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Ehweiner A, Duch C, Brembs B. Wings of Change: aPKC/FoxP-dependent plasticity in steering motor neurons underlies operant self-learning in Drosophila. F1000Res 2024; 13:116. [PMID: 38779314 PMCID: PMC11109550 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.146347.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor learning is central to human existence, such as learning to speak or walk, sports moves, or rehabilitation after injury. Evidence suggests that all forms of motor learning share an evolutionarily conserved molecular plasticity pathway. Here, we present novel insights into the neural processes underlying operant self-learning, a form of motor learning in the fruit fly Drosophila. Methods We operantly trained wild type and transgenic Drosophila fruit flies, tethered at the torque meter, in a motor learning task that required them to initiate and maintain turning maneuvers around their vertical body axis (yaw torque). We combined this behavioral experiment with transgenic peptide expression, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, spatio-temporally controlled gene knock-out and confocal microscopy. Results We find that expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) in direct wing steering motoneurons co-expressing the transcription factor FoxP is necessary for this type of motor learning and that aPKC likely acts via non-canonical pathways. We also found that it takes more than a week for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of FoxP in adult animals to impair motor learning, suggesting that adult FoxP expression is required for operant self-learning. Conclusions Our experiments suggest that, for operant self-learning, a type of motor learning in Drosophila, co-expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and the transcription factor FoxP is necessary in direct wing steering motoneurons. Some of these neurons control the wing beat amplitude when generating optomotor responses, and we have discovered modulation of optomotor behavior after operant self-learning. We also discovered that aPKC likely acts via non-canonical pathways and that FoxP expression is also required in adult flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ehweiner
- Institut für Zoologie - Neurogenetik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93040, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Björn Brembs
- Institut für Zoologie - Neurogenetik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93040, Germany
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2
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Gao S, Zhang L, Wang X, Li R, Han L, Xiong X, Jiang Q, Cheng D, Xiao X, Li H, Yang J. A terrified-sound stress causes cognitive impairment in female mice by impairing neuronal plasticity. Brain Res 2023; 1812:148419. [PMID: 37217110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an important environmental factor affecting mental health that cannot be ignored. Moreover, due to the great physiological differences between males and females, the effects of stress may vary by sex. Previous studies have shown that terrified-sound stress, meaning exposed mice to the recorded vocalizations in response to the electric shock by their kind to induce psychological stress, can cause cognitive impairment in male. In the study, we investigated the effects of the terrified-sound stress on adult female mice. METHODS 32 adults female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control (n = 16) and stress group (n = 16). Sucrose preference test (SPT)was carried out to evaluate the depressive-like behavior. Using Open field test (OFT) to evaluate locomotor and exploratory alterations in mice. Spatial learning and memory ability were measured in Morris Water maze test (MWM), Golgi staining and western blotting showed dendritic remodeling after stress. In addition, serum hormone quantifications were performed by ELISA. RESULTS we found the sucrose preference of stress group was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with control group; the escape latency of the stress group was significantly prolonged (p < 0.05), the total swimming distance and the number of target crossings(p < 0.05) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in MWM; Endocrine hormone, Testosterone (T) (p < 0.05), GnRH (p < 0.05), FSH and LH levels was decreased; Golgi staining and western blotting showed a significant decrease in dendritic arborization, spine density and synaptic plasticity related proteins PSD95 and BDNF in the stress group. CONCLUSION Terrified-sound stress induced depressive-like behaviors, locomotor and exploratory alterations. And impaired cognitive by altering dendritic remodeling and the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. However, females are resilient to terrified-sound stress from a hormonal point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Rufeng Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Xiong
- Department of Tumor and Immunology in Precision Medicine Institute, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port, Xi'an 710004, PR China
| | - Qingchen Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Daxin Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, PR China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Huajing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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3
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Nordberg J, Schaper FLWVJ, Bucci M, Nummenmaa L, Joutsa J. Brain lesion locations associated with secondary seizure generalization in tumors and strokes. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3136-3146. [PMID: 36971618 PMCID: PMC10171532 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural brain lesions are the most common cause of adult-onset epilepsy. The lesion location may contribute to the risk for epileptogenesis, but whether specific lesion locations are associated with a risk for secondary seizure generalization from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, is unknown. We identified patients with a diagnosis of adult-onset epilepsy caused by an ischemic stroke or a tumor diagnosed at the Turku University Hospital in 2004-2017. Lesion locations were segmented on patient-specific MR imaging and transformed to a common brain atlas (MNI space). Both region-of-interest analyses (intersection with the cortex, hemisphere, and lobes) and voxel-wise analyses were conducted to identify the lesion locations associated with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic compared to focal seizures. We included 170 patients with lesion-induced epilepsy (94 tumors, 76 strokes). Lesions predominantly localized in the cerebral cortex (OR 2.50, 95% C.I. 1.21-5.15, p = .01) and right hemisphere (OR 2.22, 95% C.I. 1.17-4.20, p = .01) were independently associated with focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. At the lobar-level, focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures were associated with lesions in the right frontal cortex (OR 4.41, 95% C.I. 1.44-13.5, p = .009). No single voxels were significantly associated with seizure type. These effects were independent of lesion etiology. Our results demonstrate that lesion location is associated with the risk for secondary generalization of epileptic seizures. These findings may contribute to identifying patients at risk for focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.
