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Cases-Cunillera S, Friker LL, Müller P, Becker AJ, Gielen GH. From bedside to bench: New insights in epilepsy-associated tumors based on recent classification updates and animal models on brain tumor networks. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38899375 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LGNTs), particularly those with glioneuronal histology, are highly associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Increasing research focused on these neoplastic lesions did not translate into drug discovery; and anticonvulsant or antitumor therapies are not available yet. During the last years, animal modeling has improved, thereby leading to the possibility of generating brain tumors in mice mimicking crucial genetic, molecular and immunohistological features. Among them, intraventricular in utero electroporation (IUE) has been proven to be a valuable tool for the generation of animal models for LGNTs allowing endogenous tumor growth within the mouse brain parenchyma. Epileptogenicity is mostly determined by the slow-growing patterns of these tumors, thus mirroring intrinsic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding neurons is crucial to investigate the mechanisms underlying convulsive activity. In this review, we provide an updated classification of the human LGNT and summarize the most recent data from human and animal models, with a focus on the crosstalk between brain tumors and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cases-Cunillera
- INSERM U1266, Neuronal Signaling in Epilepsy and Glioma, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea L Friker
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerrit H Gielen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Ko A, Lee JS. Factors associated with seizure and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery for low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:171-177. [PMID: 32024326 PMCID: PMC7254172 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors (LEATs) are responsible for drug-resistant chronic focal epilepsy, and are the second-most common reason for epilepsy surgery in children. LEATs are extremely responsive to surgical treatment, and therefore epilepsy surgery should be considered as a treatment option for LEATs. However, the optimal time for surgery remains controversial, and surgeries are often delayed. In this review, we reviewed published article on the factors associated with seizure and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery for LEATs in children to help clinicians in their decision whether to pursue epilepsy surgery for LEATs. The achievement of gross total resection may be the most important prognostic factor for seizure freedom. A shorter duration of epilepsy, a younger age at surgery, and extended resection of temporal lobe tumors have also been suggested as favorable prognostic factors in terms of seizure control. Poor cognitive function in children with LEATs is associated with a longer duration of epilepsy and a younger age at seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Ko
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Cucchiara F, Pasqualetti F, Giorgi FS, Danesi R, Bocci G. Epileptogenesis and oncogenesis: An antineoplastic role for antiepileptic drugs in brain tumours? Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104786. [PMID: 32278037 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first description of epileptic seizures due to brain tumours occurred in 19th century. Nevertheless, after over one hundred years, scientific literature is still lacking on how epilepsy and its treatment can affect tumour burden, progression and clinical outcomes. In patients with brain tumours, epilepsy dramatically impacts their quality of life (QoL). Even antiepileptic therapy seems to affect tumor lesion development. Numerous studies suggest that certain actors involved in epileptogenesis (inflammatory changes, glutamate and its ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, GABA-A and its GABA-AR receptor, as well as certain ligand- and voltage-gated ion channel) may also contribute to tumorigenesis. Although some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are known operating on such mechanisms underlying epilepsy and tumor development, few preclinical and clinical studies have tried to investigate them as targets of pharmacological tools acting to control both phenomena. The primary aim of this review is to summarize known determinants and pathophysiological mechanisms of seizures, as well as of cell growth and spread, in patients with brain tumors. Therefore, a special focus will be provided on the anticancer effects of commonly prescribed AEDs (including levetiracetam, valproic acid, oxcarbazepine and others), with an overview of both preclinical and clinical data. Potential clinical applications of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cucchiara
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Scuola di Specializzazione in Farmacologia e Tossicologia Clinica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Pasqualetti
- U.O. Radioterapia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- U.O. Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Scuola di Specializzazione in Farmacologia e Tossicologia Clinica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Scuola di Specializzazione in Farmacologia e Tossicologia Clinica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Assessment of genetic variant burden in epilepsy-associated brain lesions. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1738-1744. [PMID: 31358956 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to estimate genetic variant burden across different subtypes of epilepsy. Herein, we used a comparative approach to assess the genetic variant burden and genotype-phenotype correlations in four most common brain lesions in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Targeted sequencing analysis was performed for a panel of 161 genes with a mean coverage of >400×. Lesional tissue was histopathologically reviewed and dissected from hippocampal sclerosis (n = 15), ganglioglioma (n = 16), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (n = 8), and focal cortical dysplasia type II (n = 15). Peripheral blood (n = 12) or surgical tissue samples histopathologically classified as lesion-free (n = 42) were available for comparison. Variants were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Overall, we identified pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in 25.9% of patients with a mean coverage of 383×. The highest number of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants was observed in patients with ganglioglioma (43.75%; all somatic) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (37.5%; all somatic), and in 20% of cases with focal cortical dysplasia type II (13.33% somatic, 6.67% germline). Pathogenic/likely pathogenic positive genes were disorder specific and BRAF V600E the only recurrent pathogenic variant. This study represents a reference for the genetic variant burden across the four most common lesion entities in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. The observed large variability in variant burden by epileptic lesion type calls for whole exome sequencing of histopathologically well-characterized tissue in a diagnostic setting and in research to discover novel disease-associated genes.
