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Fontenas L. Glial plasticity at nervous system transition zones. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio060037. [PMID: 37787575 PMCID: PMC10562931 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) are two separate yet connected domains characterized by molecularly distinct cellular components that communicate via specialized structures called transition zones to allow information to travel from the CNS to the periphery, and vice versa. Until recently, nervous system transition zones were thought to be selectively permeable only to axons, and the establishment of the territories occupied by glial cells at these complex regions remained poorly described and not well understood. Recent work now demonstrates that transition zones are occupied by dynamic glial cells and are precisely regulated over the course of nervous system development. This review highlights recent work on glial cell migration in and out of the spinal cord, at motor exit point (MEP) and dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) transition zones, in the physiological and diseased nervous systems. These cells include myelinating glia (oligodendrocyte lineage cells, Schwann cells and motor exit point glia), exit glia, perineurial cells that form the perineurium along spinal nerves, as well as professional and non-professional phagocytes (microglia and neural crest cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fontenas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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2
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Borger A, Stadlmayr S, Haertinger M, Semmler L, Supper P, Millesi F, Radtke C. How miRNAs Regulate Schwann Cells during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration-A Systemic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3440. [PMID: 35408800 PMCID: PMC8999002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of studies indicate that small noncoding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNA), play a crucial role in response to peripheral nerve injuries. During Wallerian degeneration and regeneration processes, they orchestrate several pathways, in particular the MAPK, AKT, and EGR2 (KROX20) pathways. Certain miRNAs show specific expression profiles upon a nerve lesion correlating with the subsequent nerve regeneration stages such as dedifferentiation and with migration of Schwann cells, uptake of debris, neurite outgrowth and finally remyelination of regenerated axons. This review highlights (a) the specific expression profiles of miRNAs upon a nerve lesion and (b) how miRNAs regulate nerve regeneration by acting on distinct pathways and linked proteins. Shedding light on the role of miRNAs associated with peripheral nerve regeneration will help researchers to better understand the molecular mechanisms and deliver targets for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Borger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Stadlmayr
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Haertinger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Semmler
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Supper
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Flavia Millesi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.B.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (L.S.); (P.S.); (F.M.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Four Seasons for Schwann Cell Biology, Revisiting Key Periods: Development, Homeostasis, Repair, and Aging. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121887. [PMID: 34944531 PMCID: PMC8699407 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the seasons of the year, all natural things happen in stages, going through adaptations when challenged, and Schwann cells are a great example of that. During maturation, these cells regulate several steps in peripheral nervous system development. The Spring of the cell means the rise and bloom through organized stages defined by time-dependent regulation of factors and microenvironmental influences. Once matured, the Summer of the cell begins: a high energy stage focused on maintaining adult homeostasis. The Schwann cell provides many neuron-glia communications resulting in the maintenance of synapses. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are pivotal after injuries, balancing degeneration and regeneration, similarly to when Autumn comes. Their ability to acquire a repair phenotype brings the potential to reconnect axons to targets and regain function. Finally, Schwann cells age, not only by growing old, but also by imposed environmental cues, like loss of function induced by pathologies. The Winter of the cell presents as reduced activity, especially regarding their role in repair; this reflects on the regenerative potential of older/less healthy individuals. This review gathers essential information about Schwann cells in different stages, summarizing important participation of this intriguing cell in many functions throughout its lifetime.
