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Toba MN, Malkinson TS, Howells H, Mackie MA, Spagna A. Same, Same but Different? A Multi-Method Review of the Processes Underlying Executive Control. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:418-454. [PMID: 36967445 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention, working memory, and executive control are commonly considered distinct cognitive functions with important reciprocal interactions. Yet, longstanding evidence from lesion studies has demonstrated both overlap and dissociation in their behavioural expression and anatomical underpinnings, suggesting that a lower dimensional framework could be employed to further identify processes supporting goal-directed behaviour. Here, we describe the anatomical and functional correspondence between attention, working memory, and executive control by providing an overview of cognitive models, as well as recent data from lesion studies, invasive and non-invasive multimodal neuroimaging and brain stimulation. We emphasize the benefits of considering converging evidence from multiple methodologies centred on the identification of brain mechanisms supporting goal-driven behaviour. We propose that expanding on this approach should enable the construction of a comprehensive anatomo-functional framework with testable new hypotheses, and aid clinical neuroscience to intervene on impairments of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Toba
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), University Hospital of Amiens and University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- CHU Amiens Picardie - Site Sud, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Avenue René Laënnec, 80054, Amiens Cedex 1, France.
| | - Tal Seidel Malkinson
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Henrietta Howells
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa-Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA.
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2
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Right-side spatial neglect and white matter disconnection after left-hemisphere strokes. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2991-3000. [PMID: 35925419 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatial neglect usually concerns left-sided events after right-hemisphere damage. Its anatomical correlates are debated, with evidence suggesting an important role for fronto-parietal white matter disconnections in the right hemisphere. Here, we describe the less frequent occurrence of neglect for right-sided events, observed in three right-handed patients after a focal stroke in the left hemisphere. Patients were tested 1 month and 3 months after stroke. They performed a standardized paper-and-pencil neglect battery and underwent brain MRI with both structural and diffusion tensor (DT) sequences, in order to assess both grey matter and white matter tracts metrics. Lesions were manually reconstructed for each patient. Patients presented signs of mild right-sided neglect during visual search and line bisection. One patient also showed pathological performance in everyday life. Structural MRI demonstrated left parietal strokes in two patients, in the region extending from the postcentral gyrus to the temporo-parietal junction. One of these two patients also had had a previous occipital stroke. The remaining patient had a left frontal stroke, affecting the precentral, the postcentral gyri and the basal ganglia. DT MRI tractography showed disconnections in the fronto-parietal regions, concerning principally the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). These results suggest an important role for left SLF disconnection in right-side neglect, which complements analogous evidence for right SLF disconnection in left-side neglect.
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3
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Fakhar K, Hilgetag CC. Systematic perturbation of an artificial neural network: A step towards quantifying causal contributions in the brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010250. [PMID: 35714139 PMCID: PMC9246164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion inference analysis is a fundamental approach for characterizing the causal contributions of neural elements to brain function. This approach has gained new prominence through the arrival of modern perturbation techniques with unprecedented levels of spatiotemporal precision. While inferences drawn from brain perturbations are conceptually powerful, they face methodological difficulties. Particularly, they are challenged to disentangle the true causal contributions of the involved elements, since often functions arise from coalitions of distributed, interacting elements, and localized perturbations have unknown global consequences. To elucidate these limitations, we systematically and exhaustively lesioned a small artificial neural network (ANN) playing a classic arcade game. We determined the functional contributions of all nodes and links, contrasting results from sequential single-element perturbations with simultaneous perturbations of multiple elements. We found that lesioning individual elements, one at a time, produced biased results. By contrast, multi-site lesion analysis captured crucial details that were missed by single-site lesions. We conclude that even small and seemingly simple ANNs show surprising complexity that needs to be addressed by multi-lesioning for a coherent causal characterization. The motto “No causation without manipulation” is canonical to scientific endeavors. In particular, neuroscience seeks to identify which brain elements are causally involved in cognition and behavior, by perturbing them. However, due to multi-dimensional interactions among the elements, this goal has remained challenging. Here, we used an Artificial Neural Network as a ground-truth model to compare the inferential capacities of two principal approaches, lesioning a system one element at a time versus sampling from the set of all possible combinations of lesions. We show that lesioning one element at a time provides misleading results. Hence, we argue for employing exhaustive perturbation regimes. We further advocate using simulation experiments and ground-truth models to verify the assumptions and limitations of current approaches for brain mapping by perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayson Fakhar
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Claus C. Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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4