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5
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Lim WJ, Kim KH, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim M, Park JL, Yoon S, Oh JH, Cho JW, Kim YS, Kim N. Investigation of Gene Expression and DNA Methylation From Seven Different Brain Regions of a Crab-Eating Monkey as Determined by RNA-Seq and Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing. Front Genet 2019; 10:694. [PMID: 31428131 PMCID: PMC6690020 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The crab-eating monkey is widely used in biomedical research for pharmacological experiments. Epigenetic regulation in the brain regions of primates involves complex patterns of DNA methylation. Previous studies of methylated CpG-binding domains using microarray technology or peak identification of sequence reads mostly focused on developmental stages or disease, rather than normal brains. To identify correlations between gene expression and DNA methylation levels that may be related to transcriptional regulation, we generated RNA-seq and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data from seven different brain regions from a single crab-eating monkey. We identified 92 genes whose expression levels were significantly correlated, positively or negatively, with DNA methylation levels. Among them, 11 genes exhibited brain region-specific characteristics, and their expression patterns were strongly correlated with DNA methylation level. Nine genes (SLC2A5, MCM5, DRAM1, TTC12, DHX40, COR01A, LRAT, FLVCR2, and PTER) had effects on brain and eye function and development, and two (LHX6 and MEST) were previously identified as genes in which DNA methylation levels change significantly in the promoter region and are therefore considered brain epigenetic markers. Furthermore, we characterized DNA methylation of repetitive elements at the whole genome through repeat annotation at single-base resolution. Our results reveal the diverse roles of DNA methylation at single-base resolution throughout the genome and reflect the epigenetic variations in adult brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hyoun Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mirang Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Lyul Park
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Predictive Toxicity Department, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Predictive Toxicity Department, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Cho
- Predictive Toxicity Department, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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Prabhakaran N, Guzman MA, Navalkele P, Chow-Maneval E, Batanian JR. Novel TLE4-NTRK2 fusion in a ganglioglioma identified by array-CGH and confirmed by NGS: Potential for a gene targeted therapy. Neuropathology 2018; 38:380-386. [PMID: 29502353 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gangliogliomas are rare neoplasms of the central nervous system that mostly originate in the temporal lobe and are associated with seizures. Literature mentions that BRAF mutations are most commonly associated with gangliogliomas. We discuss a unique case of ganglioglioma originating in the posterior fossa that showed multiple losses and a unique interstitial deletion at 9q21 by an array-comparative genome hybridization (array-CGH). The deletion led to a novel molecular fusion (TLE4-NTRK2) which was confirmed by next generation sequencing and provides a potential for a gene-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Prabhakaran
- Department of Pathology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Pournima Navalkele
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Medical Center, Saint Louis University Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline R Batanian
- Molecular Cytogenetics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Medical Center, Saint Louis University Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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7
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Majumdar A, Ahmad F, Sheikh T, Bhagat R, Pathak P, Joshi SD, Seth P, Tandon V, Tripathi M, Saratchandra P, Sarkar C, Sen E. miR-217–casein kinase-2 cross talk regulates ERK activation in ganglioglioma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1215-1226. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jozwiak S, Becker A, Cepeda C, Engel J, Gnatkovsky V, Huberfeld G, Kaya M, Kobow K, Simonato M, Loeb JA. WONOEP appraisal: Development of epilepsy biomarkers-What we can learn from our patients? Epilepsia 2017; 58:951-961. [PMID: 28387933 PMCID: PMC5806696 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current medications for patients with epilepsy work in only two of three patients. For those medications that do work, they only suppress seizures. They treat the symptoms, but do not modify the underlying disease, forcing patients to take these drugs with significant side effects, often for the rest of their lives. A major limitation in our ability to advance new therapeutics that permanently prevent, reduce the frequency of, or cure epilepsy comes from a lack of understanding of the disease coupled with a lack of reliable biomarkers that can predict who has or who will get epilepsy. METHODS The main goal of this report is to present a number of approaches for identifying reliable biomarkers from observing patients with brain disorders that have a high probability of producing epilepsy. RESULTS A given biomarker, or more likely a profile of biomarkers, will have both a quantity and a time course during epileptogenesis that can be used to predict who will get the disease, to confirm epilepsy as a diagnosis, to identify coexisting pathologies, and to monitor the course of treatments. SIGNIFICANCE Additional studies in patients and animal models could identify common and clinically valuable biomarkers to successfully translate animal studies into new and effective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Child Neurology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albert Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- IDDRC, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Unit of Epilepsy and Experimental Neurophysiology, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilles Huberfeld