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Saini V, Kaur T, Kalotra S, Kaur G. The neuroplasticity marker PSA-NCAM: Insights into new therapeutic avenues for promoting neuroregeneration. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Garcia-Diaz B, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Schwann cells: Rescuers of central demyelination. Glia 2020; 68:1945-1956. [PMID: 32027054 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The presence of peripheral myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has gained the neurobiologist attention over the years. Despite the confirmed presence of Schwann cells in the CNS in pathological conditions, and the long list of their beneficial effects on central remyelination, the cues that impede or allow Schwann cells to successfully conquer and remyelinate central axons remain partially undiscovered. A better knowledge of these factors stands out as crucial to foresee a rational therapeutic approach for the use of Schwann cells in CNS repair. Here, we review the diverse origins of Schwann cells into the CNS, both peripheral and central, as well as the CNS components that inhibit Schwann survival and migration into the central parenchyma. Namely, we analyze the astrocyte- and the myelin-derived components that restrict Schwann cells into the CNS. Finally, we highlight the unveiled mode of invasion of these peripheral cells through the central environment, using blood vessels as scaffolds to pave their ways toward demyelinated lesions. In short, this review presents the so far uncovered knowledge of this complex CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Diaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
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Myelin Disturbances Produced by Sub-Toxic Concentration of Heavy Metals: The Role of Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184554. [PMID: 31540019 PMCID: PMC6769910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulated demonstrating that heavy metals may accumulate in various organs, leading to tissue damage and toxic effects in mammals. In particular, the Central Nervous System (CNS) seems to be particularly vulnerable to cumulative concentrations of heavy metals, though the pathophysiological mechanisms is still to be clarified. In particular, the potential role of oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin production after exposure to subtoxic concentration I confirmed. It is ok of heavy metals is to be better assessed. Here we investigated on the effect of sub-toxic concentration of several essential (Cu2 +, Cr3 +, Ni2 +, Co2+) and non-essential (Pb2 +, Cd2+, Al3+) heavy metals on human oligodendrocyte MO3.13 and human neuronal SHSY5Y cell lines (grown individually or in co-culture). MO3.13 cells are an immortal human–human hybrid cell line with the phenotypic characteristics of primary oligodendrocytes but following the differentiation assume the morphological and biochemical features of mature oligodendrocytes. For this reason, we decided to use differentiated MO3.13 cell line. In particular, exposure of both cell lines to heavy metals produced a reduced cell viability of co-cultured cell lines compared to cells grown separately. This effect was more pronounced in neurons that were more sensitive to metals than oligodendrocytes when the cells were grown in co-culture. On the other hand, a significant reduction of lipid component in cells occurred after their exposure to heavy metals, an effect accompanied by substantial reduction of the main protein that makes up myelin (MBP) in co-cultured cells. Finally, the effect of heavy metals in oligodendrocytes were associated to imbalanced intracellular calcium ion concentration as measured through the fluorescent Rhod-2 probe, thus confirming that heavy metals, even used at subtoxic concentrations, lead to dysfunctional oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, our data show, for the first time, that sub-toxic concentrations of several heavy metals lead to dysfunctional oligodendrocytes, an effect highlighted when these cells are co-cultured with neurons. The pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying this effect is to be better clarified. However, imbalanced intracellular calcium ion regulation, altered lipid formation and, finally, imbalanced myelin formation seem to play a major role in early stages of heavy metal-related oligodendrocyte dysfunction.
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Garcia-Diaz B, Bachelin C, Coulpier F, Gerschenfeld G, Deboux C, Zujovic V, Charnay P, Topilko P, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Blood vessels guide Schwann cell migration in the adult demyelinated CNS through Eph/ephrin signaling. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:457-476. [PMID: 31011859 PMCID: PMC6689289 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SC) enter the central nervous system (CNS) in pathophysiological conditions. However, how SC invade the CNS to remyelinate central axons remains undetermined. We studied SC migratory behavior ex vivo and in vivo after exogenous transplantation in the demyelinated spinal cord. The data highlight for the first time that SC migrate preferentially along blood vessels in perivascular extracellular matrix (ECM), avoiding CNS myelin. We demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that this migration route occurs by virtue of a dual mode of action of Eph/ephrin signaling. Indeed, EphrinB3, enriched in myelin, interacts with SC Eph receptors, to drive SC away from CNS myelin, and triggers their preferential adhesion to ECM components, such as fibronectin via integrinβ1 interactions. This complex interplay enhances SC migration along the blood vessel network and together with lesion-induced vascular remodeling facilitates their timely invasion of the lesion site. These novel findings elucidate the mechanism by which SC invade and contribute to spinal cord repair.
