1
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Cheng CG, Chen YH, Chang YH, Lin HC, Chin PW, Lin YY, Yung MC, Cheng CA. Underestimated Subsequent Sensorineural Hearing Loss after Septicemia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1897. [PMID: 38003946 PMCID: PMC10673047 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hearing loss after septicemia has been found in mice; the long-term risk increased 50-fold in young adults in a previous study. Hearing loss after septicemia has not received much attention. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between septicemia and subsequent hearing loss. Materials and Methods: Inpatient data were obtained from the Taiwan Insurance Database. We defined patients with sensorineural hearing loss and excluded patients under 18 years of age. Patients without hearing loss were selected as controls at a frequency of 1:5. The date of admission was defined as the date of diagnosis. Comorbidities in the 3 years preceding the date of diagnosis were retrieved retrospectively. Associations with hearing loss were established by multiple logistic regression and forward stepwise selection. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for the association between sepsis and hearing loss was 3.052 (95% CI: 1.583-5.884). Autoimmune disease (OR: 5.828 (95% CI: 1.906-17.816)), brain injury (OR: 2.264 (95% CI: 1.212-4.229)) and ischemic stroke (OR: 1.47 (95% CI: 1.087-1.988)) were associated with hearing loss. Conclusions: Our study shows that hearing loss occurred after septicemia. Apoptosis caused by sepsis and ischemia can lead to hair cell damage, leading to hearing loss. Clinicians should be aware of possible subsequent complications of septicemia and provide appropriate treatment and prevention strategies for complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gu Cheng
- Department of Emergency, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32549, Taiwan; (C.-G.C.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Yin-Han Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10621, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Lin
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Pi-Wei Chin
- Department of Nursing, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Hua-Lien Hospital, Hualien 97061, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yue Lin
- Department of Emergency, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32549, Taiwan; (C.-G.C.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Yung
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei 10540, Taiwan
| | - Chun-An Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
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2
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Stefanetti G, Borriello F, Richichi B, Zanoni I, Lay L. Immunobiology of Carbohydrates: Implications for Novel Vaccine and Adjuvant Design Against Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:808005. [PMID: 35118012 PMCID: PMC8803737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.808005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous molecules expressed on the surface of nearly all living cells, and their interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins is critical to many immunobiological processes. Carbohydrates are utilized as antigens in many licensed vaccines against bacterial pathogens. More recently, they have also been considered as adjuvants. Interestingly, unlike other types of vaccines, adjuvants have improved immune response to carbohydrate-based vaccine in humans only in a few cases. Furthermore, despite the discovery of many new adjuvants in the last years, aluminum salts, when needed, remain the only authorized adjuvant for carbohydrate-based vaccines. In this review, we highlight historical and recent advances on the use of glycans either as vaccine antigens or adjuvants, and we review the use of currently available adjuvants to improve the efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines. A better understanding of the mechanism of carbohydrate interaction with innate and adaptive immune cells will benefit the design of a new generation of glycan-based vaccines and of immunomodulators to fight both longstanding and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Alderson MR, Welsch JA, Regan K, Newhouse L, Bhat N, Marfin AA. Vaccines to Prevent Meningitis: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040771. [PMID: 33917003 PMCID: PMC8067733 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the development and introduction of vaccines against the major bacterial causes of meningitis, the disease and its long-term after-effects remain a problem globally. The Global Roadmap to Defeat Meningitis by 2030 aims to accelerate progress through visionary and strategic goals that place a major emphasis on preventing meningitis via vaccination. Global vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is the most advanced, such that successful and low-cost combination vaccines incorporating Hib are broadly available. More affordable pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are becoming increasingly available, although countries ineligible for donor support still face access challenges and global serotype coverage is incomplete with existing licensed vaccines. Meningococcal disease control in Africa has progressed with the successful deployment of a low-cost serogroup A conjugate vaccine, but other serogroups still cause outbreaks in regions of the world where broadly protective and affordable vaccines have not been introduced into routine immunization programs. Progress has lagged for prevention of neonatal meningitis and although maternal vaccination against the leading cause, group B streptococcus (GBS), has progressed into clinical trials, no GBS vaccine has thus far reached Phase 3 evaluation. This article examines current and future efforts to control meningitis through vaccination.