- Sorbonne and UPMC University, AP-HP, Department of Neurophysiology, UPMC and La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- INSERM U1129, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris, Cité, Paris, CEA, France
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariver, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and Division of Neuroscience, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A. Loeb
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Devaux B, Chassoux F, Landré E, Turak B, Laurent A, Zanello M, Mellerio C, Varlet P. Surgery for dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and gangliogliomas in eloquent areas. Functional results and seizure control. Neurochirurgie 2017; 63:227-234. [PMID: 28506485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and gangliogliomas are developmental glioneuronal tumors usually revealed by partial epilepsy. High epileptogenicity, childhood epilepsy onset, drug-resistance, temporal location, and seizure freedom after complete resection are common characteristics of both tumors. We report the specificity of surgical management, functional results and seizure outcome in cases of a tumor location in eloquent areas. METHODS Among 150 patients (88 males, 3-55 years) operated on for refractory epilepsy due to a glioneuronal tumor (1990-2015), 30 (20%, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors=21; gangliogliomas=9) had a tumor located in an eloquent cortex (sensory-motor, insular or language areas). Surgery was performed after a preoperative work-up, including stereo-electroencephalography in 48 patients (26%) and functional MRI in 100 (67%). MRI-guided lesionectomy was mainly performed in extra-temporal location, whereas an additional corticectomy was performed in a temporal location. Tumor microsurgical resections were guided using neuronavigation and cortical/subcortical electrical stimulations. Multiple stereotactic thermocoagulations were performed in two insular tumors. RESULTS New motor/language deficits related to eloquent areas occurred postoperatively in 6/30 patients (20%) without any major permanent disability. Minor sensorimotor (n=2) and moderate language disturbance (n=1) persisted in three of them. Postoperative seizure-free outcome (mean follow-up>5 years) was obtained in 81% of the entire series, but significantly decreased to 60% in eloquent areas. Incomplete tumor resection was the main cause of surgical failure. However, unfavorable seizure outcome was also observed despite complete tumor resection. Malignant transformation occurred in one ganglioglioma. CONCLUSION Epilepsy surgery for benign glioneuronal tumors in eloquent areas provides acceptable results regarding the functional risks. Complete tumor resection is crucial for long-term favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Devaux
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - F Chassoux
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - E Landré
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - B Turak
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - A Laurent
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M Zanello
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - C Mellerio
- Service d'imagerie morphologique et fonctionnelle, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - P Varlet
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital Sainte-Anne, université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
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Huang C, Chi XS, Hu X, Chen N, Zhou Q, Zhou D, Li JM. Predictors and mechanisms of epilepsy occurrence in cerebral gliomas: What to look for in clinicopathology. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:115-122. [PMID: 28087392 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas, especially low-grade gliomas, are highly epileptogenic brain tumors. Histopathological information is valuable in evaluating the diagnosis and/or biologic behavior of various gliomas. Here we explored the clinical data and histopathological predictors of the occurrence of epilepsy in patients with gliomas. A retrospective study examined 310 consecutive patients who had undergone surgical treatment for gliomas in our institution from January 2013 to January 2015. Clinical data and pathological examination results were analyzed. Literatures regarding the predictors and etiology of glioma associated epileptic seizures in the period of 1995-2015 were also reviewed. A total of 234 (75.5%) astrocytic tumors and 76 (24.5%) oligodendrial tumors were included. At diagnosis, 33.6% of patients had epileptic seizures. Multivariate analysis revealed cortex involvement (OR=7.991, 95%CI=1.599-39.926), lower World Health Organization grade (OR=3.584, 95%CI=1.032-12.346) and topoisomerase II (TopoII) positivity (OR=0.943, 95%CI=0.903-0.982) were strong predictors for preoperative epileptic seizures. Gender, disease course, tumor classification, location or volume did not significantly affect epileptic seizure occurrence. Forty-three publications involved glioma-associated epilepsy were found in PubMed online database and key data were extracted and summarized. The present studies on glioma-related epilepsy are relatively limited and inconsistent. Low-grade gliomas, cortex involvement and TopoII positivity were independent predictors of a history of epileptic seizures at diagnosis. Further studies to examine the underlying mechanism of topoisomerase II as well as other molecules in epilepsy occurrence in brain gliomas are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Sa Chi
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Robens BK, Gembé E, Fassunke J, Becker AJ, Schoch S, Grote A. Abundance of LRP12 C-rs9694676 allelic promoter variant in epilepsy-associated gangliogliomas. Life Sci 2016; 155:70-5. [PMID: 27142828 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic epilepsy associated gangliogliomas (GGs) represent tumors composed of irregularly distributed, often dysmorphic, neurons and neoplastic astroglia. The pathogenesis of GGs is largely unknown. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 12 (LRP12) is critical for brain development and involved in tumorigenesis of non-cerebral neoplasms. MAIN METHODS Here, we have examined a potential role of LRP12 in the pathogenesis of GGs by a combination of mRNA quantification and molecular-biological in vitro assays. KEY FINDINGS We observed a significant increase of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9694676 C-allele, located in the LRP12 promoter, in GGs compared to normal control individuals. C-allele expression is correlated with abundant seizure frequency. Expression of LRP12 was lower in GGs than in control brain. In luciferase assays, the C-allele of rs9694676 decreases both, the basal LRP12 core promoter activity and the stimulatory effect of the transcription factor (TF) STAT5a. SIGNIFICANCE Accumulation of functional promoter-associated allelic variants with impact on the transcriptional regulation of LRP12 provides a new pathomechanism for GGs, i.e. highly differentiated epileptogenic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Robens