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8
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Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Inhibits Schwann Cell Migration and Induces Their Death. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5885-5899. [PMID: 28522736 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1822-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination of CNS axons by Schwann cells (SCs) is not efficient, in part due to the poor migration of SCs into the adult CNS. Although it is known that migrating SCs avoid white matter tracts, the molecular mechanisms underlying this exclusion have never been elucidated. We now demonstrate that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a well known inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, inhibits rat SC migration and induces their death via γ-secretase-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (also known as p75 cleavage). Blocking p75 cleavage using inhibitor X (Inh X), a compound that inhibits γ-secretase activity before exposing to MAG or CNS myelin improves SC migration and survival in vitro Furthermore, mouse SCs pretreated with Inh X migrate extensively in the demyelinated mouse spinal cord and remyelinate axons. These results suggest a novel role for MAG/myelin in poor SC-myelin interaction and identify p75 cleavage as a mechanism that can be therapeutically targeted to enhance SC-mediated axon remyelination in the adult CNS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Numerous studies have used Schwann cells, the myelin-making cells of the peripheral nervous system to remyelinate adult CNS axons. Indeed, these transplanted cells successfully remyelinate axons, but unfortunately they do not migrate far and so remyelinate only a few axons in the vicinity of the transplant site. It is believed that if Schwann cells could be induced to migrate further and survive better, they may represent a valid therapy for remyelination. We show that myelin-associated glycoprotein or CNS myelin, in general, inhibit rodent Schwann cell migration and induce their death via cleavage of the neurotrophin receptor p75. Blockade of p75 cleavage using a specific inhibitor significantly improves migration and survival of the transplanted Schwann cells in vivo.
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9
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Time-dependent differential expression of long non-coding RNAs following peripheral nerve injury. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1381-1392. [PMID: 28440471 PMCID: PMC5428966 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely accepted as key players in various biological processes. However, the roles of lncRNA in peripheral nerve regeneration remain completely unknown. Thus, in this study, we performed microarray analysis to measure lncRNA expression in the distal segment of the sciatic nerve at 0, 3, 7 and 14 days following injury. We identified 5,354 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed: 3,788 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between days 0 and 3; 3,314 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between days 0 and 7; and 2,400 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between days 0 and 14. The results of RT-qPCR of two dysregulated lncRNAs were consistent with those of microarray analysis. Bioinformatics approaches, including lncRNA classification, gene ontology (GO) analysis and target prediction, were utilized to investigate the functions of these dysregulated lncRNAs in peripheral nerve damage. Importantly, we predicted that several lncRNA-mRNA pairs may participate in biological processes related to peripheral nerve injury. RT-qPCR was performed for the preliminary verification of three lncRNA-mRNA pairs. The overexpression of NONMMUG014387 promoted the proliferation of mouse Schwann cells. Thus, the findings of our study may enhance our knowledge of the role of lncRNAs in nerve injury.
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Loers G, Saini V, Mishra B, Gul S, Chaudhury S, Wallqvist A, Kaur G, Schachner M. Vinorelbine and epirubicin share common features with polysialic acid and modulate neuronal and glial functions. J Neurochem 2016; 136:48-62. [PMID: 26443186 PMCID: PMC4904230 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), a large, linear glycan composed of 8 to over 100 α2,8-linked sialic acid residues, modulates development of the nervous system by enhancing cell migration, axon pathfinding, and synaptic targeting and by regulating differentiation of progenitor cells. PSA also functions in developing and adult immune systems and is a signature of many cancers. In this study we identified vinorelbine, a semi-synthetic third generation vinca alkaloid, and epirubicin, an anthracycline and 4'-epimer of doxorubicin, as PSA mimetics. Similar to PSA, vinorelbine and epirubicin bind to the PSA-specific monoclonal antibody 735 and compete with the bacterial analog of PSA, colominic acid in binding to monoclonal antibody 735. Vinorelbine and epirubicin stimulate neurite outgrowth of cerebellar neurons via the neural cell adhesion molecule, via myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, and via fibroblast growth factor receptor, signaling through Erk pathways. Furthermore, the two compounds enhance process formation of Schwann cells and migration of cerebellar neurons in culture, and reduce migration of astrocytes after injury. These novel results show that the structure and function of PSA can be mimicked by the small organic compounds vinorelbine and epirubicin, thus raising the possibility to re-target drugs used in treatment of cancers to nervous system repair. Vinorelbine and epirubicin, identified as PSA mimetics, enhance, like PSA, neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and formation of Schwann cell processes, and reduce astrocytic migration. Ablating NCAM, inhibiting fibroblast growth factor (FGFR) receptor, or adding the effector domain of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) minimize the vinorelbine and epirubicin effects, indicating that they are true PSA mimetics triggering PSA-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, GT Road, 143005 Amritsar, India