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4
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Chen Z. Astragaloside iv inhibits salmonella-induced meningitis via modulation of bacterial virulence and host response. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_55_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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5
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Tuomanen EI. Perspective of a Pediatrician: Shared Pathogenesis of the Three Most Successful Pathogens of Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:585791. [PMID: 33178633 PMCID: PMC7593378 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly successful invasive pathogens exploit host vulnerabilities by adapting tools to co-opt highly conserved host features. This is especially true when pathogens develop ligands to hijack trafficking routes or signaling patterns of host receptors. In this context, highly successful pathogens can be grouped together by the patterns of organs infected and diseases they cause. In the case of this perspective, the focus is on the historically most successful invasive bacterial pathogens of children that cause pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. This triad shares a ligand to bind to PAF receptor to enter host cells despite early defenses by innate immunity. All three also target laminin receptor to cross endothelial barriers using a common set of molecular tools that may prove to be a design for a cross-protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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6
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Enotarpi J, Tontini M, Balocchi C, van der Es D, Auberger L, Balducci E, Carboni F, Proietti D, Casini D, Filippov DV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Colombo C, Romano MR, Berti F, Costantino P, Codeé JDC, Lay L, Adamo R. A stabilized glycomimetic conjugate vaccine inducing protective antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4434. [PMID: 32895393 PMCID: PMC7477203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (MenA CPS) consists of (1 → 6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units, O-acetylated at position C3 or C4. Glycomimetics appear attractive to overcome the CPS intrinsic lability in physiological media, due to cleavage of the phosphodiester bridge, and to develop a stable vaccine with longer shelf life in liquid formulation. Here, we generate a series of non-acetylated carbaMenA oligomers which are proven more stable than the CPS. An octamer (DP8) inhibits the binding of a MenA specific bactericidal mAb and polyclonal serum to the CPS, and is selected for further in vivo testing. However, its CRM197 conjugate raises murine antibodies towards the non-acetylated CPS backbone, but not the natural acetylated form. Accordingly, random O-acetylation of the DP8 is performed, resulting in a structure (Ac-carbaMenA) showing improved inhibition of anti-MenA CPS antibody binding and, after conjugation to CRM197, eliciting anti-MenA protective murine antibodies, comparably to the vaccine benchmark.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Biomimetics/methods
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Mice
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/chemistry
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/drug effects
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemical synthesis
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/chemistry
- Vaccines, Conjugate/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Enotarpi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daan van der Es
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Auberger
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen D C Codeé
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Abstract
The ability of sepsis to induce acute phase hearing impairment has been evaluated in septic and sepsis-surviving mice. The relationship between septicemia and long-term hearing impairment remains unknown in humans.The data were obtained from the Taiwan Longitudinal National Health Insurance Database from 2000 to 2013. We identified patients suffering from septicemia after discharge, excluding those younger than 18 years old and older than 65 years old. The comparison group was matched based on age, sex, and comorbidities. The outcome was hearing impairment occurring after septicemia. The risk factors associated with hearing impairment were established using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression.Our study found that septicemia associated with hearing impairment had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 53.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.74-67.59). The other factors related to hearing impairment in young and middle-aged septicemia survivors included male sex (adjusted HR 1.31 [95% CI: 1.14-1.5]), chronic kidney disease (adjusted HR 1.63 [95% CI: 1.38-1.94]), and otoscleroisis (adjusted HR 231.54 [95% CI: 31.61-1695.8]).Our study revealed that septicemia was associated with increased development of hearing impairment in young and middle-aged humans in the long term. Clinicians should be aware of long-term septicemia-related hearing impairment and provide prevention strategies for otopathy in septicemia survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Gu Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taoyuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital
- School of Public Health
- Graduate Institute of Life and Medical Sciences
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life and Medical Sciences
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Hui-Chen Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital
- School of Public Health
| | - Chun-An Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Vangala M, Hotha S. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl analog of Neisseria meningitidis A capsular polysaccharide. J Carbohydr Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1524012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Vangala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