- Dept. of Neuropathology/Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Germany
| | - Eva Gembé
- Dept. of Neuropathology/Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Germany
| | - Jana Fassunke
- Dept. of Pathology, University Clinic of Cologne, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Dept. of Neuropathology/Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Dept. of Neuropathology/Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Germany; Dept. of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Grote
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Prabowo AS, van Thuijl HF, Scheinin I, Sie D, van Essen HF, Iyer AM, Spliet WGM, Ferrier CH, van Rijen PC, Veersema TJ, Thom M, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Reijneveld JC, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Aronica E. Landscape of chromosomal copy number aberrations in gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:743-55. [PMID: 25764012 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gangliogliomas (GGs) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNTs) represent the most common histological entities within the spectrum of glioneuronal tumours (GNTs). The wide variability of morphological features complicates histological classification, including discrimination from prognostically distinct diffuse low-grade astrocytomas (AIIs). This study was performed to increase our understanding of these tumours. METHODS We studied chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) by genome-wide sequencing in a large cohort of GNTs and linked these to comprehensive histological analysis and clinical characteristics. One hundred fourteen GNTs were studied: 50 GGs and 64 DNTs. Also, a data set of CNAs from 38 diffuse AIIs was included. RESULTS The most frequent CNAs in both GGs and DNTs were gains at chromosomes 5 and 7, often concurrent, and gain at chromosome 6. None of the CNAs was linked to histological subtype, immunohistochemical features or to clinical characteristics. Comparison of AIIs and diffuse GNTs revealed that gain at whole chromosome 5 is only observed in GNTs. CNA patterns indicative of chromothripsis were detected in three GNTs. CONCLUSION We conclude that GNTs with diverse morphologies share molecular features, and our findings support the need to improve classification and differential diagnosis of tumour entities within the spectrum of GNTs, as well as their distinction from other gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke Foka van Thuijl
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilari Scheinin
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daoud Sie
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik F van Essen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille H Ferrier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neurophysiology/Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J Veersema
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thom
- Neuropathology Department, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Jaap C Reijneveld
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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13
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Veersema TJ, Anink JJ, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Ferrier CH, Thom M, Aronica E. Expression of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins and caspase-3 in glioneuronal tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:e1-e15. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Veersema
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Y. N. Schouten-van Meeteren
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. G. M. Spliet
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience and Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - P. C. van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. H. Ferrier
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. Thom
- Neuropathology Department; University College London Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland; Heemstede The Netherlands
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14
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Giulioni M, Marucci G, Martinoni M, Marliani AF, Toni F, Bartiromo F, Volpi L, Riguzzi P, Bisulli F, Naldi I, Michelucci R, Baruzzi A, Tinuper P, Rubboli G. Epilepsy associated tumors: Review article. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:623-641. [PMID: 25405186 PMCID: PMC4233414 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i11.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term epilepsy associated tumors (LEAT) represent a well known cause of focal epilepsies. Glioneuronal tumors are the most frequent histological type consisting of a mixture of glial and neuronal elements and most commonly arising in the temporal lobe. Cortical dysplasia or other neuronal migration abnormalities often coexist. Epilepsy associated with LEAT is generally poorly controlled by antiepileptic drugs while, on the other hand, it is high responsive to surgical treatment. However the best management strategy of tumor-related focal epilepsies remains controversial representing a contemporary issues in epilepsy surgery. Temporo-mesial LEAT have a widespread epileptic network with complex epileptogenic mechanisms. By using an epilepsy surgery oriented strategy LEAT may have an excellent seizure outcome therefore surgical treatment should be offered early, irrespective of pharmacoresistance, avoiding both the consequences of uncontrolled seizures as well as the side effects of prolonged pharmacological therapy and the rare risk of malignant transformation.
