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Mayhew SD, Porcaro C, Tecchio F, Bagshaw AP. fMRI characterisation of widespread brain networks relevant for behavioural variability in fine hand motor control with and without visual feedback. Neuroimage 2017; 148:330-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Neuroplasticity Changes on Human Motor Cortex Induced by Acupuncture Therapy: A Preliminary Study. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:4716792. [PMID: 28293438 PMCID: PMC5331279 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4716792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While neuroplasticity changes measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation have been proved to be highly correlated to motor recovery and have been tested in various forms of interventions, it has not been applied to investigate the neurophysiologic mechanism of acupuncture therapy. The aim of this study is to investigate neuroplasticity changes induced by a single session of acupuncture therapy in healthy adults, regarding the excitability change on bilateral primary motor cortex and interhemispheric inhibition. Ten subjects took a 30-minute acupuncture therapy and the same length relaxing phase in separate days. Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures, including resting motor threshold, amplitudes of motor-evoked potential, and interhemispheric inhibition, were assessed before and 10 minutes after intervention. Acupuncture treatment showed significant changes on potential amplitude from both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to acupuncture compared to baseline. Also, interhemispheric inhibition from the contralateral motor cortex to the opposite showed a significant decline. The results indicated that corticomotoneuronal excitability and interhemispheric competition could be modulated by acupuncture therapy on healthy subjects. The following question about whether these changes will be observed in the same way on stroke patients and whether they correlate with the therapeutic effect on movement need to be answered by following studies. This trial is registered with ISRCTN13074245.
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Direct and crossed effects of somatosensory stimulation on neuronal excitability and motor performance in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Effects of water immersion on short- and long-latency afferent inhibition, short-interval intracortical inhibition, and intracortical facilitation. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1846-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Motor cortical epilepsia partialis continua in a patient with a localized sensory cortical lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111:762-5. [PMID: 19647931 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 33-year-old man with cyclosporine encephalopathy who showed continuous jerking in the left upper limb due to epilepsia partialis continua. Jerk-locked back averaging (JLA) of magnetoencephalogram disclosed a spike preceding the jerk localized at the hand motor area, whereas JLA of electroencephalogram revealed no premyoclonus spikes. The paired-pulse motor cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed motor cortical hyperexcitability, while the paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potential showed no sensory cortical hyperexcitability. The brain MRI showed a high intensity lesion localized at the hand sensory area. These results suggest that the jerks were produced by discharges at the motor cortex probably disinhibited by the sensory cortical lesion.
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Sensorimotor integration in focal task-specific hand dystonia: A magnetoencephalographic assessment. Neuroscience 2008; 154:563-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tecchio F, Porcaro C, Barbati G, Zappasodi F. Functional source separation and hand cortical representation for a brain-computer interface feature extraction. J Physiol 2007; 580:703-21. [PMID: 17331989 PMCID: PMC2075454 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A brain-computer interface (BCI) can be defined as any system that can track the person's intent which is embedded in his/her brain activity and, from it alone, translate the intention into commands of a computer. Among the brain signal monitoring systems best suited for this challenging task, electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are the most realistic, since both are non-invasive, EEG is portable and MEG could provide more specific information that could be later exploited also through EEG signals. The first two BCI steps require set up of the appropriate experimental protocol while recording the brain signal and then to extract interesting features from the recorded cerebral activity. To provide information useful in these BCI stages, our aim is to provide an overview of a new procedure we recently developed, named functional source separation (FSS). As it comes from the blind source separation algorithms, it exploits the most valuable information provided by the electrophysiological techniques, i.e. the waveform signal properties, remaining blind to the biophysical nature of the signal sources. FSS returns the single trial source activity, estimates the time course of a neuronal pool along different experimental states on the basis of a specific functional requirement in a specific time period, and uses the simulated annealing as the optimization procedure allowing the exploit of functional constraints non-differentiable. Moreover, a minor section is included, devoted to information acquired by MEG in stroke patients, to guide BCI applications aiming at sustaining motor behaviour in these patients. Relevant BCI features - spatial and time-frequency properties - are in fact altered by a stroke in the regions devoted to hand control. Moreover, a method to investigate the relationship between sensory and motor hand cortical network activities is described, providing information useful to develop BCI feedback control systems. This review provides a description of the FSS technique, a promising tool for the BCI community for online electrophysiological feature extraction, and offers interesting information to develop BCI applications to sustain hand control in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tecchio
- Istituto Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione-CNR, Unità MEG, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze-Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy.