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9
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Epitope Mapping of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen Using Next Generation Sequencing of Antigen-Specific Libraries. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160702. [PMID: 27508302 PMCID: PMC4980009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore here the potential of a newly described technology, which is named PROFILER and is based on next generation sequencing of gene-specific lambda phage-displayed libraries, to rapidly and accurately map monoclonal antibody (mAb) epitopes. For this purpose, we used a novel mAb (designated 31E10/E7) directed against Neisserial Heparin-Binding Antigen (NHBA), a component of the anti-group B meningococcus Bexsero® vaccine. An NHBA phage-displayed library was affinity-selected with mAb 31E10/E7, followed by massive sequencing of the inserts present in antibody-selected phage pools. Insert analysis identified an amino acid stretch (D91-A128) in the N-terminal domain, which was shared by all of the mAb-enriched fragments. Moreover, a recombinant fragment encompassing this sequence could recapitulate the immunoreactivity of the entire NHBA molecule against mAb 31E10/E7. These results were confirmed using a panel of overlapping recombinant fragments derived from the NHBA vaccine variant and a set of chemically synthetized peptides covering the 10 most frequent antigenic variants. Furthermore, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass-spectrometry analysis of the NHBA-mAb 31E10/E7 complex was also compatible with mapping of the epitope to the D91-A128 region. Collectively, these results indicate that the PROFILER technology can reliably identify epitope-containing antigenic fragments and requires considerably less work, time and reagents than other epitope mapping methods.
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10
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Fusari M, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, Lay L. Synthesis of di- and tri-saccharide fragments of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide and their zwitterionic analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Fallarini S, Buzzi B, Giovarruscio S, Polito L, Brogioni G, Tontini M, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L, Lombardi G. A Synthetic Disaccharide Analogue from Neisseria meningitidis A Capsular Polysaccharide Stimulates Immune Cell Responses and Induces Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Production in Mice When Protein-Conjugated. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:487-96. [PMID: 27623315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some new phosphonoester-linked oligomers, stabilized analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged oligomers of Neisseria meningitidis A (MenA) capsular polysaccharide (CPS), were conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA), as a protein carrier model, and studied for immunological activities. We determined (i) in vitro, their biocompatibility (CAM test) and activity in inducing both T cell proliferation (CFSE method) and IL-2 release (ELISA), and (ii) in vivo, their ability to stimulate specific IgG antibody production (ELISA). All HSA-conjugated compounds induce T cell proliferation (40% of proliferation at 10(2) μM), whereas only the phosphonodisaccharide was effective (28% of proliferation at 10(2) μM) among the unconjugated forms. IL-2 release confirmed these results. In addition, the HSA-conjugated showed in vivo the capacity of eliciting the production of specific IgG antibodies. In conclusion, we obtained novel biocompatible, water-stable, and immunoactive MenA CPS analogues. A short disaccharide fragment showed the unusual behavior of triggering T cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Buzzi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Giovarruscio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, ISTM-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Lombardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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12
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Riese P, Trittel S, Schulze K, Guzmán CA. Rodents as pre-clinical models for predicting vaccine performance in humans. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Trittel
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their involvement in a variety of different biological processes and their occurrence onto pathogens and malignant cell surface, carbohydrates have been identified as ideal candidates for vaccine formulation. However, as free oligosaccharides are poorly immunogenic and do not induce immunological memory in the most at risk population (infants and young children, elderly and immunocompromised patients), glycoconjugate vaccines containing the same carbohydrate antigen covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier protein have gained a prominent role. Accordingly, a number of glycoconjugate vaccines mostly directed against infections caused by bacterial pathogens have been licensed and are currently available on the market. However, also glycoconjugate vaccines suffer from significant drawbacks. The challenging procedures required for the isolation and purification of the carbohydrate antigen from its natural source often lead to poor homogeneity and presence of biological contaminants, resulting in batch-to-batch variability. Moreover, in some cases, the overwhelming immunogenicity of the carrier protein may induce the carbohydrate epitope suppression, causing hyporesponsiveness. The development of synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccine candidates, characterized by the presence of pure and well-defined synthetic oligosaccharide