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15
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Xu LX, Holland H, Kirsten H, Ahnert P, Krupp W, Bauer M, Schober R, Mueller W, Fritzsch D, Meixensberger J, Koschny R. Three gangliogliomas: results of GTG-banding, SKY, genome-wide high resolution SNP-array, gene expression and review of the literature. Neuropathology 2014; 35:148-57. [PMID: 25376146 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization gangliogliomas are classified as well-differentiated and slowly growing neuroepithelial tumors, composed of neoplastic mature ganglion and glial cells. It is the most frequent tumor entity observed in patients with long-term epilepsy. Comprehensive cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic data including high-resolution genomic profiling (single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array) of gangliogliomas are scarce but necessary for a better oncological understanding of this tumor entity. For a detailed characterization at the single cell and cell population levels, we analyzed genomic alterations of three gangliogliomas using trypsin-Giemsa banding (GTG-banding) and by spectral karyotyping (SKY) in combination with SNP-array and gene expression array experiments. By GTG and SKY, we could confirm frequently detected chromosomal aberrations (losses within chromosomes 10, 13 and 22; gains within chromosomes 5, 7, 8 and 12), and identify so far unknown genetic aberrations like the unbalanced non-reciprocal translocation t(1;18)(q21;q21). Interestingly, we report on the second so far detected ganglioglioma with ring chromosome 1. Analyses of SNP-array data from two of the tumors and respective germline DNA (peripheral blood) identified few small gains and losses and a number of copy-neutral regions with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in germline and in tumor tissue. In comparison to germline DNA, tumor tissues did not show substantial regions with significant loss or gain or with newly developed LOH. Gene expression analyses of tumor-specific genes revealed similarities in the profile of the analyzed samples regarding different relevant pathways. Taken together, we describe overlapping but also distinct and novel genetic aberrations of three gangliogliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Neueder A, Bates GP. A common gene expression signature in Huntington's disease patient brain regions. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:60. [PMID: 25358814 PMCID: PMC4219025 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-014-0060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression data provide invaluable insights into disease mechanisms. In Huntington’s disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease caused by a tri-nucleotide repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, extensive transcriptional dysregulation has been reported. Conventional dysregulation analysis has shown that e.g. in the caudate nucleus of the post mortem HD brain the gene expression level of about a third of all genes was altered. Owing to this large number of dysregulated genes, the underlying relevance of expression changes is often lost in huge gene lists that are difficult to comprehend. Methods To alleviate this problem, we employed weighted correlation network analysis to archival gene expression datasets of HD post mortem brain regions. Results We were able to uncover previously unidentified transcription dysregulation in the HD cerebellum that contained a gene expression signature in common with the caudate nucleus and the BA4 region of the frontal cortex. Furthermore, we found that yet unassociated pathways, e.g. global mRNA processing, were dysregulated in HD. We provide evidence to show that, contrary to previous findings, mutant huntingtin is sufficient to induce a subset of stress response genes in the cerebellum and frontal cortex BA4 region. The comparison of HD with other neurodegenerative disorders showed that the immune system, in particular the complement system, is generally activated. We also demonstrate that HD mouse models mimic some aspects of the disease very well, while others, e.g. the activation of the immune system are inadequately reflected. Conclusion Our analysis provides novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis in HD and identifies genes and pathways as potential therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-014-0060-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Neueder
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Gillian P Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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17
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Schramm J. Epilepsy Surgery and the Evolution of Clinical and Translational Science. Neurosurgery 2014; 61 Suppl 1:54-65. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schramm
- Professor emeritus, Medical Faculty, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Aronica E, Crino PB. Epilepsy related to developmental tumors and malformations of cortical development. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:251-68. [PMID: 24481729 PMCID: PMC3996119 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural abnormalities of the brain are increasingly recognized in patients with neurodevelopmental delay and intractable focal epilepsies. The access to clinically well-characterized neurosurgical material has provided a unique opportunity to better define the neuropathological, neurochemical, and molecular features of epilepsy-associated focal developmental lesions. These studies help to further understand the epileptogenic mechanisms of these lesions. Neuropathological evaluation of surgical specimens from patients with epilepsy-associated developmental lesions reveals two major pathologies: focal cortical dysplasia and low-grade developmental tumors (glioneuronal tumors). In the last few years there have been major advances in the recognition of a wide spectrum of developmental lesions associated with a intractable epilepsy, including cortical tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and hemimegalencephaly. As an increasing number of entities are identified, the development of a unified and comprehensive classification represents a great challenge and requires continuous updates. The present article reviews current knowledge of molecular pathogenesis and the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptogenesis in this group of developmental disorders. Both emerging neuropathological and basic science evidence will be analyzed, highlighting the involvement of different, but often converging, pathogenetic and epileptogenic mechanisms, which may create the basis for new therapeutic strategies in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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19
