocampal glucose concentration. In contrast, an unspecific stimulus did not change hippocampal glucose. The latter suggests that only specific behavioural stimuli increase hippocampal glucose utilization in the ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rex
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Sotero RC, Trujillo-Barreto NJ. Biophysical model for integrating neuronal activity, EEG, fMRI and metabolism. Neuroimage 2007; 39:290-309. [PMID: 17919931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to model the coupling between neuronal activity, cerebral metabolic rates of glucose and oxygen consumption, cerebral blood flow (CBF), electroencephalography (EEG) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses. In order to accomplish this, two previous models are coupled: a metabolic/hemodynamic model (MHM) for a voxel, linking BOLD signals and neuronal activity, and a neural mass model describing the neuronal dynamics within a voxel and its interactions with voxels of the same area (short-range interactions) and other areas (long-range interactions). For coupling both models, we take as the input to the BOLD model, the number of active synapses within the voxel, that is, the average number of synapses that will receive an action potential within the time unit. This is obtained by considering the action potentials transmitted between neuronal populations within the voxel, as well as those arriving from other voxels. Simulations are carried out for testing the integrated model. Results show that realistic evoked potentials (EP) at electrodes on the scalp surface and the corresponding BOLD signals for each voxel are produced by the model. In another simulation, the alpha rhythm was reproduced and reasonable similarities with experimental data were obtained when calculating correlations between BOLD signals and the alpha power curve. The origin of negative BOLD responses and the characteristics of EEG, PET and BOLD signals in Alzheimer's disease were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Sotero
- Brain Dynamics Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Avenue 25, Esq 158, #15202, PO Box 6412, 6414, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
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Kucewicz JC, Dunmire B, Leotta DF, Panagiotides H, Paun M, Beach KW. Functional tissue pulsatility imaging of the brain during visual stimulation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2007; 33:681-90. [PMID: 17346872 PMCID: PMC1995427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional tissue pulsatility imaging is a new ultrasonic technique being developed to map brain function by measuring changes in tissue pulsatility as a result of changes in blood flow with neuronal activation. The technique is based in principle on plethysmography, an older, nonultrasound technology for measuring expansion of a whole limb or body part as a result of perfusion. Perfused tissue expands by a fraction of a percent early in each cardiac cycle when arterial inflow exceeds venous outflow, and it relaxes later in the cardiac cycle when venous drainage dominates. Tissue pulsatility imaging (TPI) uses tissue Doppler signal processing methods to measure this pulsatile "plethysmographic" signal from hundreds or thousands of sample volumes in an ultrasound image plane. A feasibility study was conducted to determine if TPI could be used to detect regional brain activation during a visual contrast-reversing checkerboard block paradigm study. During a study, ultrasound data were collected transcranially from the occipital lobe as a subject viewed alternating blocks of a reversing checkerboard (stimulus condition) and a static, gray screen (control condition). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to identify sample volumes with significantly different pulsatility waveforms during the control and stimulus blocks. In 7 of 14 studies, consistent regions of activation were detected from tissue around the major vessels perfusing the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kucewicz
- Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6698, USA.
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Canli T, Brandon S, Casebeer W, Crowley PJ, Du Rousseau D, Greely HT, Pascual-Leone A. Neuroethics and national security. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2007; 7:3-13. [PMID: 17497494 DOI: 10.1080/15265160701290249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Sangill R, Wallentin M, Østergaard L, Vestergaard-Poulsen P. The impact of susceptibility gradients on cartesian and spiral EPI for BOLD fMRI. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2006; 19:105-14. [PMID: 16823579 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-006-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High sensitivity to magnetic susceptibility changes and accurate localization of functional activations are key requisites for pulse sequences used for BOLD fMRI. This paper seeks to develop a framework for analysing the performance of various k-space sampling techniques in this respect, with special emphasis on spiral EPI (spiral) and cartesian EPI (EPI) and their performance under influence of induced field gradients (SFGs) and stochastic noise. A numerical method for calculating synthetic MR images is developed and used to simulate BOLD fMRI experiments using EPI and spirals. The data is then examined for activation using a pixel-wise t test. Nine subjects are scanned with both techniques while performing a motor task. SPM99 is used for analysing the experimental data. The simulated spirals provide generally higher t scores at low SFGs but lose more strength than EPI at higher SFGs, where EPI activation is offset from the true position. In the primary motor area spirals provide significantly higher t scores (P < 0.0002). In-plane variation of EPI is higher in phase-encoding direction than in frequency-encoding direction (P < 0.003). In the low SFG areas spirals provide stronger activation than EPI and less spatial variability. Thus, spirals are recommended for fMRI in motor area and language areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sangill
- Department of Neuroradiology, Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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The welfare and scientific advantages of non-invasive imaging of animals used in biomedical research. Anim Welf 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600029638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAt present, animal experimentation remains central to our understanding of human disease-related processes and of the biological effects of many substances. Traditional experiments have relied heavily on invasive techniques to monitor changes in blood biochemistry, tissue structure or function, or to phenotype or genotype genetically modified animals. In some cases, a proportion or all of the animals used during the course of a study may be sacrificed for histopathological assessment. In most cases, this is to track the progression or regression of a disease over time, or to determine the levels of toxicity evident in specific organs or tissues. However, many of these techniques fail to provide details of how a disease develops or how a substance elicits its effects. In recent years there has been a gradual increase in the application of imaging techniques that were originally developed and used in fundamental research or in medicine. These non-invasive techniques allow diseases, and responses to exogenous substances, to be monitored in a temporal and spatial manner, therefore allowing a greater amount of information to be derived from smaller numbers of animals, which in turn, increases the statistical validity of the data by reducing the level of experimental variation. Non-invasive imaging also allows more informative and humane endpoints to be used and, perhaps most importantly, allows functional details to be studied in the context of a living animal. Some of the recent developments within the field of non-invasive imaging and their significance with respect to animal welfare and the understanding of human physiology are discussed.