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4
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Effect of an individualized digital coaching program on swallowing function in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Belg 2022:10.1007/s13760-022-02153-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Tsuboi Y, Ito A, Otsuka T, Murakami H, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Habilitation Improves Mouse Gait Development Following Neonatal Brain Injury. Prog Rehabil Med 2022; 7:20220061. [PMID: 36479304 PMCID: PMC9706041 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20220061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonatal brain injury during gait development disrupts neural circuits and causes permanent gait dysfunction. Rehabilitation as an intervention to improve impaired gait function has been used in adults as a treatment for stroke and spinal cord injury. However, although neonates have greater neuroplasticity and regenerative capacity than adults, normal gait development and the effects of habilitation on gait function following neonatal brain injury are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we generated cryogenic injury in mice at postnatal day 2 and subsequently performed habilitative training to promote autonomous limb movement for 4 weeks. We also quantitatively analyzed the gait acquisition process in developing mice using the Catwalk XT system. RESULTS Using quantitative gait analyses, we showed that during normal gait development in mice, stance phase function matures later than swing phase function. We also demonstrated that habilitation in which active limb movements were enhanced by suspending mice with a rubber band with no floor grounding promotes motor learning, including gait function, in mice with impaired acquisition of gait function resulting from neonatal brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a basis for research on gait development in mice and suggest new habilitation strategies for patients with impaired gait development caused by perinatal brain diseases such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and periventricular leukomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsuboi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University
Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology,
Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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6
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Andersen MS, Güler DB, Larsen J, Rich KK, Svenningsen ÅF, Zhang M. The Development of Hindlimb Postural Asymmetry Induced by Focal Traumatic Brain Injury Is Not Related to Serotonin 2A/C Receptor Expression in the Spinal Cord. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105358. [PMID: 35628167 PMCID: PMC9140651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury and stroke are leading causes of adult disability. Motor deficits are common problems, and their underlying pathological mechanisms remain poorly understood. The serotoninergic system is implicated in both functional recovery from and the occurrence of spasticity after injuries to the central nervous system. This study, which was conducted on rats, investigated the development of limb postural changes and their relationship to the expression of serotonin (5-HT) 2A and 2C receptors in the spinal cord in the 4 weeks after focal traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the right hindlimb sensorimotor cortex. The limb motor deficits were assessed by measuring gait pattern changes during walking and hindlimb postural asymmetry at different time intervals (3−28 days) after surgery. The expressions of the 5-HT2A and 2C receptors in the lumbar spinal cord were investigated using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that all the rats with TBI, independently of the duration of the interval, displayed postural asymmetry with flexion on the contralateral (left) side (>2 mm), while the sham-operated rats showed no apparent postural asymmetry. The TBI rats also had longer stride lengths during walking in both their hindlimbs and their forelimbs compared with the sham rats. For both the TBI and the sham rats, the hind-paw placement angles were larger on the contralateral side in some of the groups. Compared to the sham-operated rats, the 5-HT2A and 2C receptor expression did not significantly change on either side of the lumbar spinal cords of the TBI rats in any of the groups. These results suggest that focal TBI can induce motor deficits lasting a relatively long time, and that these deficits are not related to the expression of the 5-HT2A and 2C receptors in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Storm Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
| | - Dilârâ Bedriye Güler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
| | - Jonas Larsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
| | - Karen Kalhøj Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
- BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (M.S.A.); (D.B.G.); (J.L.); (K.K.R.); (Å.F.S.)
- BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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7
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Xia B, Chen C, Tao W. Neuroplasticity: A Key Player in the Antidepressant Action of Chinese Herbal Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1115-1133. [PMID: 34049476 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a systematic medicine. It provides alternative strategies for the treatment of depression with its clinical experience, comprehensive diagnosis, and treatment theory. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is the major form of TCM prescription, and numerous CHMs have been demonstrated to possess remarkable antidepressant-like properties. A diversity of mechanisms have been implicated in CHM-associated antidepressant property. This paper reviewed the neuroplastic mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of CHM, finding that CHM repairs neuroplasticity by improving neurogenesis, neurotrophic factors, synaptic spine morphology, cell signaling, glutamatergic system, monoamine neurotransmitters, and neural apoptosis. CHM thereby exerts an antidepressant effect, attempting to offer a better understanding of the mechanisms implicated in TCM-related antidepressant-like efficacy and laying a foundation for the scientific evaluation and development of TCM in treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Xia
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Science, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.,School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Morone G, Ghanbari Ghooshchy S, Palomba A, Baricich A, Santamato A, Ciritella C, Ciancarelli I, Molteni F, Gimigliano F, Iolascon G, Zoccolotti P, Paolucci S, Iosa M. Differentiation among bio- and augmented- feedback in technologically assisted rehabilitation. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:513-522. [PMID: 33960257 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1927704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In rehabilitation practice, the term 'feedback' is often improperly used, with augmented feedback and biofeedback frequently confused, especially when referring to the human-machine interaction during technologically assisted training. The absence of a clear differentiation between these categories represents an unmet need for rehabilitation, emphasized by the advent of new technologies making extensive use of video feedback, exergame, and virtual reality.Area covered: In this review we tried to present scientific knowledge about feedback, biofeedback, augmented feedback and neurofeedback, and related differences in rehabilitation settings, for a more proper use of this terminology. Despite the continuous expansion of the field, few researches clarify the differences among these terms. This scoping review was conducted through the searching of current literature up to May 2020, using following databases: PUBMED, EMBASE and Web of Science. After literature search a classification system, distinguishing feedback, augmented feedback, and biofeedback, was applied.Expert opinion: There is a need for clear definitions of feedback, biofeedback, augmented feedback, and neurofeedback in rehabilitation, especially in the technologically assisted one based on human-machine interaction. In fact, the fast development of new technologies requires to be based on solid concepts and on a common terminology shared among bioengineers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Palomba
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Baricich
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital "Maggiore Della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Santamato
- Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciritella
- Unit of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Irene Ciancarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Franco Molteni
- Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Zoccolotti
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Iosa
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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Mrachacz-Kersting N, Ibáñez J, Farina D. Towards a mechanistic approach for the development of non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for motor rehabilitation. J Physiol 2021; 599:2361-2374. [PMID: 33728656 DOI: 10.1113/jp281314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) designed for motor rehabilitation use brain signals associated with motor-processing states to guide neuroplastic changes in a state-dependent manner. These technologies are uniquely positioned to induce targeted and functionally relevant plastic changes in the human motor nervous system. However, while several studies have shown that BCI-based neuromodulation interventions may improve motor function in patients with lesions in the central nervous system, the neurophysiological structures and processes targeted with the BCI interventions have not been identified. In this review, we first summarize current knowledge of the changes in the central nervous system associated with learning new motor skills. Then, we propose a classification of current BCI paradigms for plasticity induction and motor rehabilitation based on the expected neural plastic changes promoted. This classification proposes four paradigms based on two criteria: the plasticity induction methods and the brain states targeted. The existing evidence regarding the brain circuits and processes targeted with these different BCIs is discussed in detail. The proposed classification aims to serve as a starting point for future studies trying to elucidate the underlying plastic changes following BCI interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Ibáñez