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Japp A, Gielen GH, Becker AJ. Recent aspects of classification and epidemiology of epilepsy-associated tumors. Epilepsia 2014; 54 Suppl 9:5-11. [PMID: 24328865 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are frequent manifestations of brain tumors. However, biopsy specimens of patients who undergo neurosurgical removal of circumscribed foci to control chronic recurrent pharmacoresistant seizures often reveal tumor entities that are rare in general brain tumor series. The spectrum of these "long-term epilepsy-associated neoplasms" comprises highly differentiated glial and glioneuronal tumors that show a benign biologic behavior and clinical course, and that rarely relapse. Several entities are well recognizable on the basis of histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. An intriguing functional aspect of these tumors, sometimes collectively referred to as "epileptomas," is their prominent epileptogenicity, which may represent a clinical feature indicating rather than causing the generally benign biologic behavior of these tumors. A frequent feature of respective neoplasms is their coincidence with dysplastic lesions in the vicinity of the tumor itself. The recent advent of new molecular markers, including genomic alterations leading to activation of the protooncogene BRAF and impaired function of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1), provides excellent new tools in the differential diagnosis of low grade brain tumors, and provides intriguing implications to further develop the pathogenetic concepts of these neoplasms. Despite this progress, a number of tumors from patients with chronic epilepsy show combinations of cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics that challenge the current neuropathologic classification schemes. Attempts are currently ongoing to develop further classification schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Japp
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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20
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You G, Feng L, Yan W, Zhang W, Wang YZ, Li SW, Li SW, Li GL, Song YJ, Kang CS, You YP, Jiang T. BCL2A1 is a potential biomarker for postoperative seizure control in patients with low-grade gliomas. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:882-8. [PMID: 23841872 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To identify molecular genetic factors that influence preoperative seizure occurrence and postoperative seizure control in patients with low-grade gliomas (LGGs). METHODS Fifty-four WHO grade II astrocytomas were used for microarray analysis under strict inclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was seizure control at 12 months after surgery. Biological processes were investigated by gene ontology (GO) analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate key genes. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes correlated with seizure occurrence failed to significantly distinguish patients with and without a history of seizures. With respect to postoperative seizure control, a transcript profile of 92 genes was identified, which successfully separated patients with good and poor seizure prognosis. GO analysis revealed that the most striking overrepresentation of genes was found in a category of anti-apoptotic genes and their regulation. Increased expression was also observed for genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses. BCL2A1 was proven to be a novel marker associated with seizure prognosis. CONCLUSION Increased anti-apoptotic activity of tumor cells appears to contribute to seizure recurrence after surgery in patients with LGGs. These findings provide insights that may lead to the development of effective treatment strategies for prolonging the survival of patients with LGG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Bendersky D, Tedesco N, Christiansen S, García MDC, Ciraolo C. Epilepsy due to a temporal ganglioglioma and its subsequent malignant transformation into a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22937479 PMCID: PMC3424680 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.98511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gangliogliomas (GGs) are rare brain tumors, and their malignant changes are still less frequent. In these cases, almost always the malignant component is the glial one. However, there are few cases in which the neuronal component exhibits malignant transformation. Case Description: We described a case of a 14-year-old male patient who started with seizures and 5 years later, its frequency was almost daily despite being treated with several antiepileptic drugs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a nonenhancing lesion located at the right inferior temporal gyri. He underwent surgery, and the tumor was completely removed. Histological diagnosis was GG. He had no seizures anymore, but 3 years later, the tumor recurred as a giant heterogeneously enhancing space-occupying mass within the right temporal lobe. A second surgical resection was performed. Histological diagnosis was a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). One month and a half later, the tumor has recurred again. He and his family decided not to undergo another operation, so he was referred to the radiotherapy department. Conclusion: As in this patient, GGs may recur as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, likely because both types of neoplasm form part of the same heterogeneous group of brain tumors which contains neuronal components, but on the other side of the malignancy spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Bendersky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Abstract