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Hamada M, Hanajima R, Terao Y, Sato F, Okano T, Yuasa K, Furubayashi T, Okabe S, Arai N, Ugawa Y. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and their high-frequency oscillations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:877-86. [PMID: 17307389 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate sensory cortical changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we studied somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and their high-frequency oscillation potentials. METHODS Subjects were 15 healthy volunteers and 26 ALS patients. Median nerve SEPs were recorded and several peaks of oscillations were obtained by digitally filtering raw SEPs. The patients were sorted into three groups according to the level of weakness of abductor pollicis brevis muscle (APB): mild, moderate and severe. The latencies and amplitudes of main and oscillation components of SEP were compared among normal subjects and the three patient groups. RESULTS The early cortical response was enlarged in the moderate weakness group, while it was attenuated in the severe weakness group. No differences were noted in the size ratios of oscillations to the main SEP component between the patients and normal subjects. The central sensory conduction time (CCT) and N20 duration were prolonged in spite of normal other latencies. CONCLUSIONS The median nerve SEP amplitude changes are associated with motor disturbances in ALS. The cortical potential enhancement of SEPs with moderate weakness in ALS may reflect some compensatory function of the sensory cortex for motor disturbances. SIGNIFICANCE The sensory cortical compensation for motor disturbances is shown in ALS, which must be important information for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Tecchio F, Zappasodi F, Melgari JM, Porcaro C, Cassetta E, Rossini PM. Sensory-motor interaction in primary hand cortical areas: A magnetoencephalography assessment. Neuroscience 2006; 141:533-42. [PMID: 16713107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Movement control requires continuous and reciprocal exchange of information between activities of motor areas involved in the task program execution and those elaborating proprioceptive sensory information. Our aim was to investigate the sensorimotor interactions in the region dedicated to hand control in healthy humans, focusing onto primary sensory and motor cortices, by selecting the time window at very early latencies. Through magnetoencephalographic recordings, we obtained a simultaneous assessment of sensory cortex activity modulation due to movement and of motor cortex activity modulation due to sensory stimulation, by eliciting a galvanic stimulation to the nerve (the median nerve) innervating a muscle (the opponens pollicis), at rest or during voluntary contraction. The primary sensory and motor cortices activities were investigated respectively through excitability in response to sensory stimulation and the cortico-muscular coherence. The task was performed bilaterally. A clear reduction of the cortico-muscular coherence was found in the short time window following stimuli (between around 150-450 ms). In the same time period, the motor control of isometric contraction was preserved. This could suggest that cortical component of voluntary movement control was transiently mediated by neuronal firing rate tuning more than by cortico-muscular synchronization. In addition to the known primary sensory cortex inhibition due to movement, a more evident reduction was found for the component known to include a contribution from primary motor areas. Gating effects were lower in the dominant left hemisphere, suggesting that sensorimotor areas dominant for hand control benefit of narrowing down gating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tecchio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Unità MEG, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Roma, Italy.
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Tinazzi M, Zarattini S, Valeriani M, Romito S, Farina S, Moretto G, Smania N, Fiaschi A, Abbruzzese G. Long-lasting modulation of human motor cortex following prolonged transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of forearm muscles: evidence of reciprocal inhibition and facilitation. Exp Brain Res 2004; 161:457-64. [PMID: 15551083 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that motor cortex excitability can be modulated by manipulation of afferent inputs, like peripheral electrical stimulation. Most studies in humans mainly dealt with the effects of prolonged low-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation on motor cortical excitability, despite its being known from animal studies that high-frequency stimulation can also result in changes of the cortical excitability. To investigate the possible effects of high-frequency peripheral stimulation on motor cortical excitability we recorded motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the left motor cortex from the right flexor carpi radialis (FCR), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) in normal subjects, before and after transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of 30 min duration applied over the FCR. The amplitude of MEPs from the FRC was significantly reduced from 10 to 35 min after TENS while the amplitude of MEPs from ECR was increased. No effects were observed in the FDI muscle. Indices of peripheral nerve (M-wave) and spinal cord excitability (H waves) did not change throughout the experiment. Electrical stimulation of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve has no significant effect on motor cortex excitability. These findings suggest that TENS of forearm muscles can induce transient reciprocal inhibitory and facilitatory changes in corticomotoneuronal excitability of forearm flexor and extensor muscles lasting several minutes. These changes probably may occur at cortical site and seem to be mainly dependent on stimulation of muscle afferents. These findings might eventually lead to practical applications in rehabilitation, especially in those syndromes in which the excitatory and inhibitory balance between agonist and antagonist is severely impaired, such as spasticity and dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tinazzi
- Unità Operativa Neurologia, Ospedale Civile Borgo Trento, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37100 Verona, Italy.