structures, is expected to meet the requirement of homogeneous and highly reproducible preparations. In the present chapter, we report on the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. First of all, we describe different strategies developed during the last years to circumvent the inherent difficulties of classical oligosaccharide synthesis, such as the one-pot glycosylation and the solid-phase synthesis, and their application to the preparation of carbohydrate antigens apt to conjugation with protein carriers. Next, we discuss the most representative methodologies employed for the chemical ligation of oligosaccharide structures to proteins. Finally, in the last section, we report significant examples of fully synthetic vaccines exploiting the multivalency effect. These constructs are based on the concept that the conjugation of multiple copies of synthetic oligosaccharide antigens to multivalent scaffolds, such as dendrimers, (cyclo)peptides, gold nanoparticles, and calixarenes, raises cooperative interactions between carbohydrates and immune receptors, leading to strong enhancement of the saccharide antigen immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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14
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Ramella D, Polito L, Mazzini S, Ronchi S, Scaglioni L, Marelli M, Lay L. A Strategy for Multivalent Presentation of Carba Analogues fromN. meningitidisA Capsular Polysaccharide. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Gasparini R, Amicizia D, Domnich A, Lai PL, Panatto D. Neisseria meningitidis B vaccines: recent advances and possible immunization policies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:345-64. [PMID: 24476428 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.880341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of the first-generation vaccines based on outer membrane vesicles (OMV), which were able to contain strain-specific epidemics, but were not suitable for universal use, enormous steps forward in the prevention of Neisseria meningitidis B have been made. The first multicomponent vaccine, Bexsero(®), has recently been authorized for use; other vaccines, bivalent rLP2086 and next-generation OMV vaccines, are under development. The new vaccines may substantially contribute to reducing invasive bacterial infections as they could cover most Neisseria meningitidis B strains. Moreover, other potentially effective serogroup B vaccine candidates are being studied in preclinical settings. It is therefore appropriate to review what has recently been achieved in the prevention of disease caused by serogroup B.
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16
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Clarke ET, Heyderman RS. Current concepts in the treatment of bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 4:663-74. [PMID: 17009944 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.4.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiology and treatment approach to bacterial meningitis has changed dramatically since the advent of antimicrobial therapy. New vaccines against meningeal pathogens have been implemented into national immunization programs successfully around the world. Antibiotic resistance has had a considerable impact on the efficacy of several therapeutic agents. In this review, the authors will discuss the principles of antibiotic chemotherapy, focusing on new agents for the treatment of penicillin-resistant pneumococci and adjunctive treatments to reduce the inflammatory response to bacterial infection of the meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Clarke
- University of Bristol, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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17
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Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_65-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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18
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Gao Q, Tontini M, Brogioni G, Nilo A, Filippini S, Harfouche C, Polito L, Romano MR, Costantino P, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L. Immunoactivity of protein conjugates of carba analogues from Neisseria meningitidis a capsular polysaccharide. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2561-7. [PMID: 24000773 DOI: 10.1021/cb400463u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis type A (MenA) is a Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium that is a major cause of epidemic meningitis, especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The development and manufacture of a liquid glycoconjugate vaccine against MenA are hampered by the poor hydrolytic stability of its capsular polysaccharide (CPS), consisting of (1→6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units. The replacement of the ring oxygen with a methylene group to generate a carbocyclic analogue leads to enhancement of its chemical stability. Herein, we report conjugation of carbocyclic analogue monomer, dimer, and trimer to the protein carrier CRM197. After immunization in mice, only the conjugated trimer was able to induce specific anti-MenA polysaccharide IgG antibodies with in vitro bactericidal activity, although to a lesser extent than pentadecamer and hexamer oligomers obtained from mild acid hydrolysis of the native polysaccharide conjugated to the same protein carrier. This study represents the first proof-of-concept that hydrolytically stable structural analogues of saccharide antigens can be used for the development of efficacious antimicrobial preventative therapies. Conjugates with longer carbocyclic oligomers and/or precise acetylation patterns could further increase the induced immune response to a level comparable with those of commercially available anti-meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Filippini
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carole Harfouche