The term long-term epilepsy associated tumor (LEAT) encompasses lesions identified in patients investigated for long histories (often 2 years or more) of drug-resistant epilepsy. They are generally slowly growing, low grade, cortically based tumors, more often arising in younger age groups and in many cases exhibit neuronal in addition to glial differentiation. Gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors predominate in this group. LEATs are further united by cyto-architectural changes that may be present in the adjacent cortex which have some similarities to developmental focal cortical dysplasias (FCD); these are now grouped as FCD type IIIb in the updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. In the majority of cases, surgical treatments are beneficial from both perspectives of managing the seizures and the tumor. However, in a minority, seizures may recur, tumors may show regrowth or recurrence, and rarely undergo anaplastic progression. Predicting and identifying tumors likely to behave less favorably are key objectives of the neuropathologist. With immunohistochemistry and modern molecular pathology, it is becoming increasingly possible to refine diagnostic groups. Despite this, some LEATs remain difficult to classify, particularly tumors with "non-specific" or diffuse growth patterns. Modification of LEAT classification is inevitable with the goal of unifying terminological criteria applied between centers for accurate clinico-pathological-molecular correlative data to emerge. Finally, establishing the epileptogenic components of LEAT, either within the lesion or perilesional cortex, will elucidate the cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis, which in turn will guide optimal surgical management of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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23
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Moreno V, Bhattacharjee MB, Powell SZ. Neuropathology of Seizure Disorders. Acad Forensic Pathol 2012. [DOI: 10.23907/2012.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate recurrent seizures. Pathologists may be called upon to evaluate brain tissue from patients with a history of seizures, and it is important to keep in mind the diversity of histopathologic findings associated with this disorder and the limitations imposed by both, limited sampling and neuroanatomy. Review of the literature has shown that the three most common clinicopathological entities in surgically resected medically refractory epilepsy are mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEAT), and malformations of cortical development (MCD) which includes focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). Here, we will review the most common clinicopathological entities seen in surgically resected cases of refractory epilepsy, such as MTS, MCD, LEAT, as well as vascular and encephalitic lesions. We will also touch upon traumatic brain injuries and SUDEP, and the role of the forensic pathologist. A better understanding of the etiopathology, recent classifications, and underlying molecular mechanisms involved in each entity will be helpful in order to identify the cause of death in patients with seizure disorders, candidates who will benefit from tailored surgical resection strategies, as well as to develop new and targeted drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
| | - Meenakshi B. Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
| | - Suzanne Z. Powell
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. (VM, MBB)
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24
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Promoter variants determine γ-aminobutyric acid homeostasis-related gene transcription in human epileptic hippocampi. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 70:1080-8. [PMID: 22082659 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318238b9af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional consequences of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with episodic brain disorders such as epilepsy and depression are unclear. Allelic associations with generalized epilepsies have been reported for single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1883415 (ALDH5A1; succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase) and rs4906902 (GABRB3; GABAA β3), both of which are present in the 5' regulatory region of genes involved in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) homeostasis. To address their allelic association with episodic brain disorders and allele-specific impact on the transcriptional regulation of these genes in human brain tissue, DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from hippocampi were obtained at epilepsy surgery of 146 pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) patients and from 651 healthy controls. We found that the C allele of rs1883415 is accumulated to a greater extentin mTLE versus controls. By real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses, individuals homozygous for the C allele showed higher ALDH5A1 mRNA expression. The rs4906902 G allele of the GABRB3 gene was overrepresented in mTLE patients with depression; individuals homozygous for the G allele showed reduced GABRB3 mRNA expression. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that rs1883415 and rs4906902 alter the DNA binding affinity of the transcription factors Egr-3 in ALDH5A1 and MEF-2 in GABRB3 promoters, respectively. Using in vitro luciferase transfection assays, we observed that, in both cases, the transcription factors regulate gene expression depending on the allelic variant in the same direction as in the human hippocampi. Our data suggest that distinct promoter variants may sensitize individuals for differential, potentially stimulus-induced alterations of GABA homeostasis-relevant gene expression. This might contribute to the episodic onset of symptoms and point to new targets for pharmacotherapies.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Loiacono G, Cirillo C, Chiarelli F, Verrotti A. Focal epilepsy associated with glioneuronal tumors. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2011; 2011:867503. [PMID: 22389832 PMCID: PMC3263547 DOI: 10.5402/2011/867503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumors are an increasingly recognized cause of partial seizures that occur primarily in children and young adults. Focal epilepsy associated with glioneuronal tumors is often resistant to pharmacological treatment. The cellular mechanisms underlying the epileptogenicity of glioneuronal tumors remain largely unknown. The involved mechanisms are certain to be multifactorial and depend on specific tumor histology, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, characteristics of the peritumoral environment, circuit abnormalities, or cellular and molecular defects. Glioneuronal tumors presenting with epilepsy were observed to have relatively benign biological behavior. The completeness of the tumor resection is of paramount importance in avoiding tumor progression and malignant transformation, which are rare in cases of epileptogenic glioneuronal tumors.