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Neurotechnologies, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Centre for Neurotechnologies, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Watanabe H, Nosova O, Sarkisyan D, Andersen MS, Zhang M, Rorick-Kehn L, Clausen F, Gawel K, Kehr J, Hallberg M, Schouenborg J, Marklund N, Bakalkin G. Ipsilesional versus contralesional postural deficits induced by unilateral brain trauma: a side reversal by opioid mechanism. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa208. [PMID: 33364602 PMCID: PMC7749794 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Unilateral traumatic brain injury and stroke result in asymmetric postural and motor deficits including contralateral hemiplegia and hemiparesis. In animals, a localized unilateral brain injury recapitulates the human upper motor neuron syndrome in the formation of hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralesional limb flexion and the asymmetry of hindlimb nociceptive withdrawal reflexes. The current view is that these effects are developed due to aberrant activity of motor pathways that descend from the brain into the spinal cord. These pathways and their target spinal circuits may be regulated by local neurohormonal systems that may also mediate effects of brain injury. Here, we evaluate if a unilateral traumatic brain injury induces hindlimb postural asymmetry, a model of postural deficits, and if this asymmetry is spinally encoded and mediated by the endogenous opioid system in rats. A unilateral right-sided controlled cortical impact, a model of clinical focal traumatic brain injury was centred over the sensorimotor cortex and was observed to induce hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral limb flexion. The asymmetry persisted after complete spinal cord transection, implicating local neurocircuitry in the development of the deficits. Administration of the general opioid antagonist naloxone and μ-antagonist β-funaltrexamine blocked the formation of postural asymmetry. Surprisingly, κ-antagonists nor-binaltorphimine and LY2444296 did not affect the asymmetry magnitude but reversed the flexion side; instead of contralesional (left) hindlimb flexion the ipsilesional (right) limb was flexed. The postural effects of the right-side cortical injury were mimicked in animals with intact brain via intrathecal administration of the opioid κ-agonist (2)-(trans)-3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidiny)-cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide that induced hindlimb postural asymmetry with left limb flexion. The δ-antagonist naltrindole produced no effect on the contralesional (left) flexion but inhibited the formation of the ipsilesional (right) limb flexion in brain-injured rats that were treated with κ-antagonist. The effects of the antagonists were evident before and after spinal cord transection. We concluded that the focal traumatic brain injury-induced postural asymmetry was encoded at the spinal level, and was blocked or its side was reversed by administration of opioid antagonists. The findings suggest that the balance in activity of the mirror symmetric spinal neural circuits regulating contraction of the left and right hindlimb muscles is controlled by different subtypes of opioid receptors; and that this equilibrium is impaired after unilateral brain trauma through side-specific opioid mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Nosova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Linda Rorick-Kehn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinga Gawel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Serrano-Castro PJ, Ros-López B, Fernández-Sánchez VE, García-Casares N, Muñoz-Becerra L, Cabezudo-Garcia P, Aguilar-Castillo MJ, Vidal-Denis M, Cruz-Andreotti E, Postigo-Pozo MJ, Estivill-Torrús G, Ibañez-Botella G. Neuroplasticity and Epilepsy Surgery in Brain Eloquent Areas: Case Report. Front Neurol 2020; 11:698. [PMID: 32849188 PMCID: PMC7403440 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuronal plasticity includes changes in any component of the central nervous system in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli. Brain functions that depend on the epileptogenic cortex pose a challenge in epilepsy surgery because many patients are excluded from pre-surgical evaluation for fear of the possible sequelae. Some of these patients may be rescued by enhancing neuronal plasticity with brain neuromodulation techniques. Case Report: We describe a 6-year-old child with refractory focal motor seizures symptomatic to a neuroepithelial dysembryoblastic tumor in the left temporo-parietal region. He underwent limited resection of the lesion in order to avoid sequelae in his language function. A functional study at age of 17 years revealed an overlap of Wernicke's area with the tumor and areas of incipient language reorganization in the contralateral hemisphere. An invasive neuromodulation procedure was designed to enhance neuroplasticity. After craniotomy, he underwent language training and simultaneous electrical inhibition of language using an electrode grid placed over the lesion. The intensity of the language inhibitory stimulus was increased every day to force the use of accessory language areas in the right hemisphere by neuroplasticity. Results: The language of the patient improved for six consecutive days until he was able to speak and understand while undergoing maximum electrical inhibition. The tumor was resected using a cortical mapping guide. Discussion: Application of direct cortical stimulation techniques and language pre-habilitation before epilepsy surgery can be useful to rescue patients excluded from resective surgery, especially young patients with long-term lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jesus Serrano-Castro
- Neuroscience Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Eugenia Fernández-Sánchez
- Neuroscience Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Casares
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Becerra
- Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Cabezudo-Garcia
- Neuroscience Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Maria Vidal-Denis
- Neuroscience Unit, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