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- CNR-ISTM, via Fantoli 16/15, I-20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria R. Romano
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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19
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Munikumar M, Priyadarshini IV, Pradhan D, Umamaheswari A, Vengamma B. Computational approaches to identify common subunit vaccine candidates against bacterial meningitis. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 5:155-64. [PMID: 23740398 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis, an infection of the membranes (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord, is a major cause of death and disability all over the world. From perinatal period to adult, four common organisms responsible for most of the bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza and Staphylococcus aureus. As the disease is caused by more organisms, currently available vaccines for bacterial meningitis are specific and restricted to some of the serogroups or serotypes of each bacterium. In an effort to design common vaccine against bacterial meningitis, proteomes of the four pathogens were compared to extract seven common surface exposed ABC transporter proteins. Pro-Pred server was used to investigate the seven surface exposed proteins for promiscuous T-cell epitopes prediction. Predicted 22 T-cell epitopes were validated through published positive control, SYFPEITHI and immune epitope database to reduce the epitope dataset into seven. T-cell epitope 162-FMILPIFNV-170 of spermidine/putrescine ABC transporter permease (potH) protein was conserved across the four selected pathogens of bacterial meningitis. Hence, structural analysis was extended for epitope 162-FMILPIFNV-170. Crystal structures of HLA-DRB alleles were retrieved and structure of potH was modeled using Prime v3.0 for structural analysis. Computational docking of HLA-DRB alleles and epitope 162-FMILPIFNV-170 of potH was performed using Glide v5.7. RMSD and RMSF of simulation studies were analyzed by Desmond v3.2. The docking and simulation results revealed that the HLA-DRB-epitope complex was stable with interaction repressive function of HLA. Thus, the epitope would be ideal candidate for T-cell driven subunit vaccine design against bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manne Munikumar
- SVIMS Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University, Tirupati 517507, AP, India
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20
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What’s New in the Recognition and Management of Septic Shock in Children: Dos and Don'ts. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-012-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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van den Bergh MR, Spijkerman J, Swinnen KM, François NA, Pascal TG, Borys D, Schuerman L, Ijzerman EPF, Bruin JP, van der Ende A, Veenhoven RH, Sanders EAM. Effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:e30-9. [PMID: 23118268 PMCID: PMC3540043 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiDCV) compared with the 7-valent vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization, specifically nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). PHiD-CV had no differential effect on nasopharyngeal NTHi colonization. Background. This study evaluated the effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D–conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization compared with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vCRM) in young children. Methods. A randomized controlled trial in the Netherlands, initiated 2 years after 7vCRM introduction, was conducted between 1 April 2008 and 1 December 2010. Infants (N = 780) received either PHiD-CV or 7vCRM (2:1) at 2, 3, 4, and 11–13 months of age. Nasopharyngeal samples taken at 5, 11, 14, 18, and 24 months of age were cultured to detect Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Polymerase chain reaction assays quantified H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae and confirmed H. influenzae as nontypeable (NTHi). Primary outcome measure was vaccine efficacy (VE) against NTHi colonization. Results. In both groups, NTHi colonization increased with age from 33% in 5-month-olds to 65% in 24-month-olds. Three months postbooster, VE against colonization was 0.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], −21.8% to 18.4%) and VE against acquisition 10.9% (95% CI, −31.3% to 38.9%). At each sampling moment, no differences between groups in either NTHi prevalence or H. influenzae density were detected. Streptococcus pneumoniae (range, 39%–57%), M. catarrhalis (range, 63%–69%), and S. aureus (range, 9%–30%) colonization patterns were similar between groups. Conclusions. PHiD-CV had no differential effect on nasopharyngeal NTHi colonization or H. influenzae density in healthy Dutch children up to 2 years of age, implying that herd effects for NTHi are not to be expected. Other bacterial colonization patterns were also similar. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00652951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R van den Bergh
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht
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22