An evolving understanding of the various mechanisms of tumor-related epileptogenicity may also lead to a more defined surgical objective and effective therapeutic strategies, including antiepileptogenic treatments, to prevent epilepsy in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Loiacono
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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27
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Boer K, Crino PB, Gorter JA, Nellist M, Jansen FE, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Wittink FRA, Breit TM, Troost D, Wadman WJ, Aronica E. Gene expression analysis of tuberous sclerosis complex cortical tubers reveals increased expression of adhesion and inflammatory factors. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:704-19. [PMID: 19912235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex are associated with disabling neurological manifestations, including intractable epilepsy. While these malformations are believed to result from the effects of TSC1 or TSC2 gene mutations, the molecular mechanisms leading to tuber formation, as well as the onset of seizures, remain largely unknown. We used the Affymetrix Gene Chip platform to provide the first genome-wide investigation of gene expression in surgically resected tubers, compared with histological normal perituberal tissue from the same patients or autopsy control tissue. We identified 2501 differentially expressed genes in cortical tubers compared with autopsy controls. Expression of genes associated with cell adhesion, for example, VCAM1, integrins and CD44, or with the inflammatory response, including complement factors, serpinA3, CCL2 and several cytokines, was increased in cortical tubers, whereas genes related to synaptic transmission, for example, the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1, and voltage-gated channel activity, exhibited lower expression. Gene expression in perituberal cortex was distinct from autopsy control cortex suggesting that even in the absence of tissue pathology the transcriptome is altered in TSC. Changes in gene expression yield insights into new candidate genes that may contribute to tuber formation or seizure onset, representing new targets for potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Boer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Hamartin Variants That Are Frequent in Focal Dysplasias and Cortical Tubers Have Reduced Tuberin Binding and Aberrant Subcellular Distribution In Vitro. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:1136-46. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181b9a699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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29
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Blümcke I. Neuropathology of focal epilepsies: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 15:34-9. [PMID: 19248840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A broad spectrum of structural lesions can be histopathologically identified in surgical brain specimens obtained from patients with focal, therapy-refractory epilepsies. In our experience with 4512 tissue samples collected at the German Neuropathological Reference Center for Epilepsy Surgery, three clinicopathological entities are most common: mesial temporal sclerosis (40%), long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (27%), and malformations of cortical development (13%). Notwithstanding, a systematic histopathological and molecular-genetic analysis is mandatory to unravel the underlying pathogenic mechanism of epilepsy-associated lesions and may contribute to our current understanding of pharmacoresistance and epileptogenesis. However, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to further explore predictive parameters with respect to postsurgical seizure relief and memory impairment, and also to identify new pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Boer K, Troost D, Timmermans W, van Rijen PC, Spliet WGM, Aronica E. Pi3K-mTOR signaling and AMOG expression in epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:234-44. [PMID: 19371356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliogliomas (GGs) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) represent the most frequent type of neoplasms in pediatric medically intractable epilepsy. Several data suggest a pathogenetic relationship between GGs and other glioneuronal malformations of cortical development (MCDs), including activation of the Pi3K-mTOR signaling pathway. To further reveal these pathogenetic similarities, we investigated immunocytochemically the expression of phosphorylated (p)-PDK1, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, p-eIF4G, p-p70S6K and p-S6, the effector proteins ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) and the pathway regulator AMOG (adhesion molecule on glia) in both GGs and DNTs. Components of the Pi3K-mTOR signaling pathway were observed in a higher percentage of neuronal cells in GGs compared with control cortex. In DNTs, the expression of these components was low and comparable with the expression in control samples. Strong immunoreactivity for ERM was observed in GGs, but not in DNTs. Additionally, AMOG was strongly expressed within GGs (but not in DNTs) in CD34-positive precursor cells. These findings support the previously suggested pathogenic relationship between GG and MCDs concerning activation of the Pi3K-mTOR signaling pathway and suggest a different pathogenetic origin for DNTs. The strong expression of AMOG within the precursor cells of GG may represent an additional marker for the diagnostic evaluation of these glioneuronal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Boer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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