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology ScreeningPort (Fraunhofer-IME SP), Schnackenburgalle114, D-22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- DoD Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702 (USA)
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, GT Road, 143005 Amritsar, India
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Vidal M, Maniglier M, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Zujovic V, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Adult DRG Stem/Progenitor Cells Generate Pericytes in the Presence of Central Nervous System (CNS) Developmental Cues, and Schwann Cells in Response to CNS Demyelination. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2011-24. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vidal
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Madlyne Maniglier
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
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Wegener A, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Frah M, Kerninon C, Seilhean D, Weider M, Wegner M, Nait-Oumesmar B. Gain of Olig2 function in oligodendrocyte progenitors promotes remyelination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:120-35. [PMID: 25564492 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Olig2 is a key determinant for the specification of neural precursor cells into oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. However, the functional role of Olig2 in oligodendrocyte migration and differentiation remains elusive both during developmental myelination and under demyelinating conditions of the adult central nervous system. To decipher Olig2 functions, we generated transgenic mice (TetOlig2:Sox10(rtTA/+)) overexpressing Olig2 in Sox10(+) oligodendroglial cells in a doxycycline inducible manner. We show that Olig2 overexpression increases the generation of differentiated oligodendrocytes, leading to precocious myelination of the central nervous system. Unexpectedly, we found that gain of Olig2 function in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells enhances their migration rate. To determine whether Olig2 overexpression in adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration for myelin repair, we induced lysophosphatidylcholine demyelination in the corpus callosum of TetOlig2:Sox10(rtTA/+) and control mice. We found that Olig2 overexpression enhanced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and remyelination. To assess the relevance of these findings in demyelinating diseases, we also examined OLIG2 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions. We demonstrate that OLIG2 displays a differential expression pattern in multiple sclerosis lesions that correlates with lesion activity. Strikingly, OLIG2 was predominantly detected in NOGO-A(+) (now known as RTN4-A) maturing oligodendrocytes, which prevailed in active lesion borders, rather than chronic silent and shadow plaques. Taken together, our data provide proof of principle indicating that OLIG2 overexpression in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells might be a possible therapeutic mechanism for enhancing myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Wegener
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Magali Frah
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Kerninon
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Brahim Nait-Oumesmar
- 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 1 Inserm, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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Dubessy AL, Zujovic V, Papeix C, Stankoff B. Biotherapies in multiple sclerosis: a step toward remyelination and neuroprotection? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:770-8. [PMID: 25459127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by CNS-restricted inflammation with subsequent demyelination and neurodegeneration. Current disease-modifying therapies efficiently reduce relapse rate and new lesions appearance, but still fail to impact the progressive course of the disease. There is a great need for the avenue of new therapies aimed at promoting myelin repair or reducing neurodegeneration that should result in the prevention of neurological disability in this chronic disease. This review will focus on the potentials and limitations of biotherapies that are currently developed for the promotion of CNS repair in MS, either monoclonal antibodies targeting axonal growth and remyelination, or cell therapies aimed at replacing the depleted myelinating cells within the CNS. As other researches aimed at promoting neuroprotection or remyelination are following a classical pharmacological approach, they will not be described in this review, which will focus on antibody-based therapies and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-L Dubessy
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - V Zujovic
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - C Papeix
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France
| | - B Stankoff
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, and Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 4, place Jussieu, 75013 Paris, France; 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, hôpital Tenon-HUEP, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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Shakhbazau A, Archibald SJ, Shcharbin D, Bryszewska M, Midha R. Aligned collagen-GAG matrix as a 3D substrate for Schwann cell migration and dendrimer-based gene delivery. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1979-1989. [PMID: 24801062 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of artificial off-the-shelf conduits that facilitate effective nerve regeneration and recovery after repair of traumatic nerve injury gaps is of fundamental importance. Collagen-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) matrix mimicking Schwann cell (SC) basal lamina has been proposed as a suitable and biologically rational substrate for nerve regeneration. In the present study, we have focused on the permissiveness of this matrix type for SC migration and repopulation, as these events play an essential role in nerve remodeling. We have also demonstrated that SCs cultured within collagen-GAG matrix are compatible with non-viral dendrimer-based gene delivery, that may allow conditioning of matrix-embedded cells for future gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antos Shakhbazau