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Gao Q, Zaccaria C, Tontini M, Poletti L, Costantino P, Lay L. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of carba analogues from Neisseria meningitidis A capsular polysaccharide. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6673-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25222h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Morelli L, Poletti L, Lay L. Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Poletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Association of meningococcal phenotypes and genotypes with clinical characteristics and mortality of meningitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:618-23. [PMID: 20168263 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181d3ce32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neisseria meningitidis meningitis represents approximately one-half of the meningococcal cases in French children. To explore the contribution of bacterial typing in improving the management of cases, we aimed to describe clinical characteristics and mortality of meningococcal meningitis in children reported to the multicenter survey system, GPIP/ACTIV, in association with phenotypes/genotypes of bacterial isolates. METHODS From 2001 to 2005, 259 pediatric wards and 168 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, vaccination status, signs and symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded. RESULTS A total of 962 cases of Neisseria meningitidis meningitis among a total of 2131 bacterial meningitis (45%) were recorded (mean age, 4.5 +/- 4.7 years). Serogroup distribution of the isolates was 62.3%, 33.7%, 2.9%, 0.6%, and 0.6% for serogroups B, C, W135, A and Y, respectively. The major clonal complexes were ST-41/44 (32.2%), ST-11 (21.9%), ST-32 (20.8%), ST-8 (8.2%), and ST-269 (4.9%). Despite global heterogeneity of the isolates, 2 phenotypes/genotypes were of interest. Isolates of the phenotype/genotype B:14:P1.7,16/ST-32 (56% clustered in the region of Haute Normandie) were observed in older children (8.6 years) and were associated with a higher case fatality rate (12%) than were other phenotypes of serogroup B. The phenotype/genotype C:2a:P1.5/ST-11 was found in 26.3% of serogroup C cases and was possibly associated with a higher mortality among serogroup C (9.9% for C and 5.9% for B, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This large survey provides data that could be important for implementation of future vaccines. Typing of meningococcal isolates could contribute to an understanding of prognosis in meningococcal meningitis.
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Abstract
Immunization against the most common meningeal pathogens is the leading factor associated with decreased incidence of bacterial meningitis in countries where routine vaccination is available. This is most dramatically illustrated by the reduction in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. The incidence of bacterial meningitis has decreased by 55% since the introduction of the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in 1990. H. influenzae occurred primarily in children younger than 5 years of age, and so the median age of patients with bacterial meningitis has now increased to 39 years of age in the United States, and the leading pathogen is currently Streptococcus pneumoniae. Three other control measures (ie, universal screening and antibiotic prophylaxis of pregnant women for Group B streptococci and the implementation and availability of the S. pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis conjugate vaccines) have likely further decreased the incidence of these meningeal pathogens. Lastly, the worldwide emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococci has complicated the empiric therapy of bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Alain Dery
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL 87, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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26
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Hudeckova H, Jesenak M, Maria A, Svihrova V, Banovcin P. National analysis of bacterial meningitis in Slovakia, 1997-2007. Public Health Rep 2010; 125:129-36. [PMID: 20402205 DOI: 10.1177/003335491012500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Hudeckova
- Institute of Public Health, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius School of Medicine, Martin, Slovak Republic
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28
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Characterization of fHbp, nhba (gna2132), nadA, porA, sequence type (ST), and genomic presence of IS1301 in group B meningococcal ST269 clonal complex isolates from England and Wales. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3577-85. [PMID: 19759227 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00936-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly effective glycoconjugate vaccines exist against four of the five major pathogenic groups of meningococci: A, C, W-135, and Y. An equivalent vaccine against group B meningococci (menB) has remained elusive due to the poorly immunogenic capsular polysaccharide. A promising alternative, the investigational recombinant menB (rMenB)- outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine, contains fHBP, NHBA (previously GNA2132), NadA, and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from the New Zealand MeNZB vaccine. MenB currently accounts for 90% of meningococcal disease in England and Wales, where the multilocus sequence type (ST) 269 (ST269) clonal complex (cc269) has recently expanded to account for a third of menB cases. To assess the potential cc269 coverage of the rMenB-OMV vaccine, English and Welsh cc269 isolates from the past decade were genetically characterized with respect to fHBP, NHBA, and NadA. All of the isolates harbored fHbp and nhba alleles, while 98% of the cc269 isolates were devoid of nadA. Subvariant profiling of fHbp, nhba, and porA against STs revealed the presence of two broadly distinct and well-defined clusters of isolates, centered around ST269 and ST275, respectively. An additional molecular marker, insertion sequence IS1301, was found to be present in 100% and <2% of isolates of the respective clusters. On the basis of the genetic data, the potential rMenB-OMV coverage of cc269 in England and Wales is high (up to 100%) within both clusters. Expression studies and serum bactericidal antibody assays will serve to enhance predictions of coverage and will augment ongoing studies regarding the significance of IS1301 within the ST269 cluster.
