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Ning N, Liu C, Wu P, Hu Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Li M, Gho SM, Kim DH, Guo H, Yang J, Jin C. Spatiotemporal variations of magnetic susceptibility in the deep gray matter nuclei from 1 month to 6 years: A quantitative susceptibility mapping study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:1600-1609. [PMID: 30569483 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is emerging as a technique that quantifies the paramagnetic nonheme iron in brain tissue. Brain iron quantification during early development provides insights into the underlying mechanism of brain maturation. PURPOSE To quantify the spatiotemporal variations of brain iron-related magnetic susceptibility in deep gray matter nuclei during early development by using QSM. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS Eighty-seven infants and children aged 1 month to 6 years. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Enhanced T2 *-weighted angiography using a 3D gradient-echo sequence at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT QSM was calculated by modified sophisticated harmonic artifact reduction for phase data and sparse linear equations and sparse least squares-based algorithm. Means of susceptibility in deep gray matter nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus) relative to that in splenium of corpus callosum were measured. STATISTICAL TESTS Relationships of mean susceptibility with age and referenced iron concentration were tested by Pearson correlation. Differences of mean susceptibility between the selected nuclei in each age group were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Linear Significant Difference (LSD) test. RESULTS Positive correlations of susceptibility with both referenced iron concentration and age were found (P < 0.0001); particularly, globus pallidus showed the highest correlation with age (correlation coefficient, 0.882; slope, 1.203; P < 0.001) and greatest susceptibility (P < 0.05) among the selected nuclei. DATA CONCLUSION QSM allows the feasible quantification of iron deposition in deep gray matter nuclei in infants and young children, which exhibited gradual accumulation at different speeds. The fastest and highest iron accumulation was observed in the globus pallidus with increasing age during early development. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Technical Efficacy:Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Center for Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Weishan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Center for Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Center for Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Sung-Min Gho
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hua Guo
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Center for Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Center for Brain Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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The novel compound PBT434 prevents iron mediated neurodegeneration and alpha-synuclein toxicity in multiple models of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:53. [PMID: 28659169 PMCID: PMC5490188 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated iron in the SNpc may play a key role in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration since drug candidates with high iron affinity rescue PD animal models, and one candidate, deferirpone, has shown efficacy recently in a phase two clinical trial. However, strong iron chelators may perturb essential iron metabolism, and it is not yet known whether the damage associated with iron is mediated by a tightly bound (eg ferritin) or lower-affinity, labile, iron pool. Here we report the preclinical characterization of PBT434, a novel quinazolinone compound bearing a moderate affinity metal-binding motif, which is in development for Parkinsonian conditions. In vitro, PBT434 was far less potent than deferiprone or deferoxamine at lowering cellular iron levels, yet was found to inhibit iron-mediated redox activity and iron-mediated aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein that aggregates in the neuropathology. In vivo, PBT434 did not deplete tissue iron stores in normal rodents, yet prevented loss of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons (SNpc), lowered nigral α-synuclein accumulation, and rescued motor performance in mice exposed to the Parkinsonian toxins 6-OHDA and MPTP, and in a transgenic animal model (hA53T α-synuclein) of PD. These improvements were associated with reduced markers of oxidative damage, and increased levels of ferroportin (an iron exporter) and DJ-1. We conclude that compounds designed to target a pool of pathological iron that is not held in high-affinity complexes in the tissue can maintain the survival of SNpc neurons and could be disease-modifying in PD.
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Coad J, Pedley K. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2015; 244:82-9; discussion 89. [PMID: 25083899 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.936694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems in the world and disproportionately affects women and children. Stages of iron deficiency can be characterized as mild deficiency where iron stores become depleted, marginal deficiency where the production of many iron-dependent proteins is compromised but hemoglobin levels are normal and iron deficiency anemia where synthesis of hemoglobin is decreased and oxygen transport to the tissues is reduced. Iron deficiency anemia is usually assessed by measuring hemoglobin levels but this approach lacks both specificity and sensitivity. Failure to identify and treat earlier stages of iron deficiency is concerning given the neurocognitive implications of iron deficiency without anemia. Most of the daily iron requirement is derived from recycling of senescent erythrocytes by macrophages; only 5-10 % comes from the diet. Iron absorption is affected by inhibitors and enhancers of iron absorption and by the physiological state. Inflammatory conditions, including obesity, can result in iron being retained in the enterocytes and macrophages causing hypoferremia as a strategic defense mechanism to restrict iron availability to pathogens. Premenopausal women usually have low iron status because of iron loss in menstrual blood. Conditions which further increase iron loss, compromise absorption or increase demand, such as frequent blood donation, gastrointestinal lesions, athletic activity and pregnancy, can exceed the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to upregulate iron absorption. Women of reproductive age are at particularly high risk of iron deficiency and its consequences however there is a controversial argument that evolutionary pressures have resulted in an iron deficient phenotype which protects against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Coad
- Institute of Food, Nutrition & Human Health, College of Health Te Kura Hauora Tangata, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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