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 109-3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada,
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Czepiel M, Leicher L, Becker K, Boddeke E, Copray S. Overexpression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule improves the migration capacity of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1100-9. [PMID: 25069776 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy aiming at the compensation of lost oligodendrocytes and restoration of myelination in acquired or congenital demyelination disorders has gained considerable interest since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Patient-derived iPSCs provide an inexhaustible source for transplantable autologous oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs). The first transplantation studies in animal models for demyelination with iPSC-derived OPCs demonstrated their survival and remyelinating capacity, but also revealed their limited migration capacity. In the present study, we induced overexpression of the polysialylating enzyme sialyltransferase X (STX) in iPSC-derived OPCs to stimulate the production of polysialic acid-neuronal cell adhesion molecules (PSA-NCAMs), known to promote and facilitate the migration of OPCs. The STX-overexpressing iPSC-derived OPCs showed a normal differentiation and maturation pattern and were able to downregulate PSA-NCAMs when they became myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. After implantation in the demyelinated corpus callosum of cuprizone-fed mice, STX-expressing iPSC-derived OPCs demonstrated a significant increase in migration along the axons. Our findings suggest that the reach and efficacy of iPSC-derived OPC transplantation can be improved by stimulating the OPC migration potential via specific gene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czepiel
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lasse Leicher
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Neuronal process structure and growth proteins are targets of heavy PTM regulation during brain development. J Proteomics 2014; 101:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lankford KL, Brown RJ, Sasaki M, Kocsis JD. Olfactory ensheathing cells, but not Schwann cells, proliferate and migrate extensively within moderately X-irradiated juvenile rat brain. Glia 2013; 62:52-63. [PMID: 24166823 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) share many characteristics, including the ability to promote neuronal repair when transplanted directly into spinal cord lesions, but poor survival and migration when transplanted into intact adult spinal cord. Interestingly, transplanted OECs, but not SCs, migrate extensively within the X-irradiated (40 Gy) adult rat spinal cord, suggesting distinct responses to environmental cues [Lankford et al., (2008) GLIA 56:1664-1678]. In this study, GFP-expressing OECs and SCs were transplanted into juvenile rat brains (hippocampus) subjected to a moderate radiation dose (16 Gy). As in the adult spinal cord, OECs, but not SCs, migrated extensively within the irradiated juvenile rat brain. Unbiased stereology revealed that the number of OECs observed within irradiated rat brains three weeks after transplantation was as much as 20 times greater than the number of cells transplanted, and the cells distributed extensively within the brain. In conjunction with the OEC dispersion, the number of activated microglia in OEC-transplanted irradiated brains was reduced. Unlike in the intact adult spinal cord, both OECs and SCs showed some, but limited, migration within nonirradiated rat brains, suggesting that the developing brain may be a more permissive environment for cell migration than the adult CNS. These results show that OECs display unique migratory, proliferative, and microglia interaction properties as compared with SCs when transplanted into the moderately X-irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lankford
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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Rizzo F, Riboldi G, Salani S, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Corti S, Hedlund E. Cellular therapy to target neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:999-1015. [PMID: 24100629 PMCID: PMC3928509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the selective vulnerability and progressive loss of discrete neuronal populations. Non-neuronal cells appear to significantly contribute to neuronal loss in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson, and Alzheimer’s disease. In ALS, there is deterioration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, which control voluntary muscle groups. This results in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the appearance of reactive astrocytes and microglia as well as macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration, appears to be highly involved in the disease pathogenesis, highlighting the involvement of non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration. There appears to be cross-talk between motor neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells, including microglia and T-lymphocytes, which are subsequently activated. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, the non-cell autonomous nature of ALS may indicate potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of astrocytes, microglia, and T-lymphocytes in the nervous system in health and during the pathogenesis of ALS. We also evaluate the therapeutic potential of these cellular populations, after transplantation into ALS patients and animal models of the disease, in modulating the environment surrounding motor neurons from pro-inflammatory to neuroprotective. We also thoroughly discuss the recent advances made in the field and caveats that need to be overcome for clinical translation of cell therapies aimed at modulating non-cell autonomous events to preserve remaining motor neurons in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rizzo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Riboldi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Simone