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29
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Levy C, de La Rocque F, Cohen R. Actualisation de l’épidémiologie des méningites bactériennes de l’enfant en France. Med Mal Infect 2009; 39:419-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Levy C, Taha MK, Weill Olivier C, Quinet B, Lécuyer A, Alonso JM, Cohen R, Bingen E. [Characteristics of meningococcal meningitis in children in France]. Arch Pediatr 2009; 15 Suppl 3:S105-10. [PMID: 19268239 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(08)75492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In France, meningococcal meningitis account for 50% of bacterial meningitis in children. The GPIP/ACTIV (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne) set up an active surveillance network to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and biological features of meningococcal meningitis. METHODS From 2001 to 2007, 252 French paediatric wards working with 166 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children (0-18 years old) with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, vaccination status, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded. RESULTS During the period of the study, 1344 meningococcal meningitis were reported among 2951 (45.5%) bacterial meningitis. Mean age was 4.4 years (+/-4.7, median 2.5) and 2/3 cases occurred in children under 5 years (68.5%). Serogroup B (59.1%) was preponderant following by serogroup C (28.9%). 25% of children had received an antibiotic treatment 24hours before lumbar puncture. A shock was reported in 31.3% of cases. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was positive in 73% of cases. All N. meningitidis isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone while 41.6% and 25.7% showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin and amoxicillin respectively. Two cases of meningitis due to isolates of serogroups C and B were reported in two children that were respectively vaccinated using A+C plain saccharide vaccine or two doses of MenBvac vaccine. All patients had received beta-lactamin. Global case fatality rate was 6.6% but was higher (9.9%) for serogroup C than for serogroup B (5.5%) (p=0,007). CONCLUSION This study is among the largest series of microbiologically documented meningococcal meningitis to date (more than 1300 cases). In France, meningococal is responsible for 50 % of meningitis. Effective meningococcal serogroup B vaccine and serogroup C vaccination recommendation could lessen considerably the burden of meningococal meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Levy
- GPIP (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique) de la SFP (Société Française de Pédiatrie), 27 rue Inkermann, F94100 Saint Maur des Fossés, France.
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31
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Toma L, Legnani L, Rencurosi A, Poletti L, Lay L, Russo G. Modeling of synthetic phosphono and carba analogues of N-acetyl-α-d-mannosamine 1-phosphate, the repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis serovar A. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3734-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b907000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Torres-Sanchez MI, Zaccaria C, Buzzi B, Miglio G, Lombardi G, Polito L, Russo G, Lay L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphono analogues of capsular polysaccharide fragments from Neisseria meningitidis A. Chemistry 2007; 13:6623-35. [PMID: 17508372 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis type A (MenA) is a Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium that may cause explosive epidemics of meningitis, especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The development and manufacture of an efficient glycoconjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis A is greatly hampered by the poor hydrolytic stability of its capsular polysaccharide, which is made up of (1-->6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units. Since this chemical lability is a product of the inherent instability of the phosphodiester bridges, here we report the synthesis of phosphonoester-linked oligomers of N-acetyl mannosamine as candidates for stabilised analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged saccharides. The installation of each interglycosidic phosphonoester linkage was achieved by Mitsunobu coupling of a glycosyl C-phosphonate building block with the 6-OH moiety of a mannosaminyl residue. Each of the synthesised compounds contains an O-linked aminopropyl spacer at its reducing end (alpha- or beta-oriented) to allow for protein conjugation. The relative affinities of the synthetic molecules were investigated by a competitive ELISA assay and showed that a human polyclonal anti-MenA serum can recognise both the phosphonoester-bridged fragments 1-3 and their monomeric subunits, glycosides 20 and 21. Moreover, the biological results suggest that the abilities of these compounds to inhibit the binding of a specific antibody to MenA polysaccharide are dependent on the chain lengths of the molecules, but independent on the orientations of the anomeric linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Torres-Sanchez
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro Interdisciplinare Studi Bio-molecolari e Applicazioni Industriali, Università degli Studi di Milano via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Certain bacterial pathogens have evolved to survive in their human hosts for long periods without causing harm. Is it possible that these persistent bacterial infections provide a protective benefit to the host?
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Falkow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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