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Relationship between hippocampal subfields and Verbal and Visual memory function in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res 2021; 175:106700. [PMID: 34175793 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-resolution protocols used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) currently enable the detailed analysis of the hippocampus along with its subfield segmentation. The relationship between episodic memory and the hippocampus is well established, and there is growing evidence that some specific memory processing steps are associated with individual hippocampal segments, but there are inconsistencies in the literature. We focused our analysis on hippocampal subfield volumetry and neuropsychological visual and verbal memory tests in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) presenting with unilateral hippocampal atrophy. METHODS The study involved a cohort of 62 patients with unilateral TLE, including unilateral hippocampal atrophy (29 on the left side) based on MRI and unequivocal ipsilateral ictal onsets based on surface video electroencephalography recordings. The hippocampal subfield volumes were evaluated using FreeSurfer version 7.1. We used the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test to evaluate short-term (A1), learning (ΣA1-A5), immediate (A6), and delayed (A7) recall of episodic verbal memory. We used the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test to evaluate the immediate and delayed recall of visual memory. We analyzed the correlations between the asymmetry index scores for the hippocampal subfield volumes of thecornu ammonis (CA)1, CA2/3, and CA4 and memory test performance. RESULTS Moderate associations were established between the CA2/3 asymmetry index scores and visual memory in TLE (both right and left hippocampal atrophy), as well as visual memory and CA4 in the right atrophy cases. The CA1 asymmetry index scores did not correlate with any of the memory test results. We did not find any significant correlation between verbal memory tests and specific hippocampal subfields. CONCLUSIONS The use of high-resolution MRI protocols andin vivo automated segmentation processing revealed moderate associations between hippocampal subfields and memory parameters. Further investigations are needed to establish the utility of these results for clinical decisions.
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Postma TS, Cury C, Baxendale S, Thompson PJ, Cano-López I, de Tisi J, Burdett JL, Sidhu MK, Caciagli L, Winston GP, Vos SB, Thom M, Duncan JS, Koepp MJ, Galovic M. Hippocampal Shape Is Associated with Memory Deficits in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:170-182. [PMID: 32379905 PMCID: PMC8432153 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cognitive problems, especially disturbances in episodic memory, and hippocampal sclerosis are common in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but little is known about the relationship of hippocampal morphology with memory. We aimed to relate hippocampal surface‐shape patterns to verbal and visual learning. Methods We analyzed hippocampal surface shapes on high‐resolution magnetic resonance images and the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery in 145 unilateral refractory TLE patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, a validation set of 55 unilateral refractory TLE patients, and 39 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Results Both left TLE (LTLE) and right TLE (RTLE) patients had lower verbal (LTLE 44 ± 11; RTLE 45 ± 10) and visual learning (LTLE 34 ± 8, RTLE 30 ± 8) scores than healthy controls (verbal 58 ± 8, visual 39 ± 6; p < 0.001). Verbal learning was more impaired the greater the atrophy of the left superolateral hippocampal head. In contrast, visual memory was worse with greater bilateral inferomedial hippocampal atrophy. Postsurgical verbal memory decline was more common in LTLE than in RTLE (reliable change index in LTLE 27% vs RTLE 7%, p = 0.006), whereas there were no differences in postsurgical visual memory decline between those groups. Preoperative atrophy of the left hippocampal tail predicted postsurgical verbal memory decline. Interpretation Memory deficits in TLE are associated with specific morphological alterations of the hippocampus, which could help stratify TLE patients into those at high versus low risk of presurgical or postsurgical memory deficits. This knowledge could improve planning and prognosis of selective epilepsy surgery and neuropsychological counseling in TLE. ANN NEUROL 2020 ANN NEUROL 2020;88:170–182
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjardo S Postma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom.,GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Cury
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,University of Rennes, Inria, Inserm, CNRS, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn team ERL U 1228, F-35000, Rennes, France.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie Baxendale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela J Thompson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Cano-López
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Valencian International University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane L Burdett
- MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Meneka K Sidhu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Galovic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hippocampal Sclerosis and Memory: Continuing the Search for a Link in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2018; 18:298-300. [PMID: 30464727 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7597.18.5.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Saghafi S, Ferguson L, Hogue O, Gales JM, Prayson R, Busch RM. Histopathologic subtype of hippocampal sclerosis and episodic memory performance before and after temporal lobectomy for epilepsy. Epilepsia 2018. [PMID: 29537075 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) proposed a classification system for hippocampal sclerosis (HS) based on location and extent of hippocampal neuron loss. The literature debates the usefulness of this classification system when studying memory in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and determining memory outcome after temporal lobe resection (TLR). This study further explores the relationship between HS ILAE subtypes and episodic memory performance in patients with TLE and examines memory outcomes after TLR. METHODS This retrospective study identified 213 patients with TLE who underwent TLR and had histopathological evidence of HS (HS ILAE type 1a = 92; type 1b = 103; type 2 = 18). Patients completed the Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd Edition prior to surgery, and 78% of patients had postoperative scores available. Linear regressions examined differences in preoperative memory scores as a function of pathology classification, controlling for potential confounders. Fisher's exact tests were used to compare pathology subtypes on the magnitude of preoperative memory impairment and the proportion of patients who experienced clinically meaningful postoperative memory decline. RESULTS Individuals with HS ILAE type 2 demonstrated better preoperative verbal memory performance than patients with HS ILAE type 1; however, individual data revealed verbal and visual episodic memory impairments in many patients with HS ILAE type 2. The base rate of postoperative memory decline was similar among all 3 pathology groups. SIGNIFICANCE This is the largest reported overall sample and the largest subset of patients with HS ILAE type 2. Group data suggest that patients with HS ILAE type 2 perform better on preoperative memory measures, but individually there were no differences in the magnitude of memory impairment. Following surgery, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in the proportion of patients who declined. Future research should focus on quantitative measurements of hippocampal neuronal loss, and multicenter collaboration is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Ferguson