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Zujovic V, Doucerain C, Hidalgo A, Bachelin C, Lachapelle F, Weissert R, Stadelmann C, Linington C, Evercooren ABV. Exogenous schwann cells migrate, remyelinate and promote clinical recovery in experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42667. [PMID: 22984406 PMCID: PMC3439443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation is currently being discussed as a strategy that may promote functional recovery in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). However this assumes they will not only survive but also remyelinate demyelinated axons in the chronically inflamed CNS. To address this question we investigated the fate of transplanted SCs in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Dark Agouti rat; an animal model that reproduces the complex inflammatory demyelinating immunopathology of MS. We now report that SCs expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP-SCs) allografted after disease onset not only survive but also migrate to remyelinate lesions in the inflamed CNS. GFP-SCs were detected more frequently in the parenchyma after direct injection into the spinal cord, than via intra-thecal delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases the transplanted cells intermingled with astrocytes in demyelinated lesions, aligned with axons and by twenty one days post transplantation had formed Pzero protein immunoreactive internodes. Strikingly, GFP-SCs transplantation was associated with marked decrease in clinical disease severity in terms of mortality; all GFP-SCs transplanted animals survived whilst 80% of controls died within 40 days of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Zujovic
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Doucerain
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Hidalgo
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - François Lachapelle
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Chris Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l′Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France
- Inserm, U 975, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Fédération de Neurologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Yu B, Qian T, Wang Y, Zhou S, Ding G, Ding F, Gu X. miR-182 inhibits Schwann cell proliferation and migration by targeting FGF9 and NTM, respectively at an early stage following sciatic nerve injury. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10356-65. [PMID: 22917588 PMCID: PMC3488220 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of Schwann cell (SC) responses to injury stimuli by microRNAs (miRNAs) remains to be explored. Here, we identified 17 miRNAs that showed dynamic expression alterations at five early time points following rat sciatic nerve resection. Then we analyzed the expression pattern of 17 miRNAs, and integrated their putative targets with differentially expressed mRNAs. The resulting 222 potential targets were mainly involved in cell phenotype modulation, including immune response, cell death and cell locomotion. Among 17 miRNAs, miR-182 expression was up-regulated. The enhanced expression of miR-182 was correlated with nerve injury-induced phenotype modulation of SCs. Further investigation revealed that fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and neurotrimin (NTM) were two direct targets of miR-182 in SCs, with miR-182 binding to the 3'-untranslated region of FGF9 and NTM. Silencing of FGF9 and NTM recapitulated the inhibiting effect of miR-182 mimics on SC proliferation and migration, respectively, whereas enforced knockdown of FGF9 and NTM reversed the promoting effect of miR-182 inhibitor on SC proliferation and migration, respectively. Our data indicate that nerve injury inhibits SC proliferation and migration through rapid regulation of miR-182 by targeting FGF9 and NTM, providing novel insights into the roles of miRNAs in nerve injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Mouse brain PSA-NCAM levels are altered by graded-controlled cortical impact injury. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:378307. [PMID: 22848850 PMCID: PMC3403363 DOI: 10.1155/2012/378307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide endemic that results in unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Secondary injury processes following primary injury are composed of intricate interactions between assorted molecules that ultimately dictate the degree of longer-term neurological deficits. One comparatively unexplored molecule that may contribute to exacerbation of injury or enhancement of recovery is the posttranslationally modified polysialic acid form of neural cell adhesion molecule, PSA-NCAM. This molecule is a critical modulator of central nervous system plasticity and reorganization after injury. In this study, we used controlled cortical impact (CCI) to produce moderate or severe TBI in the mouse. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis were used to track the early (2, 24, and 48 hour) and late (1 and 3 week) time course and location of changes in the levels of PSA-NCAM after TBI. Variable and heterogeneous short- and long-term increases or decreases in expression were found. In general, alterations in PSA-NCAM levels were seen in the cerebral cortex immediately after injury, and these reductions persisted in brain regions distal to the primary injury site, especially after severe injury. This information provides a starting point to dissect the role of PSA-NCAM in TBI-related pathology and recovery.