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12
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Zhang M, Watanabe H, Sarkisyan D, Andersen MS, Nosova O, Galatenko V, Carvalho L, Lukoyanov N, Thelin J, Schouenborg J, Bakalkin G. Hindlimb motor responses to unilateral brain injury: spinal cord encoding and left-right asymmetry. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa055. [PMID: 32954305 PMCID: PMC7425521 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of motor deficits (e.g. hemiparesis and hemiplegia) secondary to stroke and traumatic brain injury remain poorly understood. In early animal studies, a unilateral lesion to the cerebellum produced postural asymmetry with ipsilateral hindlimb flexion that was retained after complete spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate that hindlimb postural asymmetry in rats is induced by a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex, and characterize this phenomenon as a model of spinal neuroplasticity underlying asymmetric motor deficits. After cortical lesion, the asymmetry was developed due to the contralesional hindlimb flexion and persisted after decerebration and complete spinal cord transection. The asymmetry induced by the left-side brain injury was eliminated by bilateral lumbar dorsal rhizotomy, but surprisingly, the asymmetry after the right-side brain lesion was resistant to deafferentation. Pancuronium, a curare-mimetic muscle relaxant, abolished the asymmetry after the right-side lesion suggesting its dependence on the efferent drive. The contra- and ipsilesional hindlimbs displayed different musculo-articular resistance to stretch after the left but not right-side injury. The nociceptive withdrawal reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation and recorded with EMG technique were different between the left and right hindlimbs in the spinalized decerebrate rats. On this asymmetric background, a brain injury resulted in greater reflex activation on the contra- versus ipsilesional side; the difference between the limbs was higher after the right-side brain lesion. The unilateral brain injury modified expression of neuroplasticity genes analysed as readout of plastic changes, as well as robustly impaired coordination of their expression within and between the ipsi- and contralesional halves of lumbar spinal cord; the effects were more pronounced after the left side compared to the right-side injury. Our data suggest that changes in the hindlimb posture, resistance to stretch and nociceptive withdrawal reflexes are encoded by neuroplastic processes in lumbar spinal circuits induced by a unilateral brain injury. Two mechanisms, one dependent on and one independent of afferent input may mediate asymmetric hindlimb motor responses. The latter, deafferentation resistant mechanism may be based on sustained muscle contractions which often occur in patients with central lesions and which are not evoked by afferent stimulation. The unusual feature of these mechanisms is their lateralization in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marlene Storm Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Olga Nosova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Galatenko
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliana Carvalho
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolay Lukoyanov
- Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jonas Thelin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Wang C, Zhang Q, Yu K, Shen X, Wu Y, Wu J. Enriched Environment Promoted Cognitive Function via Bilateral Synaptic Remodeling After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1189. [PMID: 31781025 PMCID: PMC6861441 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Ischemia-induced cognitive dysfunction may result in a poor quality of life. Synaptic plasticity plays a key role in cognition promotion. An enriched environment (EE), which can attenuate cognitive deficits in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, has been shown to facilitate synaptic plasticity. However, the effect of EE on synaptic plasticity in bilateral cerebral hemispheres in stroke remains unclear. This study used a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model, which was divided into standard housing and EE groups. The Morris water maze test was performed to detect the cognitive function. Electron microscopy was used to determine the synapse numbers. The expression of SYN and GAP-43 was then quantified by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Compared with the standard housing, EE promoted the cognitive function recovery in the mice with stroke. Moreover, EE increased the synapse numbers and the expression of SYN and GAP-43 in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres (P < 0.05). A further correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the cognitive function outcomes and the relative expression of GAP-43 and SYN. Furthermore, the correlation of the expression of GAP-43 and SYN with cognitive function was higher in the contralateral brain than in the ipsilateral brain. In conclusion, an EE may promote cognitive function via bilateral synaptic remodeling after cerebral ischemia. Also, the contralateral brain may play an important role in the recovery of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Sessle BJ. Can you be too old for oral implants? An update on ageing and plasticity in the oro‐facial sensorimotor system. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:936-951. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J. Sessle
- Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Carrico C, Annichiarico N, Powell ES, Westgate PM, Sawaki L. Chronicity of Stroke Does Not Affect Outcomes of Somatosensory Stimulation Paired With Task-Oriented Motor Training: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2019; 1:100005. [PMID: 33543045 PMCID: PMC7853359 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether chronicity influences outcomes of somatosensory stimulation paired with task-oriented motor training for participants with severe-to-moderate upper extremity hemiparesis. Design Spearman correlations were used to retrospectively analyze outcomes of a randomized trial. Setting University research laboratory at a rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults, ranging between 3 and 12 months poststroke (N=55). Interventions About 18 sessions pairing either 2 hours of active (n=33) or sham (n=22) somatosensory stimulation with 4 hours of intensive task-oriented motor training. Main Outcome Measures The Wolf Motor Function Test (primary), Action Research Arm Test, Stroke Impact Scale, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment were collected as outcome measures. Analyses evaluated whether within-group chronicity correlated with pre-post changes on primary and secondary outcome measures of motor performance. Results Both groups exhibited improvements on all outcome measures. No significant correlations between chronicity poststroke and the amount of motor recovery were found. Conclusion Somatosensory stimulation improved motor recovery compared with sham treatment in cases of severe-to-moderate hemiparesis between 3 and 12 months poststroke; and the extent of recovery did not correlate with baseline levels of stroke chronicity. Future studies should investigate a wider period of inclusion, patterns of corticospinal reorganization, differences between cortical and subcortical strokes, and include long-term follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Carrico
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas Annichiarico
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Elizabeth Salmon Powell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Philip M Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lumy Sawaki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Cardinal Hill Rehabilitation Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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16
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McCrum C, Karamanidis K, Willems P, Zijlstra W, Meijer K. Retention, savings and interlimb transfer of reactive gait adaptations in humans following unexpected perturbations. Commun Biol 2018; 1:230. [PMID: 30564751 PMCID: PMC6294781 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive locomotor adaptations are crucial for safe mobility, but remain relatively unexplored. Here we assess reactive gait adaptations, and their retention, savings and interlimb transfer. Using new methods to normalise walking speed and perturbation magnitude, we expose eighteen healthy adults to ten unexpected treadmill belt accelerations during walking (the first and last perturbing the right leg, the others perturbing the left leg) on two days, one month apart. Analysis of the margins of stability using kinematic data reveals that humans reactively adapt gait, improving stability and taking fewer recovery steps, and fully retain these adaptations over time. On re-exposure, retention and savings lead to further improvements in stability. Currently, the role of interlimb transfer is unclear. Our findings show that humans utilise retention and savings in reactive gait adaptations to benefit stability, but that interlimb transfer may not be exclusively responsible for improvements following perturbations to the untrained limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCrum
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands.,2Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933 Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- 3Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA UK
| | - Paul Willems
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Wiebren Zijlstra
- 2Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933 Germany
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- 1Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
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17
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Hoque MM, Sabatier MJ, Borich M, Kesar T, Backus D. The Short-Term Effect of Slope Walking on Soleus H-Reflexes in People with Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2018; 391:73-80. [PMID: 30223021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Downslope walking (DSW) causes H-reflex depression in healthy adults, and thus may hold promise for inducing spinal reflex plasticity in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). The study purpose was to test the hypothesis that DSW will cause acute depression of spinal excitability in PwMS. Soleus H-reflexes were measured in PwMS (n = 18) before and after 20 min of treadmill walking during three visits. Participants walked on a different slope each visit [level: 0% level walking (LW), upslope: +7.5% treadmill walking with an upslope (USW) or downslope: -7.5% (DSW)]. The soleus Hmax/Mmax ratio was used to measure spinal excitability. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during walking. DSW induced the largest change in spinal excitability (a 26.7% reduction in soleus Hmax/Mmax (p = 0.001)), although LW also reduced Hmax/Mmax (-5.3%, p = 0.05). Heart rate (p < 0.001) was lowest for DSW, and RPE for DSW did not exceed "Fairly light". DSW evokes short-term spinal plasticity in PwMS, while requiring no greater effort than LW. Our results suggest that PwMS retain the capacity for DSW-induced short-term spinal reflex modulation previously found in healthy adults. These results may provide a foundation for further investigation of long-term effects of DSW on spinal reflex plasticity and functional ability in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf M Hoque
- Emory University School of Medicine, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Manning J Sabatier
- Emory University School of Medicine, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Shepherd Center, 2020 Peachtree Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30339, United States.