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Kobayashi M, Ng J, Théoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of intracortical neuronal circuits in human hand motor area by digit stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2003; 149:1-8. [PMID: 12592498 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-002-1329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2002] [Accepted: 10/14/2002] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the changes in intracortical neuronal circuits of the hand motor cortex following sensory stimulation of the fingers in 11 healthy subjects. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from intrinsic hand muscles (right first dorsal interosseous and abductor digiti minimi muscles). Electrical stimulation was applied to a digit near (homotopic) or distant (heterotopic stimulation) from each muscle. The right index or little finger was stimulated electrically, followed by single- or paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at an interval of 25, 200, 600, 1,000 or 1,400 ms. Paired-pulse TMS was applied with interstimuli intervals of 2 ms or 12 ms and was expected to stimulate inhibitory or facilitatory intracortical circuits, respectively. MEPs induced by single-pulse TMS were significantly suppressed 200, 600, and 1,000 ms after heterotopic and homotopic stimuli. Intracortical facilitation was significantly enhanced only after homotopic stimuli and such enhancement was maximal 200 ms after digit stimulation. Intracortical inhibition was slightly weakened after homotopic stimulation but this effect did not reach statistical significance ( P=0.25). Our results show that sensory feedback can modify intracortical and corticospinal motor excitability and that intracortical facilitation can be enhanced in a topographic-specific way especially at long latencies. These findings suggest that indirect pathways, probably through somatosensory cortex and other areas, enhance intracortical motor excitability in a somatotopically organized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave. KS452, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Chapter 8 Transcranial magnetic stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-4231(09)70156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kaelin-Lang A, Luft AR, Sawaki L, Burstein AH, Sohn YH, Cohen LG. Modulation of human corticomotor excitability by somatosensory input. J Physiol 2002; 540:623-33. [PMID: 11956348 PMCID: PMC2290238 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, somatosensory stimulation results in increased corticomotoneuronal excitability to the stimulated body parts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) from abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles. MEP amplitudes, recruitment curves (RC), intracortical inhibition (ICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), resting (rMT) and active motor thresholds (aMT) were recorded before and after a 2-h period of ulnar nerve electrical stimulation at the wrist. Somatosensory input was monitored by recording somatosensory evoked potentials. To differentiate excitability changes at cortical vs. subcortical sites, we recorded supramaximal peripheral M-responses and MEPs to brainstem electrical stimulation (BES). In order to investigate the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms, we studied the influence of lorazepam (LZ) (a GABA(A) receptor agonist) relative to that of dextromethorphan (DM) (an NMDA receptor antagonist) and placebo in a double-blind design. We found that somatosensory stimulation increased MEP amplitudes to TMS only in the ADM, confirming a previous report. This effect was blocked by LZ but not by either DM or placebo and lasted between 8 and 20 min in the absence of (i) changes in MEPs elicited by BES, (ii) amplitudes of early somatosensory-evoked potentials or (iii) M-responses. We conclude that somatosensory stimulation elicited a focal increase in corticomotoneuronal excitability that outlasts the stimulation period and probably occurs at cortical sites. The antagonistic effect of LZ supports the hypothesis of GABAergic involvement as an operating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Kaelin-Lang
- Human Cortical Physiology Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chapter 33 Stimulation at the foramen magnum level as a tool to separate cortical from spinal cord excitability changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tanosaki M, Hashimoto I, Iguchi Y, Kimura T, Takino R, Kurobe Y, Haruta Y, Hoshi Y. Specific somatosensory processing in somatosensory area 3b for human thumb: a neuromagnetic study. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112:1516-22. [PMID: 11459692 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the relation between somatosensory N20m primary responses and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) after thumb and middle finger stimulation. METHODS Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) from 12 subjects were measured following electric stimulation of the thumb and middle finger. SEFs were recorded with a wide bandpass (3-2000 Hz) and then N20m and HFOs were separated by subsequent 3-300 and 300-900 Hz bandpass filtering. RESULTS The N20m peak-to-peak amplitude did not differ significantly between thumb and middle finger SEFs. In contrast, HFOs had a significantly larger number of peaks and were higher in the maximum amplitude and the total amplitude after thumb stimulation than after middle finger stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our present data demonstrate a different relation between N20m and HFOs after thumb and middle finger stimulation. In view of the fact that the human thumb has uniquely evolved functionally and morphologically, the somatosensory information from the thumb will be processed differently for a fine motor control. We speculate that HFOs are generated by inhibitory interneurons in layer 4 in area 3b. Thus, enhanced activity of interneurons reflected by high amplitude HFOs exerts stronger inhibition on downstream pyramidal cells in area 3b for thumb stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanosaki
- Department of Psychophysiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, 2-1-8 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, 156-8585, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hashimoto I, Kimura T, Iguchi Y, Takino R, Sekihara K. Dynamic activation of distinct cytoarchitectonic areas of the human SI cortex after median nerve stimulation. Neuroreport 2001; 12:1891-7. [PMID: 11435918 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200107030-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MEG recordings visualized non-invasively a serial mediolateral activation of the human somatosensory 3b area followed by a stationary activation of area 1 after median nerve stimulation. Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) were recorded over the hand area contralateral to the right median nerve stimulation at the wrist in six normal subjects. A newly developed MEG vector beamformer technique applied to the SEFs revealed two distinct sources (areas 3b and 1) in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) during the primary N20m-P22m response in all subjects. The first source was located in area 3b, which started to move sequentially toward mediolateral direction 0.7 ms prior to the peak of N20m and ended its movement 1.4 ms after the peak with a total distance of 11.2 mm. We speculate that the movement reflects a sequential mediolateral activation of the pyramidal cells in area 3b, which is mediated by horizontal connections running parallel to the cortical surface. The second source in area 1, located 5.6 mm medial and 4.2 mm posterior to the first source, was active 1.0 ms after the N20m peak. Then, the first source became inactive and the second source was dominant. In sharp contrast with the first source, the second source was stationary. The different behavior of these two components (moving vs stationary) indicates independent parallel inputs to area 3b and area 1 from the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hashimoto
- Human Information Systems Laboratory (Tokyo Office), Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 6-7-8 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
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