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Boundary cap cells are peripheral nervous system stem cells that can be redirected into central nervous system lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10714-9. [PMID: 21670295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018687108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Boundary cap cells (BC), which express the transcription factor Krox20, participate in the formation of the boundary between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. To study BC stemness, we developed a method to purify and amplify BC in vitro from Krox20(Cre/+), R26R(YFP/+) mouse embryos. We show that BC progeny are EGF/FGF2-responsive, form spheres, and express neural crest markers. Upon growth factor withdrawal, BC progeny gave rise to multiple neural crest and CNS lineages. Transplanted into the developing murine forebrain, they successfully survived, migrated, and integrated within the host environment. Surprisingly, BC progeny generated exclusively CNS cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. In vitro experiments indicated that a sequential combination of ventralizing morphogens and glial growth factors was necessary to reprogram BC into oligodendrocytes. Thus, BC progeny are endowed with differentiation plasticity beyond the peripheral nervous system. The demonstration that CNS developmental cues can reprogram neural crest-derived stem cells into CNS derivatives suggests that BC could serve as a source of cell type-specific lineages, including oligodendrocytes, for cell-based therapies to treat CNS disorders.
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Changed histone acetylation patterns in normal-appearing white matter and early multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurosci 2011; 31:3435-45. [PMID: 21368055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4507-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic identity of oligodendrocytes is modulated by posttranslational modifications of histones. Acetylation of histone H3 results from the balance between the activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases and modulates transcriptional activation. We have previously shown that, in rodents, histone deacetylation favors oligodendrocyte differentiation, whereas acetylation is associated with increased levels of transcriptional inhibitors of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we report, in humans brains, a shift toward histone acetylation in the white matter of the frontal lobes of aged subjects and in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis (MS). Increased immunoreactivity for acetylated histone H3 was observed in the nuclei of NogoA+ oligodendrocytes in a subset of MS samples. These changes were associated with high levels of transcriptional inhibitors of oligodendrocyte differentiation (i.e., TCF7L2, ID2, and SOX2) and higher HAT transcript levels (i.e., CBP, P300) in female MS patients compared with non-neurological controls and correlated with disease duration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation from samples of MS patients revealed enrichment of acetyl-histone H3 at the promoter of the increased target genes (i.e., TCF7L2). The data in chronic lesions contrasted with findings in early MS lesions, where a marked oligodendroglial histone deacetylation was observed. Together, these data suggest that histone deacetylation is a process that occurs at the early stages of the disease and whose efficiency decreases with disease duration.