| | - Michael Borich
- Emory University School of Medicine, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Trisha Kesar
- Emory University School of Medicine, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Deborah Backus
- Emory University School of Medicine, Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1441 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Shepherd Center, 2020 Peachtree Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30339, United States.
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18
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Wolpaw JR. The negotiated equilibrium model of spinal cord function. J Physiol 2018; 596:3469-3491. [PMID: 29663410 PMCID: PMC6092289 DOI: 10.1113/jp275532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The belief that the spinal cord is hardwired is no longer tenable. Like the rest of the CNS, the spinal cord changes during growth and ageing, when new motor behaviours are acquired, and in response to trauma and disease. This paper describes a new model of spinal cord function that reconciles its recently appreciated plasticity with its long-recognized reliability as the final common pathway for behaviour. According to this model, the substrate of each motor behaviour comprises brain and spinal plasticity: the plasticity in the brain induces and maintains the plasticity in the spinal cord. Each time a behaviour occurs, the spinal cord provides the brain with performance information that guides changes in the substrate of the behaviour. All the behaviours in the repertoire undergo this process concurrently; each repeatedly induces plasticity to preserve its key features despite the plasticity induced by other behaviours. The aggregate process is a negotiation among the behaviours: they negotiate the properties of the spinal neurons and synapses that they all use. The ongoing negotiation maintains the spinal cord in an equilibrium - a negotiated equilibrium - that serves all the behaviours. This new model of spinal cord function is supported by laboratory and clinical data, makes predictions borne out by experiment, and underlies a new approach to restoring function to people with neuromuscular disorders. Further studies are needed to test its generality, to determine whether it may apply to other CNS areas such as the cerebral cortex, and to develop its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Wolpaw
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Wadsworth CenterNYS Department of HealthAlbanyNYUSA
- Department of NeurologyStratton VA Medical CenterAlbanyNYUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Public HealthSUNY AlbanyNYUSA
- Department of Neurology, Neurological InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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19
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Avivi-Arber L, Sessle BJ. Jaw sensorimotor control in healthy adults and effects of ageing. J Oral Rehabil 2017; 45:50-80. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Avivi-Arber
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - B. J. Sessle
- Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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20
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Why New Spinal Cord Plasticity Does Not Disrupt Old Motor Behaviors. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8198-8206. [PMID: 28743726 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0767-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
When new motor learning changes the spinal cord, old behaviors are not impaired; their key features are preserved by additional compensatory plasticity. To explore the mechanisms responsible for this compensatory plasticity, we transected the spinal dorsal ascending tract before or after female rats acquired a new behavior-operantly conditioned increase or decrease in the right soleus H-reflex-and examined an old behavior-locomotion. Neither spinal dorsal ascending tract transection nor H-reflex conditioning alone impaired locomotion. Nevertheless, when spinal dorsal ascending tract transection and H-reflex conditioning were combined, the rats developed a limp and a tilted posture that correlated in direction and magnitude with the H-reflex change. When the right H-reflex was increased by conditioning, the right step lasted longer than the left and the right hip was higher than the left; when the right H-reflex was decreased by conditioning, the opposite occurred. These results indicate that ascending sensory input guides the compensatory plasticity that normally prevents the plasticity underlying H-reflex change from impairing locomotion. They support the concept of the state of the spinal cord as a negotiated equilibrium that reflects the concurrent influences of all the behaviors in an individual's repertoire; and they support the new therapeutic strategies this concept introduces.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The spinal cord provides a reliable final common pathway for motor behaviors throughout life. Until recently, its reliability was explained by the assumption that it is hardwired; but it is now clear that the spinal cord changes continually as new behaviors are acquired. Nevertheless, old behaviors are preserved. This study shows that their preservation depends on sensory feedback from the spinal cord to the brain: if feedback is removed, the acquisition of a new behavior may disrupt an old behavior. In sum, when a new behavior changes the spinal cord, sensory feedback to the brain guides further change that preserves old behaviors. This finding contributes to a new understanding of spinal cord function and to development of new rehabilitation therapies.