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Malherbe C, Cheng B, Königsberg A, Cho TH, Ebinger M, Endres M, Fiebach JB, Fiehler J, Galinovic I, Puig J, Thijs V, Lemmens R, Muir KW, Nighoghossian N, Pedraza S, Simonsen CZ, Wouters A, Gerloff C, Hilgetag CC, Thomalla G. Game-theoretical mapping of fundamental brain functions based on lesion deficits in acute stroke. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab204. [PMID: 34585140 PMCID: PMC8473841 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion analysis is a fundamental and classical approach for inferring the causal contributions of brain regions to brain function. However, many studies have been limited by the shortcomings of methodology or clinical data. Aiming to overcome these limitations, we here use an objective multivariate approach based on game theory, Multi-perturbation Shapley value Analysis, in conjunction with data from a large cohort of 394 acute stroke patients, to derive causal contributions of brain regions to four principal functional components of the widely used National Institutes of Health Stroke Score measure. The analysis was based on a high-resolution parcellation of the brain into 294 grey and white matter regions. Through initial lesion symptom mapping for identifying all potential candidate regions and repeated iterations of the game-theoretical approach to remove non-significant contributions, the analysis derived the smallest sets of regions contributing to each of the four principal functional components as well as functional interactions among the regions. Specifically, the factor 'language and consciousness' was related to contributions of cortical regions in the left hemisphere, including the prefrontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the ventromedial putamen and the inferior frontal gyrus. Right and left motor functions were associated with contributions of the left and right dorsolateral putamen and the posterior limb of the internal capsule, correspondingly. Moreover, the superior corona radiata and the paracentral lobe of the right hemisphere as well as the right caudal area 23 of the cingulate gyrus were mainly related to left motor function, while the prefrontal gyrus, the external capsule and the sagittal stratum fasciculi of the left hemisphere contributed to right motor function. Our approach demonstrates a practically feasible strategy for applying an objective lesion inference method to a high-resolution map of the human brain and distilling a small, characteristic set of grey and white matter structures contributing to fundamental brain functions. In addition, we present novel findings of synergistic interactions between brain regions that provide insight into the functional organization of brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Malherbe
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Computational Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany.,Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Königsberg
- Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tae-Hee Cho
- Neurology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle, 13507 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B Fiebach
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Galinovic
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology, Institut de Diagnostic per la Image (IDI), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Neurology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keith W Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Salvador Pedraza
- Department of Radiology, Institut de Diagnostic per la Image (IDI), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Claus Z Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anke Wouters
- Neurology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Computational Neuroscience, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Toba MN, Zavaglia M, Malherbe C, Moreau T, Rastelli F, Kaglik A, Valabrègue R, Pradat-Diehl P, Hilgetag CC, Valero-Cabré A. Game theoretical mapping of white matter contributions to visuospatial attention in stroke patients with hemineglect. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2926-2950. [PMID: 32243676 PMCID: PMC7336155 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter bundles linking gray matter nodes are key anatomical players to fully characterize associations between brain systems and cognitive functions. Here we used a multivariate lesion inference approach grounded in coalitional game theory (multiperturbation Shapley value analysis, MSA) to infer causal contributions of white matter bundles to visuospatial orienting of attention. Our work is based on the characterization of the lesion patterns of 25 right hemisphere stroke patients and the causal analysis of their impact on three neuropsychological tasks: line bisection, letter cancellation, and bells cancellation. We report that, out of the 11 white matter bundles included in our MSA coalitions, the optic radiations, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the anterior cingulum were the only tracts to display task-invariant contributions (positive, positive, and negative, respectively) to the tasks. We also report task-dependent influences for the branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the posterior cingulum. By extending prior findings to white matter tracts linking key gray matter nodes, we further characterize from a network perspective the anatomical basis of visual and attentional orienting processes. The knowledge about interactions patterns mediated by white matter tracts linking cortical nodes of attention orienting networks, consolidated by further studies, may help develop and customize brain stimulation approaches for the rehabilitation of visuospatial neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Toba
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, & IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France.,Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,AP-HP, HxU Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation & PHRC Régional NEGLECT, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (EA 4559), University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Melissa Zavaglia
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Jacobs University, Focus Area Health, Bremen, Germany
| | - Caroline Malherbe
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Head and Neuro Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tristan Moreau
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, & IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France
| | - Federica Rastelli
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, & IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France.,AP-HP, HxU Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation & PHRC Régional NEGLECT, Paris, France
| | - Anna Kaglik
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, & IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France.,AP-HP, HxU Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation & PHRC Régional NEGLECT, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabrègue
- Centre for NeuroImaging Research-CENIR, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Pradat-Diehl
- AP-HP, HxU Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation & PHRC Régional NEGLECT, Paris, France.,GRC-UPMC n° 18-Handicap cognitif et réadaptation, Paris, France
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Team, Frontlab, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, & IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France.,AP-HP, HxU Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation & PHRC Régional NEGLECT, Paris, France.,Laboratory for Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity & Rehabilitation, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
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