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Wewetzer K, Radtke C, Kocsis J, Baumgärtner W. Species-specific control of cellular proliferation and the impact of large animal models for the use of olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells in spinal cord repair. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang M, Zhai P, Chen X, Schreyer DJ, Sun X, Cui F. Bioengineered scaffolds for spinal cord repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:177-94. [PMID: 21338266 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can lead to devastating and permanent loss of neurological function, affecting all levels below the site of trauma. Unfortunately, the injured adult mammalian spinal cord displays little regenerative capacity and little functional recovery in large part due to a tissue environment that is nonpermissive for regenerative axon growth. Artificial tissue repair scaffolds may provide a physical guide to allow regenerative axon growth that bridges the lesion cavity and restores functional neural connectivity. By integrating different strategies, including the use of various biomaterials and microstructures as well as incorporation of bioactive molecules and living cells, combined or synergistic effects for spinal cord repair through regenerative axon growth may be achieved. This article briefly reviews the development of bioengineered scaffolds for spinal cord repair, focusing on spinal cord injury and the subsequent cellular response, scaffold materials, fabrication techniques, and current therapeutic strategies. Key issues and challenges are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindan Wang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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27
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Luo J, Bo X, Wu D, Yeh J, Richardson PM, Zhang Y. Promoting survival, migration, and integration of transplanted Schwann cells by over-expressing polysialic acid. Glia 2010; 59:424-34. [PMID: 21264949 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The poor survival and migration of transplanted Schwann cells (SCs) are major drawbacks for their clinical application in cell therapy for neurotrauma. To overcome such drawbacks we genetically modified SCs to over-express polysialic acid (PSA) by lentiviral delivery of polysialyltransferase (PST) to study whether over-expression of PSA could enhance their survival, migration, and integration when transplanted into the spinal cord. It was found that more PSA-expressing SCs (PST/SCs) survived than GFP-expressing SCs (GFP/SCs) after transplantation, although cell loss was still quite significant. PSA expression did not enhance the motility of transplanted SCs in uninjured spinal cord. However, in a spinal cord crush injury model PST/SCs transplanted caudal to the lesion showed that increased number of PST/SCs migrated to the injury site compared with that of GFP/SCs. Induced expression of PSA in spinal cord can further facilitate the infiltration of PST/SCs into the lesion site. PST/SCs were also shown to intermingle well with host spinal cells while GFP/SCs formed boundaries with host tissue. This was confirmed by an in vitro confrontation assay showing that more PST/SCs crossed over to astrocyte territory than GFP/SCs. Furthermore, PST/SCs induced much less expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the surrounding tissues than GFP/SCs, indicating that expression of PSA on SCs do not cause significant stress response of astrocytes. These results demonstrate that expression of PSA on SCs significantly changes their biological properties and makes them more feasible for neural repair after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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28
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Lavdas AA, Efrose R, Douris V, Gaitanou M, Papastefanaki F, Swevers L, Thomaidou D, Iatrou K, Matsas R. Soluble forms of the cell adhesion molecule L1 produced by insect and baculovirus-transduced mammalian cells enhance Schwann cell motility. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1137-49. [PMID: 20846298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For biotechnological applications, insect cell lines are primarily known as hosts for the baculovirus expression system that is capable to direct synthesis of high levels of recombinant proteins through use of powerful viral promoters. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of two alternative approaches based on the baculovirus system for production of a mammalian recombinant glycoprotein, comprising the extracellular part of the cell adhesion molecule L1, with potential important therapeutic applications in nervous system repair. In the first approach, the extracellular part of L1 bearing a myc tag is produced in permanently transformed insect cell lines and purified by affinity chromatography. In the second approach, recombinant baculoviruses that express L1-Fc chimeric protein, derived from fusion of the extracellular part of L1 with the Fc part of human IgG1, under the control of a mammalian promoter are used to infect mammalian HEK293 and primary Schwann cells. Both the extracellular part of L1 bearing a myc tag accumulating in the supernatants of insect cultures as well as L1-Fc secreted by transduced HEK293 or Schwann cells are capable of increasing the motility of Schwann cells with similar efficiency in a gap bridging bioassay. In addition, baculovirus-transduced Schwann cells show enhanced motility when grafted on organotypic cultures of neonatal brain slices while they retain their ability to myelinate CNS axons. This proof-of-concept that the migratory properties of myelin-forming cells can be modulated by recombinant protein produced in insect culture as well as by means of baculovirus-mediated adhesion molecule expression in mammalian cells may have beneficial applications in the field of CNS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros A Lavdas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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