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21
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Gray WA, Sabatier MJ, Kesar TM, Borich MR. Establishing between-session reliability of TMS-conditioned soleus H-reflexes. Neurosci Lett 2017; 640:47-52. [PMID: 28093306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) can be used to evaluate descending corticomotor influences on spinal reflex excitability through modulation of the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex). The purpose of this study was to characterize between-session reliability of cortical, spinal, and cortical-conditioned spinal excitability measures collected from the soleus muscle. Thirteen able-bodied young adult participants were tested over four sessions. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to quantify between-session reliability of active motor threshold (AMT), unconditioned H-reflexes (expressed as a percentage of Mmax), and conditioned H-reflexes using short-latency facilitation (SLF) and long-latency facilitation (LLF). Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess associations between H-reflex facilitation and unconditioned H-reflex amplitude. Between-session reliability for SLF (ICC=0.71) was higher than for LLF (ICC=0.45), was excellent for AMT (ICC=0.95), and was moderate for unconditioned H-reflexes (ICC=0.63). Our results suggest moderate-to-good reliability of SLF and LLF to evaluate cortical influences on spinal reflex excitability across multiple testing sessions in able-bodied individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Gray
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University,1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - M J Sabatier
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University,1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - T M Kesar
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University,1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - M R Borich
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University,1441 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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22
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Lee Childers W, Prilutsky BI, Gregor RJ. Motor adaptation to prosthetic cycling in people with trans-tibial amputation. J Biomech 2014; 47:2306-13. [PMID: 24818794 PMCID: PMC4076118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuromusculoskeletal system interacts with the external environment via end-segments, e.g. feet. A person with trans-tibial amputation (TTAmp) has lost a foot and ankle; hence the residuum with prosthesis becomes the new end-segment. We investigated changes in kinetics and muscle activity in TTAmps during cycling with this altered interface with the environment. Nine unilateral TTAmps and nine subjects without amputation (NoAmp) pedaled at a constant torque of 15 Nm and a constant cadence of 90 rpm (~150 watts). Pedal forces and limb kinematics were used to calculate resultant joint moments. Electromyographic activity was recorded to determine its magnitude and timing. Biomechanical and EMG variables of the amputated limb were compared to those of the TTAmp sound limb and to the dominant limb in the NoAmp group using a one-way ANOVA. Results showed maximum angular displacement between the residuum and prosthesis was 4.8±1.8 deg. The amputated limb compared to sound limb and NoAmp group produced lower extensor moments averaged over the cycle about the ankle (13±2.3, 20±5.7, and 19±5.3 Nm, respectfully) and knee (8.4±5.0, 15±4.5, and 12.7±5.9 Nm, respectfully) (p<0.05). Gastrocnemius and rectus femoris peak activity in the TTAmps shifted to later in the crank cycle (by 36° and 75°, respectfully; p<0.05). These data suggest gastrocnemius was utilized as a one-joint knee flexor in combination with rectus femoris for prosthetic socket control and highlight prosthetic control as an interaction between the residuum, prosthesis and external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lee Childers
- Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics; Montgomery, College of Health Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
| | - Boris I Prilutsky
- School of Applied Physiology, Center for Human Movement Studies, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Gregor
- School of Applied Physiology, Center for Human Movement Studies, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Cole E. Patient-Centered Design of Cognitive Assistive Technology for Traumatic Brain Injury Telerehabilitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2200/s00478ed1v01y201302arh003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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