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Gibson AP, Austin T, Everdell NL, Schweiger M, Arridge SR, Meek JH, Wyatt JS, Delpy DT, Hebden JC. Three-dimensional whole-head optical tomography of passive motor evoked responses in the neonate. Neuroimage 2005; 30:521-8. [PMID: 16246586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tomography has been used to reconstruct three-dimensional images of the entire neonatal head during motor evoked responses. Data were successfully acquired during passive movement of each arm on four out of six infants examined, from which eight sets of bilateral images of hemodynamic parameters were reconstructed. Six out of the eight images showed the largest change in total hemoglobin in the region of the contralateral motor cortex. The mean distance between the peak response in the image and the estimated position of the contralateral motor cortex was 10.8 mm. These results suggest that optical tomography may provide an appropriate technique for non-invasive cot-side imaging of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gibson
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Risterucci C, Jeanneau K, Schöppenthau S, Bielser T, Künnecke B, von Kienlin M, Moreau JL. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals similar brain activity changes in two different animal models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 180:724-34. [PMID: 15726331 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES In schizophrenia research, most of the functional imaging studies have been performed in psychotic patients, but little is known about brain areas involved in the expression of psychotic-like symptoms in animal models. The objective of this study was to visualize and compare brain activity abnormalities in a neurodevelopmental and a pharmacological animal model of schizophrenia. METHODS Blood perfusion of specific brain areas, taken as indirect measure of brain activity, was investigated in adult rats following either neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion or acute administration of phencyclidine. Quantitative perfusion magnetic resonance imaging was performed on five frontal brain slices using the continuous arterial spin labeling technique. The mean perfusion was calculated in several brain structures, which were identified on anatomical images. RESULTS Lesioned animals exhibiting deficits in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex showed a significant blood perfusion increase in the nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, entorhinal-piriform cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and a decrease of perfusion in the temporal cortex. Similar effects were seen following acute phencyclidine administration in naïve animals. CONCLUSION Our data point out specific cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in the development of psychotic-like symptoms in two different animal models of schizophrenia. The observed brain activity abnormalities are reminiscent of classical neuroimaging findings described in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Risterucci
- CNS Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., PRBD-N, Bldg 72/129, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
We review the current state-of-the-art of diffuse optical imaging, which is an emerging technique for functional imaging of biological tissue. It involves generating images using measurements of visible or near-infrared light scattered across large (greater than several centimetres) thicknesses of tissue. We discuss recent advances in experimental methods and instrumentation, and examine new theoretical techniques applied to modelling and image reconstruction. We review recent work on in vivo applications including imaging the breast and brain, and examine future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Gibson
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, UK
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Rabiner EA. Imaging technologies in drug development: Anxiety and depression. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2005; 2:323-327. [PMID: 24982008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging technologies provide a unique access to the human brain in vivo. The use of imaging in anxiety and depression drug development has the potential to shorten and reduce the cost of the drug development process. Principles and assumptions inherent in diverse imaging technologies need be kept in mind to ensure data obtained are not misleading. A consideration of questions commonly encountered in drug development suggests specific imaging methodologies to be used to explore these.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii A Rabiner
- Imaging Applications Group, Translational Medicine and Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 128, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 2GG.
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