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jordan M Gales
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard Prayson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robyn M Busch
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Comper SM, Jardim AP, Corso JT, Gaça LB, Noffs MHS, Lancellotti CLP, Cavalheiro EA, Centeno RS, Yacubian EMT. Impact of hippocampal subfield histopathology in episodic memory impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 75:183-189. [PMID: 28873362 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze preoperative visual and verbal episodic memories in a homogeneous series of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS) submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy and its association with neuronal cell density of each hippocampal subfield. METHODS The hippocampi of 72 right-handed patients were collected and prepared for histopathological examination. Hippocampal sclerosis patterns were determined, and neuronal cell density was calculated. Preoperatively, two verbal and two visual memory tests (immediate and delayed recalls) were applied, and patients were divided into two groups, left and right MTLE (36/36). RESULTS There were no statistical differences between groups regarding demographic and clinical data. Cornu Ammonis 4 (CA4) neuronal density was significantly lower in the right hippocampus compared with the left (p=0.048). The groups with HS presented different memory performance - the right HS were worse in visual memory test [Complex Rey Figure, immediate (p=0.001) and delayed (p=0.009)], but better in one verbal task [RAVLT delayed (p=0.005)]. Multiple regression analysis suggested that the verbal memory performance of the group with left HS was explained by CA1 neuronal density since both tasks were significantly influenced by CA1 [Logical Memory immediate recall (p=0.050) and Logical Memory and RAVLT delayed recalls (p=0.004 and p=0.001, respectively)]. For patients with right HS, both CA1 subfield integrity (p=0.006) and epilepsy duration (p=0.012) explained Complex Rey Figure immediate recall performance. Ultimately, epilepsy duration also explained the performance in the Complex Rey Figure delayed recall (p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampal subfield was related to immediate and delayed recalls of verbal memory tests in left HS, while CA1 and epilepsy duration were associated with visual memory performance in patients with right HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mara Comper
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jeana Torres Corso
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Botelho Gaça
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Silva Noffs
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Silva Centeno
- Neurosurgery Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elza Márcia Targas Yacubian
- Clinical Neurology Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Prada Jardim A, Liu J, Baber J, Michalak Z, Reeves C, Ellis M, Novy J, de Tisi J, McEvoy A, Miserocchi A, Targas Yacubian EM, Sisodiya S, Thompson P, Thom M. Characterising subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis and reorganization: correlation with pre and postoperative memory deficit. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:143-154. [PMID: 28380661 PMCID: PMC5893935 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in temporal lobe epilepsy (The 2013 International League Against Epilepsy classification) are based on the qualitative assessment of patterns of neuronal loss with NeuN. In practice, some cases appear indeterminate between type 1 (CA1 and CA4 loss) and type 2 HS (CA1 loss) and we predicted that MAP2 would enable a more stringent classification. HS subtypes, as well as the accompanying alteration of axonal networks, regenerative capacity and neurodegeneration have been previously correlated with outcome and memory deficits and may provide prognostic clinical information. We selected 92 cases: 52 type 1 HS, 15 type 2 HS, 18 indeterminate‐HS and 7 no‐HS. Quantitative analysis was carried out on NeuN and MAP2 stained sections and a labeling index (LI) calculated for six hippocampal subfields. We also evaluated hippocampal regenerative activity (MCM2, nestin, olig2, calbindin), degeneration (AT8/phosphorylated tau) and mossy‐fiber pathway re‐organization (ZnT3). Pathology measures were correlated with clinical epilepsy history, memory and naming test scores and postoperative outcomes, at 1 year following surgery. MAP2 LI in indeterminate‐HS was statistically similar to type 2 HS but this clustering was not shown with NeuN. Moderate verbal and visual memory deficits were noted in all HS types, including 54% and 69% of type 2 HS. Memory deficits correlated with several pathology factors including lower NeuN or MAP2 LI in CA4, CA1, dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum and poor preservation of the mossy fiber pathway. Decline in memory at 1 year associated with AT8 labeling in the subiculum and DG but not HS type. We conclude that MAP2 is a helpful addition in the classification of HS in some cases. Classification of HS subtype, however, did not significantly correlate with outcome or pre‐ or postoperative memory dysfunction, which was associated with multiple pathology factors including hippocampal axonal pathways, regenerative capacity and degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaclara Prada Jardim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joan Liu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Jack Baber
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Zuzanna Michalak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Cheryl Reeves
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Departments of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Jan Novy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Service de Neurologie, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane de Tisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Andrew McEvoy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | - Anna Miserocchi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
| | | | - Sanjay Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Society Research Centre, Buckinghamshire, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Pamela Thompson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Society Research Centre, Buckinghamshire, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK.,Departments of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WCN1BG, UK
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